Castanea sativa

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Genus Castanea

Trees or shrubs , winter-deciduous, sometimes rhizomatous . Terminal buds absent, pseudoterminal bud (axillary bud of youngest leaf) ovoid , with 2 unequal opposite outer scales enclosing several imbricate inner scales. Leaves: stipules prominent on new growth, soon deciduous. Leaf blade thin, somewhat leathery, secondary veins unbranched, ±parallel, extending to margin , each vein ending in sharp tooth or well-developed awn . Inflorescences staminate or androgynous, axillary , spicate , erect , rigid or flexible ; androgynous inflorescences with pistillate cupules/flowers toward base and staminate flowers distally. Staminate flowers: sepals distinct ; stamens 12(-18), typically surrounding indurate pistillode covered with silky hairs . Pistillate flowers 1-3 per cupule; sepals distinct; carpels and styles typically 6(-9). Fruits: maturation in 1st year following pollination (termed annual by many authors ) ; cupule 2-4-valved, valves connate marginally until maturity, ±completely enclosing nut(s), spiny , spines irregularly branched, often interlocking, densely or sparsely covered in simple hairs; nuts 1-3 per cupule, plano-convex , or if 3, then central nut often reduced and flattened, or if solitary, then often rounded in cross section , not winged , adjacent nuts not separated by internal cupule valves. x = 12.

Species ca. 8-10 (3 in the flora , often interpreted as 2) : North America, Europe, Asia.

As evidenced by United States breeding programs, all species are probably interfertile (including American × Asian species). Local morphologic intergradation between species is to be expected.[1]

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,240 meters (0 to 7,349 feet).[2]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space over 40' apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 5.1 • Maximum pH: 7.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Castanea castanea (L.) H. Karst. • Castanea castanea Sudw. • Castanea prolifera (K. Koch) Hickel • Castanea sativa f. discolor Vuk. • Castanea sativa var. hamulata A. Camus • Castanea sativa var. microcarpa Lavialle • Castanea sativa var. pendulifolia Lavalle • Castanea sativa var. prolifera K. Koch • Castanea sativa var. spicata Husn. • Castanea vesca Gaertn. • Castanea vulgaris Lam. • Fagus castanea L. • Fagus procera Salisb.

Notes

Publishing author : Mill . Publication : Gard. Dict., ed. 8. n. 1 1768 [16 Apr 1768]

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 11-Nov-2003

Similar Species

Members of the genus Castanea

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 16 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

C. crenata (Japanese Chestnut) · C. dentata (American Chestnut) · C. henryi (Henry Chestnut) · C. mollissima (Chinese Chestnut) · C. neglecta (Neglected Chestnut) · C. ozarkensis (Ozark Chinkapin) · C. ozarkensis var. ozarkensis (Ozark Chinkapin) · C. pumila (Allegeny Chinkapin) · C. pumila ozarkensis (Ozark Chinquapin) · C. sativa (European Chestnut) · C. sativa 'Albomarginata' (Spanish Chestnut) · C. sativa 'Marron De Lyon' (Spanish Chestnut) · C. seguinii (Chinese Chinquapin) · C. 'Colossal' (Hybrid Chestnut) · C. 'Nevada' (Chestnut) · C. 'Timburr' (Chestnut)

