Centaurea scabiosa (Great Starthistle)

Overview

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Greater Knapweed, Lullingstone Park, W Kent, England. 25 June 2006

Interesting Facts

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Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in English:

Great Starthistle, Greater Centaury, Greater Knapweed, Hardheads, Scabious Knapweed

Common Names in French:

Centaurée Scabieuse

Common Names in German:

Skabiosen-Flockenblume

Common Names in Portuguese:

Centáurea-Tinhosa

Description

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Family Compositae

The largest family of flowering plants , the Compositae (Asteraceae), comprising about 1,100 genera and more than 20,000 species and characterized by many small flowers arranged in a head looking like a single flower and subtended by an involucre of bracts. A head may consist of both ray flowers and disk flowers, as in the sunflower, of disk flowers only, as in the burdock, or of ray flowers only, as in the dandelion.

Genus Centaurea

Annuals , biennials, or perennials, 20-300 cm, glabrous or tomentose . Stems erect , ascending , or spreading , simple or branched. Leaves basal and cauline; petiolate or sessile; proximal blade margins often ± deeply lobed , (spiny in C. benedicta ), distal ± smaller, often entire, faces glabrous or ± tomentose, sometimes also villous , strigose , or puberulent , often glandular-punctate. Heads discoid , disciform , or radiant, borne singly or in corymbiform arrays. Involucres cylindric or ovoid to hemispheric . Phyllaries many in 6-many series, unequal, proximal part appressed , body margins entire. distal parts expanded into erect to spreading, usually ± dentate or fringed , linear to ovate appendages , spine. tipped or spineless. Receptacles flat, epaleate, bristly . Florets 10-many; outer usually sterile , corollas slender and inconspicuous to much expanded, ± bilateral ; inner fertile , corollas white to blue, pink, purple, or yellow, bilateral or radial , often bent at junction of tubes and throats , lobes linear-oblong, acute; anther bases tailed , apical appendages oblong ; style branches: fused portions with minutely hairy nodes, distinct portions minute. Cypselae ± barrel-shaped, ± compressed , smooth or ribbed , apices entire (denticulate in C. benedicta ), glabrous or with fine, 1-celled hairs , attachment scar . lateral (with or without elaiosomes) ; pappi 0 or ± persistent , of 1-3 series of smooth or minutely barbed , stiff bristles or narrow scales . x = 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15.

Species ca. 500: introduced ; Eurasia , n Africa, widely introduced worldwide.

Taxonomic limits of Centaurea have been controversial. The genus has great morphologic diversity , and studies have revealed much cytologic (e.g. , N. Garcia-Jacas et al. 1996) and palynologic (e.g., G. Wagenitz 1955) variation as well. During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, various taxonomists attempted, with limited success, to divide Centaurea into smaller genera or workable infrageneric taxa. The relations of several satellite genera have been controversial as well.

Recent molecular phylogenetic studies (A. Susanna et al. 1995; N. Garcia-Jacas et al. 2000, 2001) have begun to clarify relationships within Centaurea and between Centaurea and other genera. These studies make it clear that Centaurea as traditionally defined is polyphyletic, and that generic boundaries should be realigned if monophyletic taxa are to be recognized. Some taxa traditionally included within Centaurea (e.g., the two native North American species, Centaurea americana and C. rothrockii) fall outside the redefined generic boundaries and are here treated in Plectocephalus. Others usually placed into segregate genera (e.g., Cnicus benedictus) are firmly nested within Centaurea. Because the type species of Centaurea (C. centaurium Linnaeus, an African species) falls outside the main lineage of the genus, a proposal has been made to conserve Centaurea with a different type species (W. Greuter et al. 2001), thereby maintaining the nomenclatural stability of most of the numerous species that do fall within the principal Centaurea clade.

Although several Centaurea species are widely established as members of the North American flora , and some of these are widely distributed invasive weeds , some of the taxa listed by J. T. Kartesz and C. A. Meacham (1999) are apparently waifs and not permanent members of the flora. These taxa are discussed informally immediately below.

Although Cnicus has usually been recognized as a distinctive monotypic genus, it has been merged into Centaurea by various authors (e.g., K . Bremer 1994; G. Wagenitz and F. H. Hellwig 1996) . Recent molecular systematic studies (N. Garcia-Jacas et al. 2000) provide additional evidence that it is nested within Centaurea.[1]

Physical Description

Species Centaurea scabiosa

Perennials, 30-150 cm. Stems 1-several, branches ascending , glabrous to ± hirsute . Leaves minutely hispid , resin-gland-dotted; basal and proximal cauline petiolate , blades 10-25 cm, margins usually 1-2-pinnately divided into linear or oblong segments; mid and distal cauline smaller, entire or once dissected . Heads borne singly or few in open cymiform arrays, pedunculate . Involucres ovoid to hemispheric , becoming campanulate , 15-25 mm. Phyllaries: bodies dark green, ovate (outer) to oblong-lanceolate (inner), glabrous or finely arachnoid , margins and erect appendages black, ± fringed distally with slender teeth, inner phyllaries with brownish scarious , expanded, erose dissected appendages. Florets many; corollas reddish purple (white), those of sterile florets 35-40 mm, often conspicuously enlarged, those of fertile florets 20-25 mm. Cypselae brown, 4.5-5 mm, puberulent ; pappi of many unequal stiff bristles , white, 4-5 mm. 2n = 20 (Russia), 40. [source]

Habit: Forb/herb

Flowers: Bloom Period: July, August. • Flower Color: near white, pale pink, red-purple, white

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 24-36" tall.

Habitat

Disturbed sites, pastures, sparingly escaped from cultivation, probably not persisting in all areas where reported; 50-1800 m [2].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 1,840 meters (0 to 6,037 feet).[3]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 24-36" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 7.8

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: High

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Asteridae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Campanulanae () - Takhtajan Ex Reveal, 1992
        Order: Asterales () - Lindley, 1833
        Family: Compositae () - Giseke, 1792, nom. cons., nom. alt.
        Subfamily: Carduoideae ()
        Tribe: Cardueae ()
        Subtribe: Centaureinae ()
        Genus: Centaurea () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - Knapweed, star thistle, cornflower [Greek kentaurieon, ancient plant name associated with Chiron, a centaur famous for knowledge of medicinal plants]
        Specific epithet: scabiosa - L. - Pincushions
        Botanical name: - Centaurea scabiosa L.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Comment: Data Providers: New Zealand Plant Name Database, Govaerts World Compositae Checklist A-G, IPNI, Flora of China Checklist, Tropicos, Euro+Med. GCC LSID: urn :lsid:compositae.org:names:C3CA3FD2-E84C-42DC-9E4E-B7D078EB491B

Last scrutiny: 12-Aug-09

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Centaurea

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 82 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

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Notes

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Contributors

Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed March 27, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 27, 2007:

Forest Research Institute, Department of Natural Forests, Herbarium
Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plants, Field notes, Oslo
The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Botany registration database by Danish botanists
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Botany
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Herbarium of Oskarshamn
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Plants
UK National Biodiversity Network, Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2658268
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Ast-22195
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 5347612
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:57128-3
GRIN Nomen Number: 401603
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 36971
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDAST1Y0R0
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: CESC2
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 24367

Footnotes

David J. Keil, Jörg Ochsmann "Centaurea". in Flora of North America Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 52, 57, 58, 67, 83, 84, 96, 171, 172, 176, 177, EFloras.org. [back]
"Centaurea scabiosa". in Flora of North America Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 183, 185. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 134.490 meters (441.240 feet), Standard Deviation = 211.640 based on 7,084 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Centaurea scabiosa

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Compositae

Genus Centaurea

Physical Description

Species Centaurea scabiosa

Size/Age/Growth

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Centaurea

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes