Ceanothus velutinus (Snowbrush)

Overview

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Snowbrush ceanothus. <em>Ceanothus velutinus</em> In typical habitat and with typical growth form; North Fork John Day Ranger District, Umatilla National Forest, northeastern Oregon

Interesting Facts

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Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in English:

Snowbrush, Snowbrush Ceanothus, Snowbush, Tobacco Brush Ceanothus, Tobacco Ceanothus

Common Names in unspecified:

Snowbrush Ceanothus, Snowbush

Description

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Family Rhamnaceae

Deciduous or evergreen , often thorny trees , shrubs , woody climbers , or lianas, rarely herbs. Leaves simple , petiolate , alternate or opposite, pinnately veined or 3-5-veined, entire to serrate, sometimes much reduced; stipules small, caducous or persistent , sometimes transformed into spines. Flowers yellowish to greenish, rarely brightly colored , small, bisexual or unisexual , rarely polygamous, (4 or) 5-merous, hypogynous to epigynous , in mostly axillary , sessile or pedunculate cymes, or reduced to few in fascicles. Calyx tube patelliform or hemispherical to tubular , sometimes absent, at rim with calyx, corolla, and stamens; sepals 4 or 5, valvate in bud, triangular, erect or ± recurved during anthesis , adaxially often distinctly keeled , alternate with petals. Petals 4 or 5, rarely absent, usually smaller than sepals, concave or hooded , rarely nearly flat, often shortly clawed. Stamens 4 or 5, antepetalous and often ± enclosed by petals; filaments thin, adnate to bases of petals; anthers minute, versatile or not, 2(or 4) -celled, dehiscing by longitudinal slits, usually introrse . Disk intrastaminal , nectariferous , thin to ± fleshy , entire or lobed , glabrous or rarely pubescent , free from ovary or tightly surrounding it, or adnate to calyx tube. Ovary superior to inferior, (1 or) 2-4-loculed, with 1(or 2) ovules per locule; ovules anatropous , basal and erect; styles simple or ± deeply 3-lobed or 3-cleft. Fruit either an indehiscent, rarely explosively dehiscent , sometimes winged , schizocarpic capsule, or a ± fleshy drupe with 1-4 indehiscent, rarely dehiscent, pyrenes (stones ) . Seeds with thin, oily albumen, sometimes exalbuminous ; embryo large, oily, straight or rarely bent.

About 50 genera and more than 900 species: almost cosmopolitan , mainly in subtropical to tropical areas; 13 genera and 137 species (82 endemic, one introduced ) in China.

Former classifications usually placed Rhamnaceae in the Rhamnales, together with Vitaceae and Leeaceae (Suessenguth in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 20d. 1953), or together with Elaeagnaceae (Thorne, Bot. Rev. 58: 225-348. 1992) . Orders such as Celastrales, Urticales, and Euphorbiales have often been considered as closely related groups. Recent analyses of DNA sequences strongly supported including the family in the Rosales, beside the closest relatives Barbeyaceae and Dirachmaceae (see Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 141: 399-436. 2003) . Suessenguth (loc. cit. ) grouped the family into five tribes , mainly characterized by fruit characters. Richardson et al. (Kew Bull . 55: 311-340. 2000; Amer. J. Bot. 87: 1309-1324. 2000) revised this tribal classification on the basis of a phylogenetic analysis using rbcL and trnL-F sequences of the plastid genome. Now 11 tribes are recognized, of which four are represented in the Flora area.

The bark , leaves, and fruit of several species of Rhamnus have been used as laxatives , notably R. cathartica and R. frangula. Diverse Old World species of Rhamnus provide yellow and green dyes as well as drugs. Timber of Alphitonia, Colubrina, Hovenia, and Ziziphus species is used for construction, fine furniture, carving, lathework, and musical instruments. Many Ziziphus species yield edible fruit; among them, Z. jujuba (Chinese jujube) and Z. mauritiana (Indian jujube) are cultivated on a commercial scale. Hovenia dulcis is also grown for its edible, fleshy inflorescence stalks . Species of Hovenia, Paliurus, and Rhamnus are cultivated as ornamentals .[1]

Physical Description

Habit: Tree , Shrub • Growth Form: Thicket Forming • Shape and Orientation: Semi-Erect

Flowers: Bloom Period: Early Summer • Flower Color: White • Flower Conspicuous: Yes

Seeds: Seed per Pound: 107919 • Seed Spread Rate: Moderate • Seedling Vigor: Low • Fruit/Seed Abundance: High • Fruit/Seed Color: Brown • Fruit/Seed Conspicuous: No • Cold Stratification Required: Yes

Foliage: Foliage Color: Green • Foliage Porosity Summer: Dense • Foliage Porosity Winter: Moderate • Foliage Texture: Medium • Fall Conspicuous: No • Leaf Retention: No

Size/Age/Growth

Active Growth Period: Spring and Summer • Growth Rate: Moderate • Mature Height (feet): 10.0 • Maximum Height at 20 Years (feet): 10 • Size: 24-36" tall. • Vegetative Spread Rate: Moderate • Lifespan: Lifespan

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,180 meters (0 to 10,433 feet).[2]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial • Coppice Potential: No • Progagated by Bulbs: No • Propagated by Bare Root: Yes • Propagated by Container: Yes • Propagated by Corms: No • Propagated by Cuttings: No • Propagated by Seed: Yes • Propagated by Sod: No • Propagated by Sprigs: No • Propagated by Tubers: No • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: Summer • Fruit/Seed Period End: Fall • Fruit/Seed Persistence: No

Growth

Soil: Adapted to Medium Textured: Adapted to Medium Textured Soils • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: Yes • Anaerobic Tolerance: None • Salinity Tolerance: None • CaCO3 Tolerance: High • Minimum pH: 6.5 • Maximum pH: 8.3 • Fertility Requirement: Medium

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun . • Shade Tolerance: Intolerant

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: Low • Minimum Precipitation: 14 • Maximum Precipitation: 40 • Moisture Use: Medium

Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): -23 • Minimum Frost Free Days: 120

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Rosidae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Rhamnanae () - Takhtajan Ex Reveal, 1992
        Order: Rosales () - Perleb, 1826
        Family: Rhamnaceae () - A.L. de Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. - buckthorn, nerpruns
        Genus: Ceanothus () - C. Linnaeus, 1753
        Specific epithet: velutinus - Dougl. ex Hook.
        Botanical name: - Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. ex Hook.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Ceanothus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 161 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

