Centaurea solstitialis (Barnaby Star-Thistle)

Overview

[ Back to top ]

Yellow starthistle. <em>Centaurea solstitialis</em>

Interesting Facts

[ Back to top ]

Common Names

[ Back to top ]

Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in English:

Barnaby Star-Thistle, Geeldissel, Golden Star Thistle, St Barnaby´s Thistle, St. Barnaby's Thistle, Yellow Centaury, Yellow Cockspur, Yellow Star Thistle, Yellow Star-Thistle, Yellow Starthistle

Common Names in German:

Sonnwend-Flockenblume

Common Names in Portuguese:

Centáurea-Amarela-Estrelado

Description

[ Back to top ]

Family Compositae

The largest family of flowering plants , the Compositae (Asteraceae), comprising about 1,100 genera and more than 20,000 species and characterized by many small flowers arranged in a head looking like a single flower and subtended by an involucre of bracts. A head may consist of both ray flowers and disk flowers, as in the sunflower, of disk flowers only, as in the burdock, or of ray flowers only, as in the dandelion.

Genus Centaurea

Annuals , biennials, or perennials, 20-300 cm, glabrous or tomentose . Stems erect , ascending , or spreading , simple or branched. Leaves basal and cauline; petiolate or sessile; proximal blade margins often ± deeply lobed , (spiny in C. benedicta ), distal ± smaller, often entire, faces glabrous or ± tomentose, sometimes also villous , strigose , or puberulent , often glandular-punctate. Heads discoid , disciform , or radiant, borne singly or in corymbiform arrays. Involucres cylindric or ovoid to hemispheric . Phyllaries many in 6-many series, unequal, proximal part appressed , body margins entire. distal parts expanded into erect to spreading, usually ± dentate or fringed , linear to ovate appendages , spine. tipped or spineless. Receptacles flat, epaleate, bristly . Florets 10-many; outer usually sterile , corollas slender and inconspicuous to much expanded, ± bilateral ; inner fertile , corollas white to blue, pink, purple, or yellow, bilateral or radial , often bent at junction of tubes and throats , lobes linear-oblong, acute; anther bases tailed , apical appendages oblong ; style branches: fused portions with minutely hairy nodes, distinct portions minute. Cypselae ± barrel-shaped, ± compressed , smooth or ribbed , apices entire (denticulate in C. benedicta ), glabrous or with fine, 1-celled hairs , attachment scar . lateral (with or without elaiosomes) ; pappi 0 or ± persistent , of 1-3 series of smooth or minutely barbed , stiff bristles or narrow scales . x = 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15.

Species ca. 500: introduced ; Eurasia , n Africa, widely introduced worldwide.

Taxonomic limits of Centaurea have been controversial. The genus has great morphologic diversity , and studies have revealed much cytologic (e.g. , N. Garcia-Jacas et al. 1996) and palynologic (e.g., G. Wagenitz 1955) variation as well. During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, various taxonomists attempted, with limited success, to divide Centaurea into smaller genera or workable infrageneric taxa. The relations of several satellite genera have been controversial as well.

Recent molecular phylogenetic studies (A. Susanna et al. 1995; N. Garcia-Jacas et al. 2000, 2001) have begun to clarify relationships within Centaurea and between Centaurea and other genera. These studies make it clear that Centaurea as traditionally defined is polyphyletic, and that generic boundaries should be realigned if monophyletic taxa are to be recognized. Some taxa traditionally included within Centaurea (e.g., the two native North American species, Centaurea americana and C. rothrockii) fall outside the redefined generic boundaries and are here treated in Plectocephalus. Others usually placed into segregate genera (e.g., Cnicus benedictus) are firmly nested within Centaurea. Because the type species of Centaurea (C. centaurium Linnaeus, an African species) falls outside the main lineage of the genus, a proposal has been made to conserve Centaurea with a different type species (W. Greuter et al. 2001), thereby maintaining the nomenclatural stability of most of the numerous species that do fall within the principal Centaurea clade.

Although several Centaurea species are widely established as members of the North American flora , and some of these are widely distributed invasive weeds , some of the taxa listed by J. T. Kartesz and C. A. Meacham (1999) are apparently waifs and not permanent members of the flora. These taxa are discussed informally immediately below.

