Ceanothus crassifolius

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Vulnerable

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Rhamnaceae

Deciduous or evergreen , often thorny trees , shrubs , woody climbers , or lianas, rarely herbs. Leaves simple , petiolate , alternate or opposite, pinnately veined or 3-5-veined, entire to serrate, sometimes much reduced; stipules small, caducous or persistent , sometimes transformed into spines. Flowers yellowish to greenish, rarely brightly colored , small, bisexual or unisexual , rarely polygamous, (4 or) 5-merous, hypogynous to epigynous , in mostly axillary , sessile or pedunculate cymes, or reduced to few in fascicles. Calyx tube patelliform or hemispherical to tubular , sometimes absent, at rim with calyx, corolla, and stamens; sepals 4 or 5, valvate in bud, triangular, erect or ± recurved during anthesis , adaxially often distinctly keeled , alternate with petals. Petals 4 or 5, rarely absent, usually smaller than sepals, concave or hooded , rarely nearly flat, often shortly clawed. Stamens 4 or 5, antepetalous and often ± enclosed by petals; filaments thin, adnate to bases of petals; anthers minute, versatile or not, 2(or 4) -celled, dehiscing by longitudinal slits, usually introrse . Disk intrastaminal , nectariferous , thin to ± fleshy , entire or lobed , glabrous or rarely pubescent , free from ovary or tightly surrounding it, or adnate to calyx tube. Ovary superior to inferior, (1 or) 2-4-loculed, with 1(or 2) ovules per locule; ovules anatropous , basal and erect; styles simple or ± deeply 3-lobed or 3-cleft. Fruit either an indehiscent, rarely explosively dehiscent , sometimes winged , schizocarpic capsule, or a ± fleshy drupe with 1-4 indehiscent, rarely dehiscent, pyrenes (stones ) . Seeds with thin, oily albumen, sometimes exalbuminous ; embryo large, oily, straight or rarely bent.

About 50 genera and more than 900 species: almost cosmopolitan , mainly in subtropical to tropical areas; 13 genera and 137 species (82 endemic, one introduced ) in China.

Former classifications usually placed Rhamnaceae in the Rhamnales, together with Vitaceae and Leeaceae (Suessenguth in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 20d. 1953), or together with Elaeagnaceae (Thorne, Bot. Rev. 58: 225-348. 1992) . Orders such as Celastrales, Urticales, and Euphorbiales have often been considered as closely related groups. Recent analyses of DNA sequences strongly supported including the family in the Rosales, beside the closest relatives Barbeyaceae and Dirachmaceae (see Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 141: 399-436. 2003) . Suessenguth (loc. cit. ) grouped the family into five tribes , mainly characterized by fruit characters. Richardson et al. (Kew Bull . 55: 311-340. 2000; Amer. J. Bot. 87: 1309-1324. 2000) revised this tribal classification on the basis of a phylogenetic analysis using rbcL and trnL-F sequences of the plastid genome. Now 11 tribes are recognized, of which four are represented in the Flora area.



The bark , leaves, and fruit of several species of Rhamnus have been used as laxatives , notably R. cathartica and R. frangula. Diverse Old World species of Rhamnus provide yellow and green dyes as well as drugs. Timber of Alphitonia, Colubrina, Hovenia, and Ziziphus species is used for construction, fine furniture, carving, lathework, and musical instruments. Many Ziziphus species yield edible fruit; among them, Z. jujuba (Chinese jujube) and Z. mauritiana (Indian jujube) are cultivated on a commercial scale. Hovenia dulcis is also grown for its edible, fleshy inflorescence stalks . Species of Hovenia, Paliurus, and Rhamnus are cultivated as ornamentals .[1]

Physical Description

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 6-8' apart.

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: High

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b. (map)

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Ceanothus crassifolius var. planus Abrams

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Similar Species

Members of the genus Ceanothus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 161 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

C. americanus (Ceanothus) · C. arboreus (Catalina Ceanothus) · C. arboreus 'Trewithen Blue' (Feltleaf Ceanothus) · C. arcuatus (Arching Ceanothus) · C. bakeri (Baker's Ceanothus) · C. coeruleus (Azure Ceanothus) · C. confusus (Rincon Ridge Ceanothus) · C. connivens (Trailing Buckbrush) · C. cordulatus (Mountain Whitethorn) · C. crassifolius (Hoary-Leaf Whitethorn) · C. cuneatus (Buckbrush) · C. cuneatus var. cuneatus (Buckbrush) · C. cuneatus var. fascicularis (Buck Brush Ceanothus) · C. cuneatus var. ramulosus (Buckbrush Ceanothus) · C. cuneatus var. rigidus (Monterey Ceanothus) · C. cyaneus (San Diego Buckbrush) · C. dentatus (Cropleaf Ceanothus) · C. divergens (Calistoga Ceanothus) · C. divergens 'Burtonensis' (Crop-Leaf Ceanothus) · C. diversifolius (Pine Mat Ceanothus) · C. fendleri (Ceanothus) · C. ferrisae (Coyote Ceanothus) · C. ferrisiae (Coyote Ceanothus) · C. flexilis (Flexible Ceanothus) · C. foliosus (Wavy-Leaf Whitethorn) · C. foliosus var. foliosus (Wavyleaf Ceanothus) · C. foliosus var. medius (Wavyleaf Buckbrush) · C. foliosus var. vineatus (Vine Hill Ceanothus) · C. fresnensis (Fresno Ceanothus) · C. gloriosus (Holly Ceanothus) · C. gloriosus var. exaltatus (Glory Brush Ceanothus) · C. gloriosus var. exaltatus 'Emily Brown' (Emily Brown Ceanothus) · C. gloriosus var. gloriosus (Point Reyes Ceanothus) · C. gloriosus var. porrectus (Mount Vision Ceanothus) · C. gloriosus 'Anchor Bay' (Holly Ceanothus) · C. greggii (Ceanothus) · C. greggii greggii (Ceanothus) · C. greggii greggii var. greggii (Mohave Desert Ceanothus) · C. greggii var. greggii (Desert Ceanothus) · C. greggii var. lanuginosa (Mohave Desert Ceanothus) · C. greggii var. perplexans (Cupleaf Ceanothus) · C. greggii var. vestitus (Mohave Ceanothus) · C. griseus (California Lilac) · C. griseus var. horizontalis 'Carmel Creeper' (California Lilac) · C. griseus var. horizontalis 'Diamond Heights' (Ceanothus) · C. griseus var. horizontalis 'Santa Ana' (California Lilac) · C. griseus var. horizontalis 'Yankee Point' (Ceanothus) · C. hearstiorum (Hearst Ranch Buckbrush) · C. herbaceus (Jersey Tea) · C. impressus (Santa Barbara Ceanothus) · C. impressus var. impressus (Santa Barbara Ceanothus) · C. impressus var. nipomensis (Santa Barbara Ceanothus) · C. impressus 'Puget Blue' (Santa Barbara Ceanothus) · C. incanus (Coast Whitethorn) · C. infestus (Junco) · C. integerrimus (Deer Brush) · C. integerrimus var. parvifolius (Deerbrush Ceanothus) · C. jepsonii (Jepson Ceanothus) · C. jepsonii var. albiflorus (Ceanothus) · C. jepsonii var. jepsonii (Jepson Ceanothus) · C. lemmoni (Lemmon's Ceanothus) · C. lemmonii (Ceanothus) · C. leucodermis (Chaparral Whitethorn) · C. lobbianus (Lobbian Ceanothus) · C. lorenzenii (Lorenzen's Ceanothus) · C. maritimus (Maritime Ceanothus) · C. maritimus 'Point Sierra' (Maratime Ceanothus) · C. martini (Martin Ceanothus) · C. martinii (Ceanothus) · C. masonii (Bolinas Ceanothus) · C. megacarpus (Big-Pod Ceanothus) · C. megacarpus var. insularis (Island Ceanothus) · C. megacarpus var. megacarpus (Bigpod Ceanothus) · C. mendocinensis (Mendocino Ceanothus) · C. microphyllus (Little-Leaf Whitethorn) · C. oliganthus (Hairy Ceanothus) · C. ophiochilus (Vail Lake Ceanothus) · C. otayensis (Otay Ceanothus) · C. palmeri (Palmer Ceanothus) · C. papillosus (Ceanothus) · C. papillosus roweanus (Wartleaf Ceanothus) · C. papillosus var. papillosus (Wartleaf Ceanothus) · C. papillosus var. roweanus (California Lilac) · C. papillosus var. roweanus 'Julia Phelps' (Ceanothus) · C. parryi (Ceanothus) · C. parvifolius (Ceanothus) · C. pinetorum (Ceanothus) · C. prostratus (Mahala Mats Ceanothus) · C. pumilus (Dwarf Ceanothus) · C. purpureus (Hollyleaf Ceanothus) · C. rigidus 'Snowball' (Monterey Ceanothus) · C. rodericki (Buckthorn) · C. roderickii (Pine Hill Ceanothus) · C. roweanus (Wartleaf Ceanothus) · C. rugosus (Rugose Ceanothus) · C. sanguineus (Oregon-Tea) · C. serpyllifolius (Coastal Plain Buckbrush) · C. serrulatus (Cascade Lake Ceanothus) · C. sonomensis (Sonoma Ceanothus) · C. sorediatus (Jim-Brush)

More Info

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Further Reading

• 1997 IUCN red list of threatened plants Cambridge: IUCN, World Conservation Union, 1998 url p. 486.
• A flora of California, by Willis Linn Jepson. San Francisco, Calif., Cunningham, Curtis & Welch, 1909- url p. 479, p. 480.
• A phytogeographic and taxonomic study of the southern California trees and shrubs. New York, 1910 url p. 313, p. 316, p. 317, p. 414.
• A popular California flora, or Manual of botany for beginners. Containing descriptions of flowering plants growing in central California, and westward to the ocean. With illustrated introductory lessons, especially adapted to San Francisco, A.L. Bancroft, 1882. url p. 36.
• A popular California flora, or, Manual of botany for beginners. With illustrated introductory lessons, especially adapted to the Pacific Coast. To which is added an Analytical key to west coast botany. Containing brief descripti San Francisco, The Whitaker & Ray Co., 1896. url p. 36.
• A popular California flora: or, Manual of botany for beginners with illustrated introductory lessons, especially adapted to the Pacific Coast; to which is added an analytical key to west coast botany, containing brief descripti by Volney Rattan. San Francisco: Whitaker & Ray, 1896. url p. 36.
• A popular California flora: or, manual of botany for beginners. ..: to which is added an Analytical key to west coast botany. .. / San Francisco: Bancroft, 1892. url .
• Allan Hancock Pacific expeditions. [Reports] Los Angeles, University of Southern California Press. url p. 289, p. 312.
• American plants. .. [Descriptions, bibliographical notes, synonymy, and other information, comp. from many sources] Charles Russell Orcutt, editor. San Diego, Calif., [1907]-1910. url p. 290.
• An illustrated flora of the Pacific States: Washington, Oregon, and California. Stanford University, Stanford University Press, 1923-[60] url p. 75, p. 77.
• Bibliographical index to North American botany; or, Citations of authorities for all the recorded indigenous and naturalized species of the flora of North America, with a chronological arrangement of the synonymy. by Sereno Watson. Washington, Smithsonian Institution, 1878. url p. 460.
• Botany. By W. H. Brewer, Sereno Watson, and Asa Gray. Boston, Little, Brown, 1880. url p. 104.
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. url p. 131.
• Bulletin of the California Academy of Sciences. [S.l.: The Academy], 1884- url p. 222, p. 393, p. 527.
• Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden. 6 1908-1910 Lancaster, Pa.: Published for the Garden by the New Era Printing Co., url p. 313, p. 316, p. 317, p. 414.
• Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences Los Angeles, Calif.: The Academy, 1971- url p. 7.
• Bulletin. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco. San Francisco url p. 527.
• California fish and game. [San Francisco, etc.]: State of California, Resources Agency, Dept. of Fish and Game. url p. 160, p. 251, p. 252, p. 347, p. 365.
• California garden-flowers, shrubs, trees and vines: being mainly suggestions for working amateurs / by E.J. Wickson. San Francisco: Pacific Rural Press, 1915, [c1914]. url p. 226.
• California plants in their homes; a botanical reader for children [with supplement] Illustrated by Alice C. Cooper and Mary E. Lewis. Los Angeles, Cal., B. R. Baumgardt & co.1898. url p. 40, p. 64.
• Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. Washington, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1902- url , , , p. 14, p. 26, p. 96, p. 97.
• Catalog of hymenoptera in America north of Mexico / prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein. .. [et al.]. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979- url , , , p. 1765, p. 1767, p. 1768, p. 1789, p. 1793, p. 1796, p. 1806, p. 1807, p. 1820, p. 1824, p. 1832, p. 1851.
• Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 4 1893 Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1890- url p. 78.
• Cooperative economic insect report. Hyattsville, MD. [etc.]Plant Protection and Quarantine Programs Animal and Plant Health Service. url p. 152.
• Erythea. a journal of botany, West American and general. 3 1895 Berkeley, Calif., University of California, 1893-1922. url p. 146.
• Flora of Santa Catalina island (California) / Charles Frederick Millspaugh and Lawrence William Nuttall. 5 1923 Chicago, 1923. url p. 169.
• Flora of the Santa Barbara Islands, by T.S. Brandegee. San Francisco, 1888 url p. 208.
• Journal of Hymenoptera research. 11 Washington, D.C.: International Society of Hymenopterists, [1992- url p. 211, p. 223.
• Journal of forestry. Washington: Society of American Foresters, 1917- url p. 812, p. 813.
• Leaflets of western botany. San Fransisco:[J. T. Howell], 1932-1966. url , p. 229, p. 230, p. 44.
• Memoirs of the American Entomological Society. Philadelphia, American Entomological Society, 1916- url p. 112, p. 90.
• Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco: The Academy, 1868- url p. 143, p. 185.
• Minimum areas for different vegetations, their determination from species-area curves. Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1949. url p. 38.
• Native woody plants of the United States, their erosion-control and wildlife values. Washington, U. S. Govt. print. off., 1938. url , , , p. 86, p. 88.
• Notes on lilies and their culture. Colchester, The New Plant and Bulb Company, 1879. url p. 144.
• Occasional papers - San Diego Society of Natural History. San Diego, The Society. url p. 88.
• Phytologia. Bronx Park, New York, H.A. Gleason and H.N. Moldenke, url p. 38.
• Proceedings - California Academy of Sciences, 4th series. San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences. url p. 53.
• Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Boston: Metcalf and Co., 1846-1958 url p. 114, p. 114.
• Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4th series. San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences. url p. 334, p. 362, p. 398, p. 53, p. 766.
• Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. Washington, etc.: Entomological Society of Washington url , p. 102, p. 104, p. 107, p. 207.
• Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. 15 1878 Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1862-1968. url p. 164.
• The Gardeners' chronicle: a weekly illustrated journal of horticulture and allied subjects. London: [Gardeners Chronicle], 1874-1955. url p. 52.
• The Plant world. Baltimore [etc.]Plant World Association [etc.] url p. 222, p. 74.
• The broad-sclerophyll vegetation of California; an ecological study of the chaparral and its related communities. WashingtonCornegie Institution of Washington1922 url p. 104, p. 118, p. 14, p. 26, p. 96, p. 97.
• Torrey, J. Report on the United States and Mexican boundary survey: made under the direction of the secretary of the Interior /by William H. Emory, major First Cavalry, and United States commissioner. 2(1) 1859 Washington: C. Wendell, printer, 1857-59. url plate 11, p. 241, p. 262, p. 262, p. 46.
• Zoe:a biological journal. 4 1893 San Diego, Calif. [etc.]Zoe Publishing Co. url p. 132.
• Chen Yi-ling and Chou Pan-kai. 1982. Rhamnaceae. In: Chen Yi-ling, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 48(1): i-vi, 1-169.

Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 25, 2007:

• Berkeley Natural History Museums, University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• The New York Botanical Garden, Vascular Plant Type Specimens
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• Utah State University, USU-UTC Specimen Database

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2652055
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-28459
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13743683
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:716787-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 447392
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 28459
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 50650-2
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDRHA04050
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: CECRP
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 28543

Footnotes

1. Yilin Chen & Carsten Schirarend "Rhamnaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 12 Page 115,355. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.