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Celtis tenuifolia

(Georgia Hackberry)

Overview

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Special Concern
Threat status

Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in English:

Dwarf Hackberry, Georgia Hackberry, Small Hackberry

Common Names in French:

Micocoulier De Soper

Description

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Family Ulmaceae

Trees or shrubs , evergreen or deciduous. Winter buds with scales , rarely naked; axillary buds developed; terminal bud usually dying back early. Stipules usually membranous, caducous . Leaves simple , alternate or rarely opposite, usually distichous, petiolate ; leaf blade pinnately veined, basally 3(or 5) -veined, margin entire or serrate. Inflorescences axillary . Flowers monochlamydeous , bisexual , or rarely unisexual or polygamous. Perianth lobes 4-9, imbricate or rarely valvate , persistent or caducous. Stamens usually equal in number to and opposite perianth lobes, opposite, basally adnate to tepals; filaments distinct ; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally fissured . Pistil 2-carpellate; ovary superior, 1(or 2) -loculed; ovule 1, suspended, anatropous ; integuments 2. Style very short; stigmas 2, linear . Fruit samara, drupes, or winged nutlets , apically usually with persistent stigmas. Endosperm scanty or absent; embryo erect , curved , or involute ; cotyledons flat, curved, or flexed. Seedling epigeous.

About 16 genera and ca. 230 species: widespread in temperate and tropical areas; eight genera (one endemic) and 46 species (23 endemic) in China.

Recent research strongly suggests that the subfamily Celtidoideae (Aphananthe, Celtis, Gironniera, Pteroceltis, and Trema) is not the closest relative of the subfamily Ulmoideae (Hemiptelea, Ulmus, and Zelkova) . It would probably be more accurate to exclude Celtidoideae from Ulmaceae, and move it to Cannabaceae, rather than treating it as a separate family , Celtidaceae. More data are needed before a stable, new classification of the Urticales can be produced . Until these data are available, it is more practical to retain the traditional circumscription of Ulmaceae.

Most species of this family yield fine timber, the cortex is a good substitute for hemp , the fruit are edible, and the seed oil is used medicinally and industrially. Many species of Ulmaceae are cultivated, and it is not always certain whether specimens are from wild or cultivated plants .[1]

Genus Celtis

Trees or rarely shrubs , to 30 m ; crowns spreading . Bark usually gray, smooth or often fissured and conspicuously warty. Branches without or with thorns , slender, glabrous or pubescent . Leaves: stipules falling early. Leaf blade deltate to ovate to oblong-lanceolate, base oblique or cuneate to rounded , margins entire or serrate-dentate; venation 3(-5) -pinnate. Inflorescences: staminate inflorescences cymes or fascicles; pistillate solitary or few-flowered clusters . Flowers usually unisexual , staminate and pistillate on same plants , along with a few bisexual flowers, pedicellate on branches of current year, appearing in mid or late spring . Staminate flowers : filaments incurved in bud, exserted after anthesis ; gynoecium minute, rudimentary . Pistillate flowers: calyx slightly to deeply 4(-5) -lobed; stamens 4-5, inserted on pilose receptacle, included , often nonfunctional filaments usually shorter than in staminate flowers, rarely absent; anthers ovate, face to face in bud, extrorse ; ovaries sessile, ovoid , 1-locular; styles short, sessile, divided into 2 divergent, elongate , reflexed lobes , lobes entire or 2-cleft. Fruits fleshy drupes, ovoid or globose ; outer mesocarp thick, firm, inner mesocarp thin, fleshy; stones thick walled, ripening in autumn, persisting after leaves fall . x = 10.

Species ca. 60: tropical and temperate regions , worldwide.

The hackberries provide important wildlife habitat , forming thickets that give shelter and fleshy drupes that ripen in autumn, persist after leaves fall, and supply winter food for birds and mammals. The treatment presented here is a simplified circumscription of species with no elaboration of infraspecific variation or interspecific hybridization. The group is taxonomically complex and in need of revision .[2]

Physical Description

Species Celtis tenuifolia

Shrubs or small trees , to 8 m ; trunks to 30 cm; crowns narrow. Bark light gray, furrowed , warty. Branches without thorns , upright to spreading , irregular. Leaves: petiole 6-10 mm. Leaf blade ovate to occasionally ovate-elliptic, (2-) 5-8 × (1-) 3-4 cm, base unequal, 1 side rounded , margins mostly entire, serrate and sparingly toothed toward apex, apex blunt , acute, or short-acuminate; surfaces abaxially gray-green, harshly pubescent , adaxially dark gray-green, scabrous . Inflorescences: flowers solitary or few-flowered clusters . Drupes orange to brown or cherry red, glaucous, orbicular , 5-8 mm diam., beakless; pedicel 3-13 mm. Stones cream colored , 5-7 × 5-6 mm, reticulate . [source]

Habit: Tree , Shrub

Flowers: Bloom Period: February, March, April, May. • Flower Color: inconspicuous, none

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 12-15' tall.

Habitat

On slopes and along streams in open woods ; 0-500 m [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 1,092 meters (0 to 3,583 feet).[4]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 8-10' apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 4.5 • Maximum pH: 7.8

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a. (map)

Taxonomy

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Unambiguous Synonyms

  1. C. occidentalis Linnaeus var. georgiana (Small) Ahles
  2. C. pumila Pursh var. georgiana (Small) Sargent
  3. C. tenuifolia var. georgiana (Small) Fernald & B. G. Schubert
  4. C. tenuifolia var. soperi B. Boivin
  5. Celtis georgiana Small
  6. Celtis laevigata var. smallii (Beadle) Sarg.
  7. Celtis mississippiensis Bosc
  8. Celtis occidentalis var. georgiana (Small) Ahles
  9. Celtis pumila var. georgiana (Small) Sarg.
  10. Celtis smallii Beadle
  11. Celtis tenuifolia var. georgiana (Small) Fern. & Schub.
  12. Celtis tenuifolia var. soperi Boivin

Notes

Publishing author : Beadle Publication : in Small,Fl. S.E. U.S. 365. Publishing author: Small Publication: Bull . Torrey Bot. Club 24: 439 1897 Publishing author: Bosc Publication: Encyc. Agric. vii. 577. Publishing author: B .Boivin Publication: Naturaliste Canad. 94: 622 1967 Publishing author: Fernald & B.G.Schub. Publication: Rhodora 50: 160 1948 Basionym author: (Small) Publishing author: Sarg. Basionym author: (Small) Publishing author: H.E.Ahles Publication: J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 80: [172] 1964 Basionym author: (Small) Publishing author: Sarg. Publication: Bot. Gaz. 67: 223 1919An accepted name in the RHS Horticultural Database.

Name Status: Accepted Name. Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication: Gen. N. Amer. pl. 1:202. 1818

Name verified on 05-Feb-1986 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 23-Aug-1994

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Celtis

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 395 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

C. acata · C. aculeata · C. aculeata var. laevigata · C. aculeata var. pubescens · C. aculeata var. serrata · C. adolfi-friderici · C. adolfi-fridericii · C. aetnensis · C. affinis · C. africana · C. alba · C. albicans · C. alnifolia · C. alpina · C. amblyphylla · C. amboinensis · C. ameghenoi · C. americana · C. amphibola · C. amplifolia · C. anfractuosa · C. angustifolia · C. aphanonthoides · C. appendiculata · C. arcata · C. aristata · C. aspera · C. asperifolia · C. asperrima · C. asperula · C. audibertiana · C. audibertiana var. oblongata · C. audibertiana var. ovata · C. aurantiaca · C. australiensis · C. australis (Mediterranean Hackberry) · C. australis caucasica · C. australis f. variegata · C. azcurrensis · C. bainingensis · C. balansae · C. barbouri · C. begonioides · C. bequaertii · C. berlandieri · C. berteroana · C. betulina · C. bifida · C. biflora · C. biondii · C. biondii var. cavalieriei · C. biondii var. heterophylla · C. biondii var. holophylla · C. biondii var. insularis · C. bodinieri · C. boliviensis · C. boninensis · C. bonplandiana · C. brasiliensis · C. brasiliensis f. clausseniana · C. brevifolia · C. brevinervis · C. brevipes · C. brevipes var. brevipes · C. brieyi · C. brownii · C. bungeana (Bunge Hackberry) · C. bungeana var. deqinensis · C. bungeana var. lanceolata · C. burmannii · C. canescens · C. canina · C. canina var. canina · C. caucasica · C. caucasica caudata · C. caudata · C. cavaleriei · C. cerasifera · C. cercidifolia · C. chekiangensis · C. cheliensis · C. chichape · C. chichilea · C. chicope · C. chinensis · C. choseniana · C. chuanchowensis · C. cinerea · C. cinnamomea · C. cinnamomifolia · C. clausseniana · C. collinsae · C. columbiana var. tenuiloba · C. commersonii · C. compressa · C. conferta · C. conferta amblyphylla · C. conferta subsp. amblyphylla · C. cordata · C. cordifolia

More Info

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Further Reading

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Notes

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Contributors

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 19, 2007:

Identifiers

Footnotes

  1. Liguo Fu, Yiqun Xin & Alan Whittemore "Ulmaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 1. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
  2. "Celtis". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
  3. "Celtis tenuifolia". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
  4. Mean = 220.680 meters (724.016 feet), Standard Deviation = 204.430 based on 1,126 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
Last Revised: 7/1/2009