More Info

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Further Reading

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• Oecology of plants; an introduction to the study of plant-communities, by Eug. Warming, assisted by Martin Vahl. Prepared for publication in English by Percy Groom and Isaac Bayley Balfour. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1909. url p. 335, p. 357, p. 67.
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• Select extra-tropical plants, readily eligible for industrial culture or naturalisation, with indications of their native countries and some of their uses. By Baron Ferd. von Mueller. .. Sydney, T. Richards, government printer, 1881. url p. 381, p. 67.
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• The Journal of heredity. Washington, etc., American Genetic Association url p. 415, p. 415.
• The Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, Japan = Tokyo Teikoku Daigaku kiyo. Rika. Tokyo, Japan: The University, 1898-1925. url p. 210, p. 37, p. 532.
• The Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Victoria. [Melbourne]:Dept. of Agriculture, Victoria, 1902-1955. url p. 418, p. 728.
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• The care of trees in lawn, street and park. With a list of trees and shrubs for decorative use. New YorkHolt1910 url p. 277.
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• The differentiation and specificity of starches in relation to genera, species, etc.; stereochemistry applied to protoplasmic processes and products, and as a strictly scientific basis for the classification of plants and animals Washington, D.C.Carnegie institution of Washington1913 url p. 10, p. 334, p. 430, p. 432, p. 433, p. 434, p. 436, p. x.
• The flora of Banffshire. Aberdeen: Printed for the University1912 url p. 13.
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• The flora of Oxfordshire; being a topographical and historical account of the flowering plants and ferns found in the county, with sketches of the progress of Oxfordshire botany during the last three centuries, and London, Parker and Co., 1886. url .
• The flora of Suffolk a topographical enumeration of the plants of the county, showing the results of former observations and of the most recent researches / by W.M. Hind; assisted by Churchill Babington; with an introductory chapter of the geology, climate and meteorology of Suffolk by Wheelton Hind. London: Gurney and Jackson, 1889. url p. 322.
• The flora of the parish of Halifax, by William B. Crump, & Charles Crossland. [Halifax]Halifax Scientific Society, 1904. url p. 96.
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• The forester: a practical treatise on the planting and tending of forest trees and the general management of woodland estates / Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1894. url p. 119.
• The fruit grower's guide, by John Wright. .. With illustrations by Miss May Rivers and numerous illustrative diagrams by Worthington G. Smith and George Shayler.. .. London, Virtue and Co.[1891-1894?] url p. 29.
• The gypsy moth. Porthetria dispar (Linn.). A report of the work of destroying the insect in the commonwealth of Massachusetts, together with an account of its history and habits both in Massachusetts and Europe. By Edward H. Forbush. .. and Charles H. Fernald. .. Published under the direction of the State Board of Agriculture by authority of the legislature. Boston, Wright & Potter Printing Co., 1896. url p. 322, p. 323, p. 323.
• The identification of trees & shrubs; how to recognize, without previous knowledge of botany, wild or garden trees and shrubs native to the north temperate zone, with 2, 500 diagrams made by the author. New York, Dutton[1937] url p. 274.
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• The plants of Southern New Jersey; with especial reference to the flora of the Pine Barrens and the geographic distribution of the species. Trenton, 1911. url p. 403.
• The principles of fruit-growing, with applications to practice, by L. H. Bailey. London, Macmillan & Co., ltd., 1915. url p. 5.
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• The silva of North America: a description of the trees which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico /by Charles Sprague Sargent. .. illustrated with figures and analyses drawn from nature by Charles Edward Faxon. .. 14 1902 Boston, New York: Houghton, Mifflin and company, 1891-1902. url p. 117, p. 13, p. 186.
• The standard cyclopedia of horticulture; a discussion, for the amateur, and the professional and commercial grower, of the kinds, characteristics and methods of cultivation of the species of plants grown in the regions of the United States a Illustrated with colored plates, four thousand engravings in the text, and ninety-six full-page cuts. New York, Macmillan, 1919 [c1914] url p. 2304, p. 380, p. 682, p. 742.
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• The tree book: a popular guide to a knowledge of the trees of North America and to their uses and cultivation / Garden City: Doubleday, Page, 1914. url p. 575.
• The trees of Great Britain & Ireland / by Henry John Elwes and Augustine Henry. Edinburgh: Priv. print., 1906-13. url , p. 1957, p. 1959, p. 838, p. 839, p. 854, p. 856, p. 858.
• The trees of Northeastern America, the shrubs of Northeastern America. New York, Putnam, 1908. url p. 68.
• The trees of Vermont, BurlingeonFree press printing co.1916 url p. 109.
• The trees, shrubs, and plants of Virgil, [New York, B. H. Blackwell;1920. url p. 147, p. 27.
• The uses of plants: a manual of economic botany with special reference to vegetable products introduced during the last fifty years / by G. S. Boulger. London: Roper & Drowley, 1889. url p. 178, p. 206.
• Through glade and mead; a contribution to local natural history, Worcester, Mass., Putnam, Davis and Company, [c1894] url .
• Torreya. Burlington, Vt., Torrey Botanical Club, 1901-1945. url p. 104, p. 168, p. 179, p. 209, p. 213, p. 218.
• Transactions and proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh. [Edinburgh]: The Society, 1891-1970. url , p. 301, p. 301.
• Transactions of the Entomological Society of London. London, The Society. url p. 418, p. 418.
• Transactions of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. [S.l.: s.n.], 1843-1920. url p. 98.
• Transactions of the Natural History Society of Glasgow. Glasgow, The Society. url , p. 102, p. 225, p. 248, p. 257, p. 258, p. 319, p. 330, p. 418.
• Transactions of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society. Edinburgh: Douglas & Foulis, 1888-1926. url , p. 122, p. 213.
• Transactions of the Sapporo Natural History Society. Sapporo, Japan, Sapporo Natural History Society, Hokkaido Imperial University. url p. 147, p. 147, p. 180.
• Trees & shrubs for English gardens. [London]"Country life", 1908. url p. 227.
• Trees and shrubs hardy in the British Isles / by W. J. Bean. London: J. Murray, 1916. url p. 306, p. 307, p. 309.
• Trees and shrubs of Central Park, New York, Manhattan press[c1903] url , , , , , , , .
• Trees and shrubs of Central Park, by Louis Harman Peet. New York, Manhattan press, [c1903] url p. 128, p. 184, p. 184, p. 240, p. 242, p. 242, p. 298, p. 317, p. 317, p. 342, p. 8, p. 8.
• Trees and shrubs of Prospect Park. American Printing House[c1902] url p. 185, p. 203, p. 6.
• Trees and shrubs of Prospect park, New York, The Greenwich printing company[c1906] url p. 160, p. 185, p. 55.
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• Trees and shrubs, hardy in the British isles. LondonJ. Murray1914 url p. 306, p. 307, p. 309.
• Trees and shrubs; an abridgment of the Arboretum et fruticetum britannicum: containing the hardy trees and shrubs of Britain, native and foreign, scientifically and popularly described; with their propagation, culture LondonF. Warne1875 url p. 912.
• Trees and their life histories. Illustrated from photographs by Henry Irving. LondonCassell1909 url p. 180.
• Trees in winter; their study, planting, care and identification, New YorkMacmillan1913 url p. 296.
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• Vernacular list of trees, shrubs, and woody climbers in the Madras Presidency. Madras, Printed by the Superintendant, Government Press, 1915. url p. 408, p. 929.
• West Virginia trees. Morgantown, 1920. url p. 17.
• Winter botany, a companion volume to the author's Plant materials of decorative gardening, by William Trelease. .. Urbana, The author, 1918. url p. 32.
• Wood; a manual of the natural history and industrial applications of the timbers of commerce. LondonE. Arnold1908 url p. 337.
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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2007. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed March 24, 2007.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 12, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 23 providers.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Dec 27, 2011.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 26, 2008)
• World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Release date: November 27, 2009

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 12, 2007:

• Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Scottish Borders Biological Records Centre - SWT Scottish Borders Local Wildlife Site Survey data 1996-2000 - species information

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 1
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Kew-35042
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 2730127
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:295349-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 9445
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 506541
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 295349-1
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDFAG01010
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: CAVU5
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 28747

Footnotes

1. "Castanea". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Mean = 119.300 meters (391.404 feet), Standard Deviation = 168.590 based on 3,711 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.