Although Cnicus has usually been recognized as a distinctive monotypic genus, it has been merged into Centaurea by various authors (e.g., K . Bremer 1994; G. Wagenitz and F. H. Hellwig 1996) . Recent molecular systematic studies (N. Garcia-Jacas et al. 2000) provide additional evidence that it is nested within Centaurea.[1]

Physical Description

Species Centaurea solstitialis

Annuals, 10-100 cm. Stems simple or often branched from base , forming rounded bushy plants , gray-tomentose. Leaves gray-tomentose and scabrous to short-bristly; basal and proximal cauline petiolate or tapered to base, usually absent at anthesis , blades 5-15 cm, margins pinnately lobed or dissected ; cauline long-decurrent, blades linear to oblong , 1-10 cm, entire. Heads disciform , borne singly or in open leafy arrays, long-pedunculate. Involucres ovoid , 13-17 mm, loosely cobwebby-tomentose or becoming glabrous . Principal phyllaries: bodies pale green, ovate , appendages stramineous to brown, each with palmately radiating cluster of spines, and stout central spine 10-25 mm. Inner phyllaries: appendages scarious , obtuse or abruptly spine tipped. Florets many. corollas yellow, all ± equal, 13-20 mm; sterile florets slender, inconspicuous. Cypselae dimorphic , 2-3 mm, glabrous, outer dark brown, without pappi, inner white or light brown, mottled ; pappi of many white, unequal bristles 2-4 mm, fine. 2n = 16. Flowering mostly summer-autumn (Jun-Oct), sometimes year-round in frostfree coastal habitats . [source]

Centaurea solstitialis is a serious weed pest, especially in the western United States, where it has invaded millions of acres of rangelands, and it is listed as a noxious weed in eleven western states and two Canadian provinces . It is a strong competitor in infested areas, often forming dense colonies. It is very difficult to control or eradicate once it becomes established . In addition, yellow star-thistle is poisonous to horses; when ingested over a prolonged period it causes a neurological disorder called equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia, or "chewing disease." Although its bitter taste and spiny heads usually deter grazing animals, horses sometimes will seek it out. Yellow star-thistle tends to spread in rangelands when more palatable plants are consumed. [source]

Habit: Forb/herb

Flowers: Bloom Period: June, July, August, September. • Flower Color: goldyellow-orange

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 36-48" tall.

Habitat

Roadsides, fields , pastures, woodlands; 0-2000 m. [source]

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,822 meters (0 to 12,539 feet).[2]

Biology

[ Back to top ]

Reproduction

Duration: Annual

Growth

Culture: Space 36-48" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 8.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: Not Applicable (map)

Taxonomy

[ Back to top ]

Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Asteridae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Campanulanae () - Takhtajan Ex Reveal, 1992
        Order: Asterales () - Lindley, 1833
        Series: http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/title/58018" ta ()
        Family: Compositae () - Giseke, 1792, nom. cons., nom. alt.
        Subfamily: Carduoideae ()
        Tribe: Cardueae ()
        Subtribe: Centaureinae ()
        Genus: Centaurea () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - Knapweed, star thistle, cornflower [Greek kentaurieon, ancient plant name associated with Chiron, a centaur famous for knowledge of medicinal plants]
        Specific epithet: solstitialis - L.
        Botanical name: - Centaurea solstitialis L.

Synonyms

Leucantha solstitialis (L.) A. and D. Lï¿½ve

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Comment: Data Providers: CONABIO, African Flowering Plants Database , SANBI, New Zealand Plant Name Database, Govaerts World Compositae Checklist A-G, IPNI, Tropicos, Euro+Med, Flora of Tasmania Online. GCC LSID: urn :lsid:compositae.org:names:F6861D43-3AFA-40DE-81FD-E88C2F819D2A

Last scrutiny: 17-Nov-09

Similar Species

[ Back to top ]

Members of the genus Centaurea

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 82 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

More Info

[ Back to top ]

Search for Pictures: images.google.com
Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

... A preliminary catalogue of the flora of New Jersey. Comp. by N. L. Britton. .. with the assistance of eminent botanists. New Brunswick, Office of the survey, 1881. url p. 131.
1997 IUCN red list of threatened plants Cambridge: IUCN, World Conservation Union, 1998 url p. 159.
A determination of the economic status of the western meadow-lark (Sturnella neglecta) in California, by Harold Child Bryant. Berkeley, University of California press, [1914] url p. 426.
A flora of western middle California, Berkeley, Cal., Encina Publishing Company, 1901. url .
A guide to the natural history of the Isle of Wight: a series of contributions by specialists relating to the various branches of natural history and kindred subjects / edited by Frank Morey. Newport, Isle of Wight: The County Press, 1909. url p. 158.
A manual flora of Egypt / by Reno Muschler. With a preface by Paul Ascherson and Georg Schweinfurth. Berlin, R. Friedlaender, 1912. url p. 1038.
A manual of poisonous plants, chiefly of eastern North America, with brief notes on economic and medicinal plants, and numerous illustrations, Cedar Rapids, Ia., The Torch Press, 1911. url , .
A manual of poisonous plants: chiefly of eastern North America, with brief notes on economic and medicinal plants, and numerous illustrations / by L. H. Pammel. 1911 Cedar Rapids, Ia.: The Torch Press, 1910-11. url fig. 458, p. 802.
A manual of weeds, with descriptions of all the most pernicious and troublesome plants in the United States and Canada, their habits of growth and distribution, with methods of control, by Ada E. Georgia. .. with 385 illustrations by F. Schuyler Mathews. .. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1916, c1914. url p. 518.
A manual of weeds: with descriptions of all the most pernicious and troublesome plants in the United States and Canada, their habits of growth and distribution, with methods of control / New York: Macmillan, 1919, c1914. url .
A natural arrangement of British plants: according to their relations to each other as pointed out by Jussieu, De Candolle, Brown, &c.. .. / with an introduction to botany. .. By Samuel Frederick Gray. .. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, 1821. url p. 444.
A natural history of British moths. .. / by the Rev. F.O. Morris. London: H. E. Knox, 1871. url p. 180.
A supplement to the Pharmacopia, and treatise on pharmacology in general: including not only the drugs and preparations used by practitioners of medicine, but also most of those employed in the chemical arts: together with a collection of the most useful medical formulæ. . by Samuel Frederic Gray. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman, 1836. url p. 66.
A survey and record of Woolwich and West Kent containing descriptions and records, brought up-to-date, of geology, botany, zoology, archaeology and industries of the district, with a brief photographic commentary, in commemoration of the 12th Ann General editors, C.H. Grinling, T.A. Ingram [and] B.C. Polkinghorne. Woolwich: Labour Representation Print. Co., 1909. url p. 148.
Abstract of proceedings of the South London Entomological & Natural History Society. London [Eng.]: South London Entomological and Natural History Society, [1885-1896] url p. 133, p. 58.
Alien flora of Britain. London, West, Newman, 1905. url p. 110.
American honey plants; together with those which are of special value to the beekeeper as sources of pollen. Hamilton, Ill., American Bee Journal, 1920. url p. 243.
American plants. .. [Descriptions, bibliographical notes, synonymy, and other information, comp. from many sources] Charles Russell Orcutt, editor. San Diego, Calif., [1907]-1910. url p. 550.
An environmental profile of the Black Sea Coast WCMC url p. 15.
An illustrated dictionary of scientific terms. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, pref. 1878. url p. 42.
An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British possessions: from Newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia and from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the 102nd meridian / by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Hon. Addison Brown. New York: Scribner, 1913. url p. 560.
An introduction to physiological & systematical botany. Philadelphia, A. Finley;1814. url p. 111.
Anales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural. Madrid: La Sociedad, url p. 104, p. 253.
Annotated list of the ferns and flowering plants of New York state, by Homer D. House. Albany, The University of the state of New York, 1924. url p. 748.
Annual report / Albany: University of the State of New York, 1902-1918. url p. 111, p. 12, p. 14, p. 15, p. 17, p. 33, p. 7, p. 75, p. 9.
Annual reports and proceedings of the Belfast Naturalists' Field Club. url p. 377.
Australian grasses (with illustrations) by Fred. Turner. Vol. 1. Sydney, C. Potter, Government Printer, 1895. url .
Biosphere Reserves, Compilation 4, October 1986: programme on man and the biosphere (MAB) IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre url p. 205.
Botanical abstracts. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co. url p. 160, p. 337.
Botanisk tidsskrift / utgivet af den Botaniske forening i København. København: G.E.C. Gads Forlag, 1866-1981. url p. 128.
Botany. Cambridge, Mass., Welch, Bigelow, University Press, 1876-80. url p. 421.
Budd's flora of the Canadian Prairie Provinces / [Ottawa]: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, 1987. url p. 740, p. 741.
Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. url p. 455.
Bulletin of miscellaneous information /Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 1920 London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1900-1941. url p. 188.
Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences. Los Angeles, Calif.: The Academy, 1902-1971. url p. 120, p. 6.
Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 19 1892 New York: Torrey Botanical Club, 1870-1996 url p. 138, p. 557.
California art & nature San Diego url .
California fish and game. [San Francisco, etc.]: State of California, Resources Agency, Dept. of Fish and Game. url p. 113, p. 331, p. 508.
Catalog of hymenoptera in America north of Mexico / prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein. .. [et al.]. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979- url , , , , , p. 1766, p. 2052, p. 2056, p. 2066.
Catalogue of scientific papers (1800-1900) Comp. by the Royal society of London. Cambridge, C. J. Clay and sons, 1867-1902; url p. 725.
Catalogue of scientific papers, 1800-1900. Compiled by the Royal Society of London. London, C.J. Clay and Sons, 1867-1902 [etc.] Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1914-25. url p. 725.
Common and scientific names of weeds in Canada = Noms populaires et scientifiques des plantes nuisibles du Canada / Ottawa: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada = Agriculture et agroalimentaire Canada, c2000. url p. 92.
Common weeds of the Canadian Prairies; Ottawa, Queen's Printer, 1963. url p. 15, p. 29.
Compositae newsletter. Columbus, Ohio: Dept. of Botany, Ohio State University, 1975- url p. 115, p. 117, p. 26, p. 5, p. 8.
Compositae of southern California / by Harvey Monroe Hall. Berkeley, [Calif.]: The University Press, 1907. url p. 243.
Compte rendu du Congre?s international d'essais de semences. Discussions at the International Seed Testing Conference. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Konferenz fu?r Samenpru?fung a?/in Copenhague (Danemark), 6.- 10. VI. 1921. Hamburg, Druck von Lu?tcke & Wulff url , .
Contributions from the New York Botanical Garden. New York: The Garden, 1899- url p. 557.
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 21 1919 Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1890- url p. 293, p. 620.
Contributions from the herbarium of the Geological Survey of Canada / by James M. Macoun. [Ottawa?: s.n.], 1894-1906. url p. 169.
Contributions to Canadian botany / by Jas. M. Macoun. Ottawa: [s. n.], 1894-1906. url p. 169.
Contributions towards a Cybele hibernica, being outlines of the geographical distribution of plants in Ireland. Dublin.E. Ponsonby, 1898. url .
Contributions towards a fauna and flora of the county of Cork, read at the meeting of the British association held at Cork in the year 1843. The Vertebrata by Dr. Harvey. The Mollusca, Crustacea and Echinodermata by J.D. Humphreys. The flora by Dr. Power. (Published by the Cuvierian society of Cork) London, J. Van Voorst, 1845. url p. 36.
Cooperative economic insect report. Hyattsville, MD. [etc.]Plant Protection and Quarantine Programs Animal and Plant Health Service. url p. 992.
Cybele Britannica: or British Plants and their geographical relations. London, 1847-59. url p. 92.
Dictionary of the common names of plants with list of foreign plants cultivated in the open / by Rudolf Marloth. Cape Town: Specialty Press of South Africa, 1917. url p. 81.
Early British botanists and their gardens, based on unpublished writings of Goodyer, Tradescant, and others, by R. T. Gunther. With nine plates and twenty-one other illustrations. Oxford, Printed by F. Hall for the author at the University Press, 1922. url p. 317.
Entomological news. [Philadelphia]American Entomological Society, 1925- url p. 152, p. 66.
Erythea. a journal of botany, West American and general. Berkeley, Calif., University of California, 1893-1922. url p. 125, p. 129, p. 134, p. 26, p. 64.
Essex naturalist: being the journal of the Essex Field Club. Buckhurst Hill, Essex, The Club. url p. 178.
Experiment station record. Washington: G.P.O., 1889-1946. url , , p. 840.
Flora calpensis; contributions to the botany and topography of Gibraltar, and its neighbourhood. By E. F. Kelaart. London, J. van Voorst, 1846. url p. 120.
Flora metropolitana; or, Botanical rambles within thirty miles of London, being the results of numerous excursions made in 1833, 34, 35. .. intended for the student in practical botany. .. London, S. Highley, 1836. url p. 62.
Flora of Guernsey and the lesser Channel Islands: namely, Alderney, Sark, Herm, Jethou, and the adjacent islets. London, Dulau, 1901. url p. 119, p. 484.
Flora of Indiana, by Charles C. Deam. Indianapolis, Wm. B. Burford printing co., contractor for state printing and binding, 1940. url p. 1003, p. 1104.
Flora of Nebraska; a list of the conifers and flowering plants of the state with keys for their determination. Plainview, Neb.[c1912] url .
Flora of Nebraska; a list of the ferns, conifers and flowering plants of the state with keys for their determination. Plainview, Neb., 1923 url p. 197.
Flora of Peru. Michael O. Dillon. 10 1982 Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, 1982. url p. 4.
Flora of the Bristol coal-field. Edited (for the Bristol Naturalists' Society) by James Walter White. .. Bristol, J. Fawn & Son [etc.]1881-[86] url p. 151.
Flora of the Rocky Mountains and adjacent plains: Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and neighboring parts of Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, and British Columbia / by P. A. Rydberg. New York: Rydberg, 1917. url p. 1014.
Flora of the southeastern United States; being descriptions of the seed-plants, ferns and fern-allies growing naturally in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, and in Oklahom by John Kunkel Small. New York, The author, 1913. url p. 1308, p. 1308, p. 1374.
Flora of the southern United States: containing an abridged description of the flowering plants and ferns of Tennessee, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida: arr. according to the natural system. New YorkAmerican Book Co.[1897] url p. 269.
Flora of the vicinity of New York; a contribution to plant geography. [New York]1915 url p. 640.
Flowers of the field. London, G. Routledge, 1908. url .
Flowers of the field. Rev. throughout and edited by Clarence Elliott. With an appendix including the Pipe-wort tribe (Eriocauleae) the Sedge tribe (Cyperaceae) and the Grass tribe (Gramineae) LondonG. Routledge[n.d.] url p. 165.
Garden and forest; a journal of horticulture, landscape art and forestry. New York: The Garden and forest publishing co., 1888-97. url p. 424.
Great Basin naturalist memoirs. 1987 [Provo, Utah]Brigham Young University, 1976-1992. url p. 163.
Hand-list of herbaceous plants cultivated in the Royal Botanic Gardens. London, Printed for H. M. Stationery Off. by Darling, 1902. url p. 269.
Handbook of the British flora: a description of the flowering plants and ferns indigenous to, or naturalised in the British Isles. For the use of beginners and amateurs. London, L. Reeve, 1908. url p. 254.
Hardwicke's science-gossip: an illustrated medium of interchange and gossip for students and lovers of nature. London: Robert Hardwicke, 1866- url p. 284, p. 42, p. 67.
Hooker, J. D. The botany of the Antarctic voyage of H.M. discovery ships Erebus and Terror in the Years 1839-1843: under the command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross /by Joseph Dalton Hooker. 3 1860 London: Reeve Brothers, 1844-60. url p. cviii.
How to find and name wild flowers; being a new method of observing and identifying upwards of 1, 200 species of flowering plants in the British isles; with an introduction by F.E. hulme. .. illustrated by the author, and with four autochrome plates by H. Essenhigh Corke. .. London, Cassell[1906-1930] url p. 218.
Illustrations of the British flora: a series of wood engravings, with dissections, of British plants. London, L. Reeve, 1919. url .
Integrated pest management in Montana schools training: a study manual for IPM in Montana school pest applicators. Helena, Montana: The Dept., 1996. url p. 77.
International catalogue of scientific literature. London: Published for the International Council by the Royal Society of London, 1902-1919. url p. 154.
Introduction to botany, containing an explanation of the theory of that science, extracted from the works of Linnaeus, ed. by C. Stewart. Edinburgh, Bell, 1811. url p. 301.
Journal of Hymenoptera research. Washington, D.C.: International Society of Hymenopterists, [1992- url p. 375.
Journal of botany, British and foreign. 3 1865 London: Robert Hardwicke, 1863-1942. url p. 122, p. 122, p. 210, p. 211, p. 248, p. 250, p. 309, p. 333, p. 344, p. 37, p. 370, p. 445, p. 56, p. 86.
Journal of botany: being a second series of the Botanical miscellany. 1 1834 London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman; Edinburgh: A. & C. Black, 1834-1842. url p. 77.
Journal of ethnobiology. 14 1994 Flagstaff, Ariz.: Center for Western Studies, 1981- url p. 236.
Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. Chapel Hill, N.C. [etc.]Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society [etc.] url p. 74.
Journal of the New York Botanical Garden. 29 1928 Lancaster, Pa.: Published for the Garden by the New Era Printing Co., 1900- url p. 293, p. 319.
Leaflets of western botany. San Fransisco:[J. T. Howell], 1932-1966. url , p. 232, p. 245, p. 25, p. 76.
Magazine of natural history and journal of zoology, botany, mineralogy, geology and meteorology. London: printed for Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, 1829-1837. url p. 89.
Manual of British botany, containing the flowering plants and ferns. Arranged according to the natural orders. London, J. Van Voorst, 1851. url .
Manual of the New Zealand flora. By T. F. Cheeseman. .. Wellington, N. Z., J. Mackay, Govt. Printer, 1906. url p. 1078.
Montana gray wolf conservation and management plan: draft environmental impact statement / by Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Helena, Mont.: Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, 2003. url p. 275.
Montana weed management plan / Helena, Mont.: Montana Dept. of Transportation, 2008. url .
Museum bulletin / Albany, N.Y.: University of the State of New York, 1908-1916. url p. 111, p. 12, p. 14, p. 15, p. 17, p. 33, p. 7, p. 75, p. 9.
Occasional papers - San Diego Society of Natural History. 1949 San Diego, The Society. url p. 156.
On the fauna and flora of the west of Scotland. Meeting at Glasgow, September, 1876. Glasgow, Blackie, 1876 url p. 80.
On the popular names of British plants, being an explanation of the origin and meaning of the names of our indigenous and most commonly cultivated species. By R. C. A. Prior. London: Williams and Norgate, 1870. url p. 15, p. 201, p. 222, p. 233.
Pamphlets on forestry in California. [1900?- url p. 80.
Phytologia. Bronx Park, New York, H.A. Gleason and H.N. Moldenke, url p. 288.
Plant lore, legends, and lyrics. Embracing the myths, traditions, superstitions, and folk-lore of the plant kingdom. By Richard Folkard, jun. London, S. Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington, 1884. url p. 536, p. 54.
Poisonous plants of Canada / [Ottawa]: Agriculture Canada, 1990. url p. 21, p. 55, p. 84, p. 90, p. 91, p. 93.
Popular botany; the living plant from seed to fruit, by A.E. Knight and Edward Step. .. New York: H. Holt and company, [1913] url p. 262.
Preliminary catalog of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta, reported as growing spontaneously within one hundred miles of New York City. New York, 1888. url p. 83.
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia url p. 107, p. 107.
Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4th series. San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences. url p. 613.
Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science. Media, Pa.: The Institute, 1906- url p. 74.
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. Washington, etc.: Entomological Society of Washington url , , , p. 1020, p. 162, p. 163, p. 165, p. 31, p. 317, p. 33, p. 426, p. 429, p. 47, p. 501, p. 502, p. 504, p. 505, p. 506, p. 52, p. 571, p. 580, p. 788, p. 856, p. 857, p. 858.
Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science. Indianapolis, Ind.[s.n.] url p. 215.
Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. London, Published for the Linnean Society of London by Academic Press [etc.], 1848-1968. url p. 111.
Report of the State Botanist. Albany, N.Y.: University of the State of New York, 1898-1925. url p. 111, p. 12, p. 14, p. 15, p. 17, p. 33, p. 7, p. 9.
Report on the progress and condition of the U.S. National Museum for the year ending June 30. .. / Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum. Washington: G.P.O., 1907-1951. url p. 99, p. 99.
Science-gossip. Berlin: R. Friedländer & Sohn, [1894]-1902. url p. 107.
Settler's guide and farmer's handbook. .. Issued by direction of the Bureau of agriculture. Ed. by L. Lindley-Cowen. .. pt. 1. Perth, E.S. Wigg, 1897- url p. 568.
Sourcebook on Remote Sensing and Biodiversity Indicators. Convention on Biological Diversity Technical Series 32 CBD url p. 163.
Statewide roadside vegetation management plan: integrated weed management component 2006-2011 / Helena, Mont.: Montana Dept. of Transportation, 2006. url .
Studies on Rocky Mountain flora. New York, New York Botanical Garden, 1899-1913. url p. 557.
Systematic lists illustrative of the Flora, Fauna, Palaeontology, and Archaeology of the North of Ireland / Belfast: Printed for the Club, 1870-1906. url p. 141.
The American journal of science. 19 1831 New Haven, Kline Geology Laboratory, Yale University. url p. 310.
The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology being a continuation of the Annals combined with Loudon and Charlesworth's Magazine of Natural History. London, Taylor and Francis, Ltd. url p. 109, p. 109, p. 253, p. 253, p. 331, p. 41.
The Annals of Scottish natural history. Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1892-1911. url p. 110, p. 40, p. 48.
The Bulletin of zoological nomenclature. London, International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. url p. 32.
The Canadian field-naturalist. 55 1941 Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. url p. 106, p. 92.
The English flora. London, Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, [1828-30] url p. 470.
The Entomologist. London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co., [1877- url p. 254, p. 279.
The Gardener's magazine and register of rural & domestic improvement. London: Longman, Rees, Orome, Brown and Green, 1826-1844. url p. 8.
The Gardeners' chronicle and agricultural gazette. London: published for the proprietors, 1844-1873. url p. 1520, p. 30, p. 392.
The Gardeners' chronicle: a weekly illustrated journal of horticulture and allied subjects. London: [Gardeners Chronicle], 1874-1955. url p. 106, p. 268, p. 395, p. 634.
The Great Basin naturalist. 59 1999 Provo, Utah: M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, 1939-1999. url jacobs & sheley, page 175, roché, roché & rasmussen, page 185, p. 19, p. 232, p. 234.
The Irish naturalist. Dublin: Eason & Son, Ltd., 1892- url p. 40, p. 9.
The Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Victoria. [Melbourne]:Dept. of Agriculture, Victoria, 1902-1955. url p. 445.
The Journal of the Linnean Society of London. London: Academic Press [etc.], 1865-1968. url p. 369.
The Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany. 10 1869 London: the Society: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts & Green: ||Williams and Norgate, 1865-1968. url p. 37.
The Naturalist. 1892 [Doncaster: Yorkshire Naturalists' Union], 1874- url p. 34, p. 343, p. 98.
The Ohio journal of science. Columbus, Ohio, The Ohio State University and the Ohio Academy of Science url p. 136, p. 94.
The Phytologist: a botanical journal. London, William Pamplin, 1855-1863. url p. 159, p. 20, p. 315, p. 316, p. 416, p. 494, p. 611.
The Phytologist: a popular botanical miscellany. London, John van Voorst, 1844-56. url p. 336, p. 401, p. 516, p. 644, p. 838.
The Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science. Des moines, Iowa: The Academy, [1889-1987] url p. 490.
The Scientific proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society. Dublin: The Society, 1877-[1957] url p. 462.
The University of Kansas science bulletin. 42 1961 [Lawrence]: University of Kansas, 1902-1996. url p. 307.
The University of Missouri studies. Columbia, Mo.: The University, 1905-[1918] url p. 68.
The Victoria history of the county of Kent; ed. by William Page. London, Constable, 1908- url p. 58.
The anthropology of Iraq. The Upper Euphrates / by Henry Field, Curator of Physical Anthropology. Chicago:Field Museum, 1940 url p. 170, p. 192.
The book of the seasons: or, The calendar of nature / by William Howitt. Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1842. url p. 230.
The book of the seasons; or, The calendar of nature. LondonR. Bentley1833 url p. 205.
The botanical looker-out among the wild flowers of England and Wales, at all seasons, and in the most interesting localities. By Edwin Lees. .. London, Hamilton, Adams & Co., 1851. url p. 259.
The flora of the parish of Halifax, by William B. Crump, & Charles Crossland. [Halifax]Halifax Scientific Society, 1904. url p. 63.
The flora of the town of Southold, Long Island, and Gardiner's Island / New York: Torrey Botanical Club, 1914? url p. 32.
The gardener's magazine and register of rural & domestic improvement. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, 1826-1844. url p. 299, p. 8.
The grasses and grasslands of South Africa, Pietermaritzburg, P. David & Sons, Ltd., Printers, 1918. url .
The ladies' companion to the flower-garden: being an alphabetical arrangement of all the ornamental plants usually grown in gardens and shrubberies, with full directions for their culture / by Mrs. Loudon. London: Bradbury & Evans, 1858. url p. 282.
The natural history and antiquities of Selborne, in the county of Southampton / by the Rev. Gilbert White London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1888 url .
The naturalised flora of South Australia / by J.M. Black. Adelaide: J.M. Black, 1909. url p. 95.
The students' flora of New Zealand and the outlying islands. Wellington, N. Z., John Mackay, govt. printer[1899] url .
The transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists' Union. Leeds [etc.] url p. 227.
The trees, shrubs, and plants of Virgil, [New York, B. H. Blackwell;1920. url p. 26.
The weed flora of Iowa / [by L. H. Pammel; with the collaboration of Charlotte M. King. .. et al.] Des Moines: Iowa Geological Survey, 1913. url p. 383, p. 496, p. 497, p. 712.
The weed flora of Iowa Des Moines, Iowa geological survey, 1913. url , .
The weed flora of Iowa. .. Des Moines, Iowa Geological Survey, 1913. url p. 712.
The weeds of New South Wales, pt. I- Sydney, W.A. Gullick, Gov't. printer, 1920- url , , p. 118, p. 26.
The weeds, poison plants, and naturalized aliens of Victoria. Melbourne, J. Kemp, Government Printer1909. url , .
Torreya. Burlington, Vt., Torrey Botanical Club, 1901-1945. url p. 172, p. 241, p. 32, p. 4.
Transactions and proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh. [Edinburgh]: The Society, 1891-1970. url p. 15, p. 170.
Transactions of the Edinburgh Field Naturalists' and Microscopical Society. [Edinburgh]: The Club, 1891- url p. 138.
Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 2nd series: Botany 1791-1905 London. url p. 11.
University of California publications in zoology. Berkeley: University Press, 1906- url p. 426.
Weed control / Berkeley, Calif.: College of Agriculture, University of California, 1936. url .
Zoe:a biological journal. 2 1891 San Diego, Calif. [etc.]Zoe Publishing Co. url p. 30, p. 31.
Garcia-Jacas, N., A. Susanna, V. Mozaffarian, and R. Ilarslan. 2000. The natural delimitation of Centaurea (Asteraceae: Cardueae): ITS sequence analysis of the Centaurea jacea group. Pl. Syst. Evol. 223: 185199.
Moore, R. J. 1972. Distribution of native and introduced knapweeds (Centaurea) in Canada and the United States. Rhodora 74: 331346.
Roché, B. F. and C. T. Roché. 1991. Identification, introduction, distribution, ecology, and economics of Centaurea species. In: L. F. James et al., eds. 1991. Noxious Range Weeds. Boulder, San Francisco, and Oxford. Pp. 274291.
Wagenitz, G. 1955. Pollenmorphologie und Systematik in der Gattung Centaurea L. s.l. Flora 142: 213279.

Notes

[ Back to top ]

Contributors

Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed March 27, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 15, 2007:

Bundesamt für Naturschutz / Zentralstelle für Phytodiversität Deutschland, Bundesamt fuer Naturschutz / Zentralstelle fuer Phytodiversitaet Deutschland
Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien
Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, The Deaver Herbarium, Northern Arizona University
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Herbarium of Oskarshamn
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Lund Botanical Museum
Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum
USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
Utah Valley State College
, Utah Valley State College Herbarium

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2658269
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Ast-257
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4490920
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:57146-3
GRIN Nomen Number: 9827
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 36972
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDAST1Y0S0
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: LESO10
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 8566

Footnotes

David J. Keil, Jörg Ochsmann "Centaurea". in Flora of North America Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 52, 57, 58, 67, 83, 84, 96, 171, 172, 176, 177, EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 311.580 meters (1,022.244 feet), Standard Deviation = 431.700 based on 1,213 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Centaurea solstitialis

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Compositae

Genus Centaurea

Physical Description

Species Centaurea solstitialis

Size/Age/Growth

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Centaurea

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes