Centaurea cyanus (Bachelor's Button)

Overview

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Paved roads and streets. <em>Centaurea cyanus</em>

Interesting Facts

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These pretty blue flowers are often planted in wildflower displays along highway medians .

Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in English:

Bachelor's Button, Bachelor´s-Button, Bachelor's Button Knapweed, Bachelors Button, Batchelor Button, Blue Bottle, Blue Cornflower, Corn-Flower, Cornflower, Garden Cornflower

Common Names in Finnish:

Ruiskaunokki, Ruiskukka

Common Names in French:

Bleuet, Centaurée Bleuet

Common Names in German:

Kornblume

Description

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Family Compositae

The largest family of flowering plants , the Compositae (Asteraceae), comprising about 1,100 genera and more than 20,000 species and characterized by many small flowers arranged in a head looking like a single flower and subtended by an involucre of bracts. A head may consist of both ray flowers and disk flowers, as in the sunflower, of disk flowers only, as in the burdock, or of ray flowers only, as in the dandelion.

Genus Centaurea

Annuals , biennials, or perennials, 20-300 cm, glabrous or tomentose . Stems erect , ascending , or spreading , simple or branched. Leaves basal and cauline; petiolate or sessile; proximal blade margins often ± deeply lobed , (spiny in C. benedicta ), distal ± smaller, often entire, faces glabrous or ± tomentose, sometimes also villous , strigose , or puberulent , often glandular-punctate. Heads discoid , disciform , or radiant, borne singly or in corymbiform arrays. Involucres cylindric or ovoid to hemispheric . Phyllaries many in 6-many series, unequal, proximal part appressed , body margins entire. distal parts expanded into erect to spreading, usually ± dentate or fringed , linear to ovate appendages , spine. tipped or spineless. Receptacles flat, epaleate, bristly . Florets 10-many; outer usually sterile , corollas slender and inconspicuous to much expanded, ± bilateral ; inner fertile , corollas white to blue, pink, purple, or yellow, bilateral or radial , often bent at junction of tubes and throats , lobes linear-oblong, acute; anther bases tailed , apical appendages oblong ; style branches: fused portions with minutely hairy nodes, distinct portions minute. Cypselae ± barrel-shaped, ± compressed , smooth or ribbed , apices entire (denticulate in C. benedicta ), glabrous or with fine, 1-celled hairs , attachment scar . lateral (with or without elaiosomes) ; pappi 0 or ± persistent , of 1-3 series of smooth or minutely barbed , stiff bristles or narrow scales . x = 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15.

Species ca. 500: introduced ; Eurasia , n Africa, widely introduced worldwide.

Taxonomic limits of Centaurea have been controversial. The genus has great morphologic diversity , and studies have revealed much cytologic (e.g. , N. Garcia-Jacas et al. 1996) and palynologic (e.g., G. Wagenitz 1955) variation as well. During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, various taxonomists attempted, with limited success, to divide Centaurea into smaller genera or workable infrageneric taxa. The relations of several satellite genera have been controversial as well.

Recent molecular phylogenetic studies (A. Susanna et al. 1995; N. Garcia-Jacas et al. 2000, 2001) have begun to clarify relationships within Centaurea and between Centaurea and other genera. These studies make it clear that Centaurea as traditionally defined is polyphyletic, and that generic boundaries should be realigned if monophyletic taxa are to be recognized. Some taxa traditionally included within Centaurea (e.g., the two native North American species, Centaurea americana and C. rothrockii) fall outside the redefined generic boundaries and are here treated in Plectocephalus. Others usually placed into segregate genera (e.g., Cnicus benedictus) are firmly nested within Centaurea. Because the type species of Centaurea (C. centaurium Linnaeus, an African species) falls outside the main lineage of the genus, a proposal has been made to conserve Centaurea with a different type species (W. Greuter et al. 2001), thereby maintaining the nomenclatural stability of most of the numerous species that do fall within the principal Centaurea clade.

Although several Centaurea species are widely established as members of the North American flora , and some of these are widely distributed invasive weeds , some of the taxa listed by J. T. Kartesz and C. A. Meacham (1999) are apparently waifs and not permanent members of the flora. These taxa are discussed informally immediately below.

Although Cnicus has usually been recognized as a distinctive monotypic genus, it has been merged into Centaurea by various authors (e.g., K . Bremer 1994; G. Wagenitz and F. H. Hellwig 1996) . Recent molecular systematic studies (N. Garcia-Jacas et al. 2000) provide additional evidence that it is nested within Centaurea.[1]

Physical Description

Habit: Forb/herb

Flowers: Bloom Period: April, May, June, July, August. • Flower Color: blue-violet, light blue, medium blue, near white, pink, white

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 24-36" tall.

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,650 meters (0 to 8,694 feet).[2]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Annual

Growth

Culture: Space 9-12" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.6 • Maximum pH: 7.8

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Asteridae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Campanulanae () - Takhtajan Ex Reveal, 1992
        Order: Asterales () - Lindley, 1833
        Family: Compositae () - Giseke, 1792, nom. cons., nom. alt.
        Subfamily: Carduoideae ()
        Tribe: Cardueae ()
        Subtribe: Centaureinae ()
        Genus: Centaurea () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - Knapweed, star thistle, cornflower [Greek kentaurieon, ancient plant name associated with Chiron, a centaur famous for knowledge of medicinal plants]
        Specific epithet: cyanus - L.
        Botanical name: - Centaurea cyanus L.

Synonyms

Leucacantha cyanus (L.) Nieuwl. and Lunell

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Centaurea

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 82 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

More Info

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The plants of Michigan; simple keys for the identification of the native seed plants of the state, by Henry Allan Gleason. Ann Arbor, G. Wahr, c1918. url p. 121.
The plants of Prince Edward Island / Ottawa: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, 1985. url p. 262.
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The variation of animals and plants under domestication, by Charles Darwin. London, J. Murray, 1893. url p. 440.
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The weeds, poison plants, and naturalized aliens of Victoria. Melbourne, J. Kemp, Government Printer1909. url .
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Torreya. Burlington, Vt., Torrey Botanical Club, 1901-1945. url p. 123, p. 135, p. 212, p. 223, p. 49, p. 97.
Transactions and proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 7 1874 Wellington: New Zealand Institute. url p. 374.
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Transactions of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. [S.l.: s.n.], 1843-1920. url p. 186.
Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Newcastle-upon-Tyne [et al.]F. & W. Dodsworth [et al.]1865/67-1973. url p. 110, p. 121, p. 179, p. 198.
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Notes

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Contributors

Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed March 27, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 12, 2007:

Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3875154
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Ast-22434
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4706086
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:56945-3
GRIN Nomen Number: 9817
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 36954
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDAST1Y050
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: LECY
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 28382

Footnotes

David J. Keil, Jörg Ochsmann "Centaurea". in Flora of North America Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 52, 57, 58, 67, 83, 84, 96, 171, 172, 176, 177, EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 174.200 meters (571.522 feet), Standard Deviation = 224.520 based on 8,305 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Centaurea cyanus

Overview

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Common Names

Description

Family Compositae

Genus Centaurea

Physical Description

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Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

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Similar Species

Members of the genus Centaurea

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

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Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes