Centaurea montana (Mountain Bluet)

Overview

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Perennial cornflower. <em>Centaurea montana</em>

Interesting Facts

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Centaurea montana is a very handsome plant, native to the mountains of Europe, now widely cultivated as an ornamental . [source]

Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in English:

Mountain Bluet, Mountain Cornflower, Mountain Knapweed, Mountain Starthistle, Mountain-Bluet, Perennial Cornflower

Common Names in French:

Centaurée Des Montagnes

Common Names in German:

Berg-Flockenblume

Description

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Family Compositae

The largest family of flowering plants , the Compositae (Asteraceae), comprising about 1,100 genera and more than 20,000 species and characterized by many small flowers arranged in a head looking like a single flower and subtended by an involucre of bracts. A head may consist of both ray flowers and disk flowers, as in the sunflower, of disk flowers only, as in the burdock, or of ray flowers only, as in the dandelion.

Genus Centaurea

Annuals , biennials, or perennials, 20-300 cm, glabrous or tomentose . Stems erect , ascending , or spreading , simple or branched. Leaves basal and cauline; petiolate or sessile; proximal blade margins often ± deeply lobed , (spiny in C. benedicta ), distal ± smaller, often entire, faces glabrous or ± tomentose, sometimes also villous , strigose , or puberulent , often glandular-punctate. Heads discoid , disciform , or radiant, borne singly or in corymbiform arrays. Involucres cylindric or ovoid to hemispheric . Phyllaries many in 6-many series, unequal, proximal part appressed , body margins entire. distal parts expanded into erect to spreading, usually ± dentate or fringed , linear to ovate appendages , spine. tipped or spineless. Receptacles flat, epaleate, bristly . Florets 10-many; outer usually sterile , corollas slender and inconspicuous to much expanded, ± bilateral ; inner fertile , corollas white to blue, pink, purple, or yellow, bilateral or radial , often bent at junction of tubes and throats , lobes linear-oblong, acute; anther bases tailed , apical appendages oblong ; style branches: fused portions with minutely hairy nodes, distinct portions minute. Cypselae ± barrel-shaped, ± compressed , smooth or ribbed , apices entire (denticulate in C. benedicta ), glabrous or with fine, 1-celled hairs , attachment scar . lateral (with or without elaiosomes) ; pappi 0 or ± persistent , of 1-3 series of smooth or minutely barbed , stiff bristles or narrow scales . x = 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15.

Species ca. 500: introduced ; Eurasia , n Africa, widely introduced worldwide.

Taxonomic limits of Centaurea have been controversial. The genus has great morphologic diversity , and studies have revealed much cytologic (e.g. , N. Garcia-Jacas et al. 1996) and palynologic (e.g., G. Wagenitz 1955) variation as well. During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, various taxonomists attempted, with limited success, to divide Centaurea into smaller genera or workable infrageneric taxa. The relations of several satellite genera have been controversial as well.

Recent molecular phylogenetic studies (A. Susanna et al. 1995; N. Garcia-Jacas et al. 2000, 2001) have begun to clarify relationships within Centaurea and between Centaurea and other genera. These studies make it clear that Centaurea as traditionally defined is polyphyletic, and that generic boundaries should be realigned if monophyletic taxa are to be recognized. Some taxa traditionally included within Centaurea (e.g., the two native North American species, Centaurea americana and C. rothrockii) fall outside the redefined generic boundaries and are here treated in Plectocephalus. Others usually placed into segregate genera (e.g., Cnicus benedictus) are firmly nested within Centaurea. Because the type species of Centaurea (C. centaurium Linnaeus, an African species) falls outside the main lineage of the genus, a proposal has been made to conserve Centaurea with a different type species (W. Greuter et al. 2001), thereby maintaining the nomenclatural stability of most of the numerous species that do fall within the principal Centaurea clade.

Although several Centaurea species are widely established as members of the North American flora , and some of these are widely distributed invasive weeds , some of the taxa listed by J. T. Kartesz and C. A. Meacham (1999) are apparently waifs and not permanent members of the flora. These taxa are discussed informally immediately below.

Although Cnicus has usually been recognized as a distinctive monotypic genus, it has been merged into Centaurea by various authors (e.g., K . Bremer 1994; G. Wagenitz and F. H. Hellwig 1996) . Recent molecular systematic studies (N. Garcia-Jacas et al. 2000) provide additional evidence that it is nested within Centaurea.[1]

Physical Description

Species Centaurea montana

Perennials , 25-80 cm, from rhizomes or stolons. Stems 1-several, erect , simple or sparingly branched, villous with septate hairs and thinly arachnoid-tomentose with long, simple hairs. Leaves thinly villous and ± tomentose , glabrate ; proximal leaves winged-petiolate, blades 10-30 cm, margins entire or remotely dentate to pinnately lobed ; mid and distal leaves sessile, blades decurrent, ovate to oblong or lanceolate, entire or remotely denticulate . Heads radiant, borne singly or in few-headed corymbiform arrays; (peduncles to 7 cm). Involucres ovoid to ± campanulate , 20-25 mm. Principal phyllaries: bodies greenish, ovate to lanceolate, scarious-margined, appendages appressed , brown to black, unarmed , decurrent on phyllary margins, pectinate-fringed, puberulent ; innermost phyllaries sometimes unappendaged. Florets 35-60+; sterile florets 10-20, corollas blue (white, purple, or pink), 2.5-4.5 cm, corolla tube elongate . Disc florets 25-40+; corollas purple, ca. 20 mm; anthers dark blue-purple. Cypselae ± brown, 5-6 mm, sericeous ; pappi of bristles 0.5-1.5 mm. 2n = 24 (Germany), 40 (Russia), 44 (France). [source]

Flowers: Deep blue daisy-like flower with reddish center. Long bloomer. Blooms early summer. • Bloom Period: May, June, July, August. • Flower Color: medium blue

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 20-24" tall.

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: Borders . Cut flowers. • Care: Follow a regular watering schedule during the first growing season to establish a deep, extensive root system . For a neat appearance , remove old foliage before new leaves emerge . Divide clumps every 2 to 3 years in early spring .

Habitat

Escaped from cultivation, roadsides, woodlands, sagebrush scrub ; 0-1400 m [2].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,500 meters (0 to 8,202 feet).[3]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Annual

Growth

Culture: Space 12-18" apart. Spread by stolons. May be invasive in rich soils or cooler climates.

Soil: Organic , well-drained, alkaline soil . • Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 7.8

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full sun

Moisture: Water Requirements: Water regularly, when top 3 in. of soil is dry.

Temperature: Heat Zones: High: 8 (>90 to 120 days) Low:1 (< 1 days) (map) • Cold Hardiness: 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Asteridae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Campanulanae () - Takhtajan Ex Reveal, 1992
        Order: Asterales () - Lindley, 1833
        Family: Compositae () - Giseke, 1792, nom. cons., nom. alt.
        Subfamily: Carduoideae ()
        Tribe: Cardueae ()
        Subtribe: Centaureinae ()
        Genus: Centaurea () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - Knapweed, star thistle, cornflower [Greek kentaurieon, ancient plant name associated with Chiron, a centaur famous for knowledge of medicinal plants]
        Specific epithet: montana - L.
        Botanical name: - Centaurea montana L.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 11-Aug-09

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Centaurea

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 82 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

More Info

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Notes

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Contributors

Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed March 27, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 15, 2007:

Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2658264
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Ast-22286
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13727278
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:191037-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 401601
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 36966
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDAST1Y0E0
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: CEMO
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 27163

Footnotes

David J. Keil, Jörg Ochsmann "Centaurea". in Flora of North America Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 52, 57, 58, 67, 83, 84, 96, 171, 172, 176, 177, EFloras.org. [back]
"Centaurea montana". in Flora of North America Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 183, 185. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 178.660 meters (586.155 feet), Standard Deviation = 210.110 based on 3,862 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Centaurea montana

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Compositae

Genus Centaurea

Physical Description

Species Centaurea montana

Size/Age/Growth

Landscaping

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Centaurea

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

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Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes