Celtis occidentalis

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Cannabaceae

Herbs, annual or perennial , erect or twining , dioecious or sometimes monoecious, often with cystoliths (a hard calcium carbonate structure at base of a hair) . Stems furrowed or winged . Stipules free . Leaves alternate or opposite, palmately lobed or compound , sometimes simple . Male inflorescences a bracteate cymose panicle. Male flowers: pedicellate ; sepals 5, free; petals absent; stamens 5, opposite sepals; filaments short; anthers 2-loculed, dehiscent by longitudinal slits. Female inflorescences a bracteate spicate cyme much reduced in Cannabis, pendent or erect. Female flowers: sessile; calyx appressed to ovary, membranous; petals absent; ovary 1-loculed; ovule solitary, pendulous from locule apex; style 2-parted, branches filiform . Fruit an achene, covered by persistent calyx; endosperm fleshy ; embryo curved or spirally involute .

Two genera and four species: N Africa, Asia, Europe, North America; two genera and four species (one endemic) in China.

Because all the Chinese species in this family are cultivated and are often found naturalized in disturbed habitats , it is difficult to know the true wild distributions.

Cannabaceae has sometimes been included in Moraceae or Urticaceae but is now usually recognized as a distinct family. The subfamily Celtidoideae of Ulmaceae could possibly be included within Cannabaceae (see the discussion after the Ulmaceae family description ) .[1]

Genus Celtis

Trees or rarely shrubs , to 30 m ; crowns spreading . Bark usually gray, smooth or often fissured and conspicuously warty. Branches without or with thorns , slender, glabrous or pubescent . Leaves: stipules falling early. Leaf blade deltate to ovate to oblong-lanceolate, base oblique or cuneate to rounded , margins entire or serrate-dentate; venation 3(-5) -pinnate. Inflorescences: staminate inflorescences cymes or fascicles; pistillate solitary or few-flowered clusters . Flowers usually unisexual , staminate and pistillate on same plants , along with a few bisexual flowers, pedicellate on branches of current year, appearing in mid or late spring . Staminate flowers : filaments incurved in bud, exserted after anthesis ; gynoecium minute, rudimentary . Pistillate flowers: calyx slightly to deeply 4(-5) -lobed; stamens 4-5, inserted on pilose receptacle, included , often nonfunctional filaments usually shorter than in staminate flowers, rarely absent; anthers ovate, face to face in bud, extrorse ; ovaries sessile, ovoid , 1-locular; styles short, sessile, divided into 2 divergent, elongate , reflexed lobes , lobes entire or 2-cleft. Fruits fleshy drupes, ovoid or globose ; outer mesocarp thick, firm, inner mesocarp thin, fleshy; stones thick walled, ripening in autumn, persisting after leaves fall . x = 10.

Species ca. 60: tropical and temperate regions , worldwide.

The hackberries provide important wildlife habitat , forming thickets that give shelter and fleshy drupes that ripen in autumn, persist after leaves fall, and supply winter food for birds and mammals. The treatment presented here is a simplified circumscription of species with no elaboration of infraspecific variation or interspecific hybridization. The group is taxonomically complex and in need of revision .[2]

Physical Description

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: Good tree for poor conditions. Park tree. Screen . For edible fruit. • Liabilities: Leaf spot, powdery mildew , hackberry nipple gall, scale. Witches' broom caused by insect. Problems don't kill tree , but make tree very unattractive.

Habitat

Flowering late winter-spring (Mar-May). In rich moist soil along streams , on flood plains , on rock, on wooded hillsides, and in woodlands; 0-1800 m [3].

Zone 3.

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,370 meters (0 to 7,776 feet).[4]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial • Coppice Potential: Yes • Progagated by Bulbs: No • Propagated by Bare Root: Yes • Propagated by Container: Yes • Propagated by Corms: No • Propagated by Cuttings: No • Propagated by Seed: Yes • Propagated by Sod: No • Propagated by Sprigs: No • Propagated by Tubers: No • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: Summer • Fruit/Seed Period End: Fall • Fruit/Seed Persistence: Yes

Growth

Culture: Easily transplant form B&B container or bare root . Prefers rich soil. Very soil adaptable. Tolerant of most conditions. Wind tolerant. Full sun . Urban tolerant.