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The Bradley bibliography; a guide to the literature of the woody plants of the world published before the beginning of the twentieth century; Cambridge, Riverside Press, 1911-18. url p. 493, p. 541.
The Canadian field-naturalist. 71 1957 Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. url p. 213, p. 443, p. 445, p. 476, p. 519, p. 60.
The Garden: an illustrated weekly journal of gardening in all its branches. London: [s.n., url p. 150, p. 172, p. 29, p. 359, p. 398, p. 465, p. 555.
The Gardener's monthly and horticulturist. Philadelphia, Pa.: Charles H. Marot, 1876-1888. url .
The Gardeners' chronicle and agricultural gazette. London: published for the proprietors, 1844-1873. url p. 706.
The Gardeners' chronicle: a weekly illustrated journal of horticulture and allied subjects. London: [Gardeners Chronicle], 1874-1955. url , , , p. 232, p. 233, p. 378, p. 493, p. 687, p. 736.
The Great Basin naturalist. 41 1981 Provo, Utah: M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, 1939-1999. url p. 19, schowalter, stafford & slagle, page 327, p. 328, p. 329, fig. 1, page 33, p. 363, p. 409, p. 558, p. 638, p. 79.
The Journal of horticulture, cottage gardener and country gentlemen. London: George W. Johnson and Robert Hogg, 1861-1877. url p. 22.
The Laramie flora of the Denver basin, with a review of the Laramie problem, Washington, Govt. print. off., 1922. url .
The Monthly bulletin of the State Commission of Horticulture. Sacramento, Calif.: The Commission, 1911-1919. url p. 352.
The Mount Rainier forest reserve, Washington / by Fred G. Plummer. Washington: Govt print. off., 1900 url p. 110, p. 130.
The North American cup-fungi (inoperculates) New York, 1951. url p. 302, p. 388.
The Ottawa naturalist. Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. url p. 166.
The Plant world. Baltimore [etc.]Plant World Association [etc.] url p. 163, p. 260, p. 36.
The Review of applied entomology. Farnham Royal, Eng., etc.: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, etc. url p. 15.
The University of Colorado studies. Boulder, University of Colorado. url p. 48, p. 60.
The University of Missouri studies. [Columbia]: The University, 1905-1918. url p. 173, p. 25.
The art of beautifying suburban home grounds of small extent. Illustrated by upward of two hundred plates and engravings of plans for residences and their grounds, of trees and shrubs, and garden embellishments; with descriptions of the beautiful and hardy trees By Frank J. Scott. New York, John B. Alden, 1886. url p. 479.
The broad-sclerophyll vegetation of California; an ecological study of the chaparral and its related communities. WashingtonCornegie Institution of Washington1922 url p. 119, p. 12, p. 29, p. 96, p. 97.
The cultivated evergreens; a handbook of the coniferous and most important broad-leaved evergreens planted for ornament in the United States and Canada, edited by L. H. Bailey. London, Macmillan & co., ltd., 1923. url p. 381.
The flora of Boulder, Colorado, and vicinity, by Francis Potter Daniels. .. [Columbia, Mo.]The University of Missouri, 1911. url p. 25.
The flora of the Palouse region. Containing descriptions of all the Spermatophytes and Pteridophytes known to grow wild in the area within 35 kilometers of Pullman, Washington. By Charles V. Piper and R. Kent Beattie. Pullman, Washington Agricultural College and School of Science, 1901. url p. 115.
The garden... London, 1872- url p. 555.
The lipids, their chemistry and biochemistry. New York, Interscience Publishers, 1951-57. url p. 376, p. 897.
The silva of North America a description of the trees which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico / by Charles Sprague Sargent; illustrated with figures and analyses drawn from nature by Charles Edward Faxon and engraved by Philibert and Eugè ne Picart. Boston;Houghton, Mifflin, 1891 url , .
The silva of North America: a description of the trees which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico /by Charles Sprague Sargent. .. illustrated with figures and analyses drawn from nature by Charles Edward Faxon. .. 2 1891 Boston, New York: Houghton, Mifflin and company, 1891-1902. url p. 1, p. 116, p. 117, p. 45, p. 46, tab. LXV.
Torrey, J. & A. Gray A flora of North America: containing abridged descriptions of all the known indigenous and naturalized plants growing north of Mexico, arranged according to the natural system /by John Torrey and Asa Gray. New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1838-[1843]. url p. 686.
Torreya. Burlington, Vt., Torrey Botanical Club, 1901-1945. url p. 164, p. 257, p. 262.
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University of California publications in zoology. Berkeley: University Press, 1906- url p. 316, p. 338, p. 438.
University of Kansas publications, Museum of Natural History. 2 1948 Lawrence, University of Kansas. url fig. 10, page 30.
University studies of the University of Nebraska. Lincoln. url p. 17, p. 77, p. 92.
VI.
Vascular plant and sensitive plant species inventory for the highland mountains, Deerlodge National Forest; prepared for Deerlodge National Forest / prepared by Peter Lesica. Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1992] url p. 25, p. 47.
Vegetation and flora of the Line Creek Plateau area, Carbon County, Montana / prepared by Peter Lesica and the Montana Natural Heritage Program; prepared for USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. Helena, MT: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1993] url p. 22.
Watson, S. Botany /by Sereno Watson, aided by Daniel C. Eaton, and others. 5 1871 Washington, D.C.: G.P.O., 1871. url p. 51, p. XXVIII, p.
Woody plants of the western national parks; containing keys for the identification of trees and shrubs, by Virginia Long Bailey and Harold Edwards Bailey. Notre Dame, Ind., University Press, 1949. url p. 12, p. 13, p. 169, p. 6.
Yearbook of agriculture. WashingtonU.S. Govt. Print. Off. url p. 216.
Zoe:a biological journal. 4 1893 San Diego, Calif. [etc.]Zoe Publishing Co. url p. 86.
Chen Yi-ling and Chou Pan-kai. 1982. Rhamnaceae. In: Chen Yi-ling, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 48(1): i-vi, 1-169.

Notes

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Contributors

Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 02, 2008:

Berkeley Natural History Museums, University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, The Deaver Herbarium, Northern Arizona University
US National Plant Germplasm System, United States National Plant Germplasm System Collection
USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
University of Washington Burke Museum, Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium
Utah State University, USU-UTC Specimen Database
Utah Valley State College
, Utah Valley State College Herbarium

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2652096
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-28517
GRIN Nomen Number: 313601
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 28517
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 716969-1
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDRHA041H0
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: CEVEL CEVE
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 28759

Footnotes

Yilin Chen & Carsten Schirarend "Rhamnaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 12 Page 115,355. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 1,312.260 meters (4,305.315 feet), Standard Deviation = 646.050 based on 705 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Ceanothus velutinus

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Rhamnaceae

Physical Description

Size/Age/Growth

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Ceanothus

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

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Footnotes