Soil: Adapted to Medium Textured: Adapted to Medium Textured Soils • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: Yes • Anaerobic Tolerance: Medium • Salinity Tolerance: None • CaCO3 Tolerance: Medium • Minimum pH: 6.0 • Maximum pH: 7.8 • Fertility Requirement: Medium

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun . • Shade Tolerance: Intermediate

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: High • Minimum Precipitation: 14 • Maximum Precipitation: 32 • Moisture Use: Low

Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): -38 • Minimum Frost Free Days: 90 • Cold Hardiness: 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a. (map)

Taxonomy

Notes

Publishing author : L. Publication : Sp. Pl. 2: 1044 1753 [1 May 1753]

Similar Species

Members of the genus Celtis

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 31 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

C. australis (European Hackberry) · C. bungeana (Hackberry) · C. ehrenbergiana (Spiny Hackberry) · C. iguanaea (Iguana Hackberry) · C. jessoensis (Japanese Hackberry) · C. julianae (Julian Hackberry) · C. laevigata (Net-Leaf Hackberry) · C. laevigata reticulata (Netleaf Hackberry) · C. laevigata var. brevipes (Sugar Hackberry) · C. laevigata var. laevigata (Sugarberry) · C. laevigata var. reticulata (Netleaf Hackberry) · C. laevigata var. texana (Texas Sugarberry) · C. laevigata 'All Seasons' (Sugar Hackberry) · C. lindheimeri (Lindheimer Hackberry) · C. occidentalis (American Hackberry) · C. occidentalis L. var. occidentalis L. (Common Hackberry) · C. occidentalis L. var. pumila (Pursh) A.Gray (Common Hackberry) · C. occidentalis var. canina (Common Hackberry) · C. occidentalis var. occidentalis (Western Hackberry) · C. occidentalis var. pumila (Dwarf Hackberry) · C. occidentalis 'Chicagoland' (American Hackberry) · C. occidentalis 'Delta' (American Hackberry) · C. occidentalis 'Prairie Pride' (American Hackberry) · C. occidentalis 'Windy City' (American Hackberry) · C. pallida (Capul) · C. reticulata var. reticulata (Netleaf Hackberry) · C. sinensis (Chinese Elm) · C. sinensis 'Green Cascade' (Chinese Elm) · C. tenuifolia (Dwarf Hackberry) · C. tournefortii (Oriental Hackberry) · C. trinervia (Almex)

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Further Reading

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• How to make a country place; an account of the successes and the mistakes of an amateur in thirty-five years of farming, building and development: together with a practical plan for securing a home and an independent income, star New York, Orange Judd company; [etc., etc.]1914. url p. 371.
• Identification of the economic woods of the United States, including a discussion of the structural and physical properties of wood, New York, John Wiley & sons, inc.; [etc., etc.]1919. url , , , p. 51, p. 89.
• Illinois River Bluffs area assessment / Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Office of Scientific Research and Analysis, [and the] State Geological Survey Division. Springfield, Ill.: Illinois Dept. of Natural Resources, 1998- url p. 161, p. 177.
• Illinois trees: selection, planting, and care [by] J. Cedric Carter. Urbana, 1966. url p. 61.
• Illustrated key to the wild and commonly cultivated trees of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada; based primarily upon leaf characters, New YorkHolt1912 url p. 16.
• Insect galls of Springfield, Massachusetts, and vicinity / by Fannie A. Stebbins. Springfield, Mass.: Springfield Museum of Natural History, 1909. url p. 132, p. 33.
• Insects affecting park and woodland trees / by Ephraim Porter Felt. Albany: New York State Education Dept., 1905-1906. url p. 219.
• Insects galls of Springfield, Massachusetts, and vicinity. Springfield, Mass., The Museum, 1909. url p. 132, p. 33.
• International review of the science and practice of agriculture. Rome: International Institute of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural Intelligence and Plant Diseases, 1916-1926. url , p. 1241.
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• Introductory mycology / Constantine J. Alexopoulos, Charles W. Mims; artwork by Sung-Huang Sun and Raymond W. Scheetz. New York: Wiley, c1979. url p. 615.
• Inventory of seeds and plants imported / U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry. Washington, D.C.: G.P.O., 1914-1924. url p. 15.
• Iowa parks. Conservation of Iowa historic, scenic and scientific areas. Also, a description of numerous areas suitable for public state parks, with reasons for their preservation. Report of the State board of con Pub. by the state of Iowa. Des Moines[1920] url p. 166, p. 67, p. 80.
• Iowa parks. Des Moines[1920] url p. 166, p. 67, p. 74, p. 80.
• Johnson's Gardeners' dictionary and cultural instructor. London, A. T. De La Mare printing and publishing co., ltd.[1916] url p. 408.
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• Journal of forestry. Washington: Society of American Foresters, 1917- url p. 102.
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• Key and flora: northern and central states / Boston: Ginn, 1908. url .
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• Lake Maxinkuckee. A physical and biological survey by Barton Warren Evermann and Howard Walton Clark. [Indianapolis]Dept. of Conservation, State of Indiana [Wm. B. Burford, printer]1920. url p. 289.
• Lake Maxinkuckee. a physical and biological survey by Barton Warren Evermann and Howard Walton Clark. [Indianapolis, Wm. B. Burford, printer]1920. url p. 289.
• Lake Maxinkuckee: a physical and biological survey / by Barton Warren Evermann and Howard Walton Clark. Indianapolis: Dept. of Conservation, 1920. url p. 464.
• Land teaching; a handbook of soils, plants, gardens and grounds, for teachers and cultivators, Atlanta, Ga., Southern ruralist company, 1910. url p. 2.
• Landscape garden series, ed. by Ralph Rodney Root. Davenport, Ia.: The Garden Press, [1921] url p. 12, p. 19.
• Landscaping your home / Urbana: University of Illinois Press, c1975. url p. 220.
• Leaf key to the trees of the northern states and Canada, and a botanical glossary. By Romeyn Beck Hough. Lowville, N. Y., The author, 1910. url p. 10.
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• Lists of plant types for landscape planting; the materials of planting for ornament listed according to their various uses, by Stephen F. Hamblin. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1923. url , p. 11, p. 14, p. 23, p. 3, p. 3, p. 6.
• London trees. Being an account of the trees that succeed in London, with a descriptive account of each species and notes on their comparative value and cultivation. With guide to where the finest London trees may b by A. D. Webster. London, The Swarthmore Press, 1920. url p. 137, p. 172, p. 206, p. 208, p. 83, p. viii.
• Mammals of the Mexican boundary of the United States: a descriptive catalogue of the species of mammals occurring in that region; with a general summary of the natural history, and a list of trees / Washington: Govt. Print. Off., 1907. url , , , , , , .
• Manual of gardening: a practical guide to the making of home grounds and the growing of flowers, fruits, and vegetables for home use / New York: Macmillan Co., 1911. url .
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• Manual of the trees of North America (exclusive of Mexico) by Charles Sprague Sargent, with seven hundred and eighty-three illustrations from drawings by Charles Edward Faxon and Mary W. Gill. Boston and New York, Houghton Mifflin company, 1922. url p. 318, p. 319, p. 319, p. 320, p. 320, p. 324, p. 901.
• Memoir / Ithaca, N.Y. url p. 201.
• Michigan flora: a list of the fern and seed plants growing without cultivation / prepared by W.J. Beal. [Lansing, Mich.]: State Board of Agriculture: 1904. url p. 29, p. 29.
• Michigan trees: a handbook of the native and most important introduced species / by Charles Herbert Otis; with an introduction by George Plumer Burns. Ann Arbor: Regents of the University of Michigan, 1917 [c1915] url p. 131, p. 243.
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• Minnesota trees and shrubs: an illustrated manual of the native and cultivated woody plants of the State / Frederic E. Clements, C. Otto Rosendahl, Frederic K. Butters. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1912. url p. 77.
• Miscellaneous papers on the botany of Michigan, by C. K. Dodge. Prepared under the direction of Alexander G. Ruthven. Published as a part of the Annual report of the Board of Geological Survey for 1920. Lansing, Mich., Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford, State Printers, 1921. url p. 38.
• Miscellaneous publication - University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History. 1956 Lawrence: University of Kansas, 1946-1996. url p. 11, p. 13, p. 44, p. 45, p. 48, p. 61.
• Missouri Botanical Garden invites you to know our trees. 1990 [St. Louis]: Missouri Botanical Garden, 1990. url p. 17.
• Morphology and taxonomy of fungi. Philadelphia, Blakiston, 1950. url p. 310.
• Museum bulletin / Albany, N.Y.: University of the State of New York, 1908-1916. url p. 11, p. 127, p. 134, p. 16, p. 24, p. 75, p. 77, p. 99.
• Museum bulletin / New York State Museum. Albany, N.Y.: University of the State of New York, 1908-1916. url p. 130.
• National Arboretum contribution. Washington, D.C.: The Arboretum: 1953- url p. 16.
• Native trees of Canada / by B.R. Morton; with notes on nomenclature and utilization by R.G. Lewis. Ottawa: Dept. of the Interior, Forestry Branch, 1921. url p. 201, p. 92, p. 97.
• Native trees of Kentucky; a handbook, [Ed. of Kentucky Federation of Women's Clubs] [Louisville? Ky.][c1910] url p. 72.
• Native woody plants of the United States, their erosion-control and wildlife values. Washington, U. S. Govt. print. off., 1938. url , , , , p. 92, p. 93.
• Naturalist's guide to the Americas, prepared by the Committee on the Preservation of Natural Conditions of the Ecological Society of America, with assistance from numerous organizations and individuals, assembled and edited by chairman, Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1926. url p. 271, p. 410, p. 410, p. 516, p. 516, p. 550, p. 550.
• New England trees in winter Storrs, Conn., Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station, 1911. url , , .
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• New York State Museum bulletin. Albany, N.Y.: University of the State of New York, 1916-1944. url p. 241, p. 88.
• New manual of botany of the central Rocky mountains (vascular plants) Cincinnati [etc.]American Book Company[c1909] url .
• North American trees (exclusive of Mexico and tropical United States) A handbook designed for field use, with plates and distribution maps. Ames, Iowa State University Press[1961] url p. 223.
• North American trees: being descriptions and illustrations of the trees growing independently of cultivation in North America, north of Mexico and the West Indies / New York: H. Holt and Co., 1908. url , .
• North American trees; being descriptions and illustrations of the trees growing independently of cultivation in North America, north of Mexico and the West Indies; with the assistance of John Adolph Shafer. New YorkHolt1908 url p. 353, p. 359.
• Occasional papers of the Museum of Natural History, the University of Kansas. 1984 Lawrence, Kan.: The University, 1971-1994. url p. 36.
• Ornamental gardening in Florida, by Charles Torrey Simpson; a treatise on the decorative plants adapted to Florida and their cultivation, with suggestions for the ornamentation of Florida homes and grounds. Little River, Fla., The author, 1916. url p. 103, p. 189, p. 189.
• Our forests and the timbers they contain. New Orleans, American printing co., ltd., 1904 url p. 20.
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• Palaeontographica Americana. 1994 Ithaca, N.Y.: Paleontological Research Institution, url p. 91, p. 91.
• Part I. The living flora of West Virginia, by C. F. Millspaugh. Part II. The fossil flora of West Virginia, by David White. Wheeling, Wheeling news litho. co., 1913 url p. 41, p. 63.
• Pennsylvania trees / by J.S. Illick. Harrisburg., Pa.: W. S. Ray, State Printer, 1915. url p. 152.
• Pennsylvania trees. Harrisburg, Pa.W.S. Ray, State Printer1914 url p. 152.
• Phytologia memoirs. Plainfield, N.J.: H.N. Moldenke and A.L. Moldenke, 1980- url p. 228, p. 581.
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• Plant health care for woody ornamentals: a professional's guide to preventing and managing environmental stresses and pests / [Urbana, Ill.]: Cooperative Extension Service, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, c1997. url p. 192, p. 195.
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• Plants of Mississippi: a list of flowering plants and ferns / by E.N. Lowe. [Jackson, Miss.]: Mississippi State Geological Survey, 1921. url p. 134.
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• Preliminary study of forest conditions in Tennessee. By R. Clifford Hall. Nashville, McQuiddy printing company, 1910. url p. 47.
• Prince George's County. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Press, 1911. url p. 234.
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• Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science. Media, Pa.: The Institute, 1906- url p. 70.
• Propagation of wild birds; a manual of applied ornithology, treating of practical methods of propagation of quails, grouse, wild turkey, pheasants, partridges, pigeons and doves, and waterfowl, in America, and of attracting and by Herbert K. Job. Illustrated from photographs mostly by the author. Garden City, N. Y., Doubleday, Page, 1915. url p. 240.
• Report of the Michigan Academy of Science. Lansing, Mich.: The Academy, 1904-1916. url p. 159.
• Report of the Minister of Lands and Forests of the Province of Ontario. Toronto: Published by Clarkson W. James, 1921-1972. url p. 153.
• Report of the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry, for the years. .. Harrisburg, Pa.: Harrisburg Pub. Co., state printer, 1907-1912. url .
• Report of the State highway commission on the Iowa lakes and lake beds. Des Moines, Pub. by the state of Iowa[1917] url p. 178, p. 182, p. 183.
• Report on forest conditions in Delaware and a forest policy for the state / by W.D. Sterrett. Newark, Del.: Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station, 1908. url p. 23.
• Report on the trees of Fairmount park. A study of the trees growing naturally in the park forests and of those planted for shade or decorative purposes, [Philadelphia, W. F. Fell company]1908. url p. 40, p. 42, p. 47.
• Revision of the North American species of the genus Lithocolletis Hübner / by Annette F. Braun. [Philadelphia: s. n.]1908. url p. 310, p. 319.
• Rock River area assessment / Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Office of Scientific Research and Analysis, Natural History Survey Division, in conjunction with State Geological Survey Division. Springfield, IL: Illinois Dept. of Natural Resources, 1996- url p. 125, p. 48, p. 50.
• Rocky mountain flowers; an illustrated guide for plantlovers and plant-users; with twenty-five plates in color and twenty-one plates in black and white [by] Frederic Edward Clements...and Edith Schwartz Clements... 1914 New York city, the H.W. Wilson company, 1914. url explanation of plate 4.
• Sargent, C. S. Plantae Wilsonianae: an enumeration of the woody plants collected in western China for the Arnold arboretum of Harvard university during the years 1907, 1908, and 1910 /by E. H. Wilson, ed. by Charles Sprague Sargent. 3 1917 Cambridge: The University press, 1913-17. url p. 282.
• Seeding and planting; a manual for the guidance of forestry students, foresters, nurserymen, forest owners, and farmers, by James W. Toumey. .. New York, J. Wiley & sons, inc.; [etc., etc.]1916. url p. 446, p. 446, p. 446.
• Selected western flora: Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta / Toronto: Macmillan Company of Canada, [c1915] url .
• Shade-trees in towns and cities: their selection, planting, and care as applied to the art of street decoration, their diseases and remedies, their municipal control and supervision / London: Chapman & Hall, c1911. url .
• Shade-trees in towns and cities; their selection, planting, and care as applied to the art of street decoration; their diseases and remedies; their control and supervision. New York, J. Wiley, 1911. url p. 278, p. 278, p. 51, p. 51.
• Small, J. K. Flora of the southeastern United States;being descriptions of the seed-plants, ferns and fern-allies growing naturally in North Carolina, South Carolin, Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana and the Indian territory and in Oklahoma and Texas east of the one-hundredth meridian /by John Kunkel Small. .. 1903 New York: The author, 1903. url p. 365.
• Some plant galls of Illinois / by Glen S. Winterringer. Springfield, Ill.: Dept. of Registration and Education, 1961. url p. 45, p. 47, p. 50.
• St. Mary's County. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Press, 1907. url p. 186.
• Standardized plant names; a catalogue of approved scientific and common names of plants in American commerce. Salem, Mass., 1923. url p. 194.
• Station bulletin. Durham, N.H.: Agricultural Experiment Station, University of New Hampshire, 1948- url p. 10, p. 22, p. 25, p. 52, p. 7.
• Studies of the vegetation of Missouri. .. / By Julian A. Steyermark. 9 1940 [Chicago, 1940- url p. 370, p. 384, p. 426, p. 428, p. 429, p. 437, p. 440, p. 442, p. 443, p. 449.
• Studies of trees / by J. J. Levison. New York: J. Wiley & sons, 1914. url p. 244, p. 70.
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• Studies of trees in winter; a description of the deciduous trees of northeastern America, Boston: D. Estes and company, [c1910] url , , p. 112.
• Sturtevant's notes on edible plants / Edited by U.P. Hedrick. Albany: J.B. Lyon, 1919. url p. 155.
• Syllogeus. Ottawa, National Museum of Natural Sciences, 1972-1995. url p. 14, p. 14, p. 22, p. 22, p. 30, p. 31, p. 51, p. 52, p. 59, p. 72, p. 76, p. 8.
• Technical publication / New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University. Syracuse, N.Y.: The College, 1914- url p. 410, p. 412, p. 59, p. 64, p. 71, p. 71.
• Technical report: Illinois natural areas inventory / by the Department of Landscape Architecture, Univeristy of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, and the Natural Land Institute, Rockford, Illinois. Urbana: Dept. of Landscape Architecture, University of Illinois and Natural Land Institute, 1978. url p. 325, p. 409.
• The American midland naturalist. Notre Dame, Ind., University of Notre Dame. url p. 231, p. 62.
• The American woods: exhibited by actual specimens and with copious explanatory text / by Romeyn B. Hough. Lowville, N.Y.: Pub., and sections prepared by the author, 1910, c1888 url , p. 10, p. 10, p. 12, p. 2, p. 3, p. 32, p. 4, p. 4, p. 4, p. 4, p. 5, p. 57, p. 61, p. 77, p. 8, p. 8.
• The Asa Gray bulletin. 1 1952 Ann Arbor, Mich. url , p. 310, p. 377, p. xii.
• The Blattaria and Orthoptera of Essex County, Ontario / [Toronto]: Royal Ontario Museum, 1941. url p. 1.
• The Bradley bibliography; a guide to the literature of the woody plants of the world published before the beginning of the twentieth century; Cambridge, Riverside Press, 1911-18. url p. 142.
• The Buprestidae of North America, exclusive of Mexico, a catalogue including synonomy, bibliography, distribution, type locality and hosts of each species, by W. J. Chamberlin. Eugene, Or., c1926 url p. 62.
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• The Florida buggist: official organ of the Florida Entomological Society. [Gainesville, Fla.]: The Society, [1917-1920] url p. 37.
• The Fulgoridae or plant-hoppers of Mississippi, including those of possible occurance: a taxonomic, biological, ecological and economic study / by Herbert Lawrence Dozier. [Columbus, Ohio]The Ohio state university, 1922. url p. 64.
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• The Hawaiian forester and agriculturist. Honolulu: Hawaiian Gazette Co., 1904-1933. url .
• The Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS. Cedar Falls, Iowa: The Academy, 1988- url p. 132, p. 202, p. 30.
• The Lepidopteras of New York and neighboring states, primitive forms Microlepidoptera, Pyraloids, Bombyces. Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell Univ., 1920. url p. 201.
• The Lepidopterists' news: the monthly newsletter of the Lepidopterists' Society. Cambridge, Mass.: Lepidopterists' Society, 1947-1958. url p. 28.
• The Macrolepidoptera of the world; a systematic description of the hitherto known Macrolepidoptera, ed. in collaboration with well-known specialists. Stuttgart: Seitz'schen (Kernen), 1906- url p. 549.
• The National Collection of Coccidae / by C.L. Marlatt. Washington: G.P.O., 1908. url p. 71.
• The Philippine journal of science. Manila: Bureau of Science url p. 484.
• The Review of applied entomology. Farnham Royal, Eng., etc.: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, etc. url p. 198, p. 409, p. 668, p. 716.
• The San Jose or Chinese scale. Washington, Gov't print. off., 1906. url p. 38.
• The San José scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus, Comst.) and methods of treatment. A. E. Stene. Joint bulletin of the State board of agriculture and Extension department of the Rhode Island college of agriculture and mechanic arts. 1908. Providence, 1908 url p. 29.
• The Southern Appalachian forests, WashingtonGovt. Print. Off.1905 url p. 284.
• The University of Missouri studies. Columbia, Mo.: The University, 1905-[1918] url p. 25, p. 34, p. 41, p. 45, p. 60.
• The bogs and bog flora of the Huron River Valley. .. By Edgar Nelson Transeau. [Chicago]The University of Chicago Press[1906] url p. 112.
• The book of woodcraft and Indian lore, with over 500 drawings by the author, Ernest Thompson Seton. .. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, Page & Company, 1922. url p. 412.
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• The butterflies of the eastern United States; for the use of classes in zoology, and private students, by G. H. French. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott company[1914, c1885] url p. 221.
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• The butterfly book; a popular guide to a knowledge of the butterflies of North America. With 48 plates in color-photography, reproductions of butterflies in the author's collection, and many text illustrations presenting 1922 Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, Page, 1922 [c1898] url p. 189, p. 227.
• The care of trees in lawn, street and park. With a list of trees and shrubs for decorative use. New YorkHolt1910 url p. 279, p. 365.
• The changing Illinois environment: critical trends: technical report of the Critical Trends Assessment Project. Springfield, Ill.: Ill. Dept. of Energy and Natural Resources, 1994. url p. 147.
• The commercial forest trees of Massachusetts, how you may know them. A pocket manual by D.A. Clarke, under the direction of F.W. Rane, state forester. .. Mass.. .. Boston, Wright & Potter Printing Company, State Printers, 1908. url p. 48.
• The complete garden, by Albert D. Taylor, assisted by Gordon D. Cooper. Illustrated with fifty full page cuts, four line charts, and nine coloured plates. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, Page, 1921. url p. 117, p. 117, p. 119, p. 165, p. 165, p. 167, p. 167, p. 191, p. 191, p. 301, p. 301, p. 314, p. 314, p. 315, p. 315, p. 321, p. 321.
• The complete home landscape, by Arthur J. Jennings, in collaboration with Leonard H. Johnson. New York, A. T. De La Mare, 1924. url p. 121, p. 130, p. 141, p. 142.
• The conservation of the wild life of Canada, by C. Gordon Hewitt. .. New York, C. Scribner's Sons, 1921. url p. 184, p. 184, p. 186, p. 186.
• The encyclopedia of gardening. A dictionary of cultivated plants, etc., giving in alphabetical sequence the culture and propagation of hardy and half-hardy plants, trees and shrubs, orchids, ferns, fruit, vegetables, hothouse and g London, W. H. & L. Collingridge[1908] url .
• The flora of Canada, by J. M. Macoun and M. O. Malte. Ottawa: Government printing bureau, 1917. url p. 7.
• The flora of the town of Southold, Long Island, and Gardiner's Island / New York: Torrey Botanical Club, 1914? url p. 121, p. 238, p. 27, p. 3, p. 4, p. 5, p. 6, p. 7.
• The forests of Baltimore County, Batlimore, Md., 1921. url p. 13.
• The forests of Frederick county, Baltimore, Md., 1922. url p. 13.
• The forests of Maryland, by F.W. Besley, State Forester. [Annapolis, Md.: Press of the Advertiser-Republican], 1916. url p. 23.
• The forests of Washington County, Baltimore, Md., 1922. url p. 13.
• The historic trees of Massachusetts, by James Raymond Simmons. Boston, Marshall Jones company, 1919. url .
• The identification of trees & shrubs; how to recognize, without previous knowledge of botany, wild or garden trees and shrubs native to the north temperate zone, with 2, 500 diagrams made by the author. New York, Dutton[1937] url p. 268.
• The landscape gardening book, wherein are set down the simple laws of beauty and utility which should guide the development of all grounds, by Grace Tabor. New York, R. M. McBride, 1916. url p. 96.
• The lipids, their chemistry and biochemistry. New York, Interscience Publishers, 1951-57. url p. 897.
• The lower fungi Phycomycetes, by Harry Morton Fitzpatrick. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1930. url p. 218.
• The native flora of the vicinity of Cold Spring Harbor, L.I., New York. n.p., 1925 url p. 146.
• The natural history and topography of Groton, Massachusetts / by Samuel Abbott Green. .. [Cambridge, J. Wilson and Son]1912-14. url p. 24.
• The nursery-manual; a complete guide to the multiplication of plants, by L. H. Bailey. New York: Macmillan, [1920] url p. 273.
• The plant life of Maryland, by Forrest Shreve [et al.] Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1910. url p. 236, p. 427.
• The planting and care of shade trees, Trenton, State gazette publishing co., printers, 1912. url p. 106, p. 61.
• The plants of Southern New Jersey with especial reference to the flora of the pine barrens and the geographic distribution of the species. Trenton, N. J., 1911. url .
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• The plants of southern New Jersey; with especial reference to the flora of the pine barrens and the geographic distribution of the species. Trenton, 1911. url p. 413.
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• The principles of fruit-growing, London, Macmillan & co., ltd., 1913. url p. 167.
• The standard cyclopedia of horticulture; a discussion, for the amateur, and the professional and commercial grower, of the kinds, characteristics and methods of cultivation of the species of plants grown in the regions of the United States a Illustrated with colored plates, four thousand engravings in the text, and ninety-six full-page cuts. New York, Macmillan, 1919 [c1914] url p. 357, p. 373, p. 378, p. 710, p. 711.
• The tree book. A popular guide to a knowledge of the trees of North America and to their uses and cultivation. By Julia Ellen Rogers. With sixteen plates in colour and one hundred and sixty in black-and-white from photographs by A. Radclyffe Dugmore. Garden City, New York, Doubleday, Page, 1912. url , p. 237, p. 575.
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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
• "Celtis occidentalis". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 21, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 20 providers.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Dec 27, 2011.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 24, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 21, 2007:

• Forest Research Institute, Department of Natural Forests, Herbarium
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx River Bioblitz
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Herbarium of Oskarshamn
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
• Utah Valley State College
• , Utah Valley State College Herbarium
• Yale University Peabody Museum, Yale Peabody Museum - Invertebrate Paleontology DiGIR provider service

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2645770
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-19040
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13727278
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:851127-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 9774
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 19040
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 851127-1
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDULM01040
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: CEOC
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 11528

Footnotes

1. Zhengyi Wu, Zhe-Kun Zhou & Bruce Bartholomew "Cannabaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 74. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. "Celtis". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. "Celtis occidentalis". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
4. Mean = 302.900 meters (993.766 feet), Standard Deviation = 245.450 based on 2,268 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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