Caryota urens

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Arecaceae

Trees or shrubs [lianas], perennial , branched or unbranched, solitary or clustered. Roots adventitious, thick. Stems woody, subterranean or terrestrial , creeping or erect [climbing ], slender or massive, sometimes conspicuously enlarged and storing starch and water, smooth or covered with fibrous or prickly remains of leaf bases . Leaves spirally arranged ; sheaths tubular , often forming crownshaft , sometimes with ligular appendages ; petioles terete , channeled , or ridged , unarmed or bearing prickles or marginal teeth; hastula (flap of tissue from petiole apex at junction with surface of blade ) absent or present adaxially, rarely present abaxially. Leaf blade palmate, costapalmate (intermediate between palmate and pinnate), pinnate, or 2-pinnate [undivided]; plication (folding lengthwise into pleats or furrows ) ^ - or tent-shaped (reduplicate , splitting along abaxial ridges ) or V-shaped (induplicate , splitting along adaxial ridges) ; segments lanceolate, linear , or cuneate [rhombic ], glabrous or variously scaly , unarmed or bearing prickles (proximal segments modified into spines in Phoenix) . Inflorescences from solitary [clustered] axillary buds, borne within, below, or above crown of leaves, paniculate , rarely spicate , usually branched to 1--5 orders ; prophyll (1st bract on main inflorescence axis ) 2-keeled; peduncular bract(s) (empty bract[s] between 1st prophyll and 1st bract subtending branch ) present [absent]; flowers bisexual , unisexual with staminate and pistillate on same plants or on different plants, or both bisexual and unisexual on same plant. Flowers solitary or variously clustered along rachillae of inflorescence, radially symmetric ; perianth 1--2-seriate; sepals [2--]3[--4], distinct or connate ; petals [2--]3[--4], distinct or variously connate; androecium: stamens [3--]6--34[--1000]; filaments distinct or connate or basally adnate to petals; anthers basifixed or dorsifixed , dehiscing latrorsely or introrsely; staminodes in pistillate flowers distinct or variously connate or adnate to pistil or petals; pistils 1 or 3, distinct or partially connate, each bearing 1 ovule and 1 stigma, or 1 pistil bearing 1--3 ovules and 3 stigmas; styles distinct or connate, short; stigmas dry; pistillode in staminate flower present or absent. Fruits drupaceous or berrylike; stigmatic remains basal or apical; exocarp smooth, warty, prickly, or hirsute [corky or scaly]; mesocarp fleshy or dry and fibrous; endocarp papery , leathery, or bony, sometimes with 3 germination pores . Seeds 1(--2+), free or adhering to endocarp; seed coat thin; endosperm homogeneous or ruminate , sometimes penetrated by seed coat; embryo basal, lateral , or apical, peglike, minute; eophyll (1st seedling leaf with blade) undivided and lanceolate or 2-cleft [pinnate].

Genera 1914, species ca. 2500 (19 genera, 29 species in the flora ) : worldwide, especially abundant in Central America, South America, se Asia.

Although palms appeared in various taxonomic schemes since the time of Linnaeus, the first attempt at a modern phylogenetic classification of the palms was published by H. E. Moore Jr. (1973) . Moore left his "major groups" unranked, and his untimely death in 1980 prevented his completing a formal synthesis. J. Dransfield and N. W. Uhl (1986) gave formal ranks to Moore€™s groups and divided the family into six subfamilies and numerous tribes and subtribes . Their Genera Palmarum (N. W. Uhl and J. Dransfield 1987, 1999) is a model of accuracy and completeness and will long serve the needs of the scientific, horticultural, and resource-management communities. With the advent of molecular techniques and a resurgence in palm research, however, realignments in the classification may be expected, and indeed additional data already require some changes in the current scheme (A. Barford 1991; R. G. Bernal et al. 1991; J. L. Dowe and N. W. Uhl 1989; J. Dransfield 1989, 1991; J. Dransfield and H. J. Beentje 1995, 1995b; A. Henderson and M. J. Balick 1991; N. W. Uhl and J. Dransfield 1999; N. W. Uhl et al. 1990, 1995.)

Modern cladistic analyses place the palms as the sister group to the Commelinanae clade (M. W. Chase et al. 1993; J. I. Davis 1995; M. R. Duvall et al. 1993b), with which they share ultraviolet-fluorescent phenolic compounds in their cell walls and Strelitzia-type epicuticular wax morphology (W. Barthlott and D. Frölich 1983; P. J. Harris and R. D. Hartley 1980) . Palms are currently treated as the sole representative of the superorder Arecanae , order Arecales (R. M. T. Dahlgren et al. 1985; R. F. Thorne 1992b) .

Morphologically the family is diverse and complex (see especially P. B . Tomlinson 1990) . The majority of palms produce a single indeterminate stem with axillary inflorescences; several noteworthy departures, however, also occur in numbers of vegetative and floral axes, position of inflorescence, and displacement of terminal bud. Stems may be solitary (monopodial) or clustered (sympodial), erect, prostrate , or lianoid. A majority of palms have unbranched vegetative axes, although aerial branching, sometimes dichotomous, is known in a variety of unrelated genera (e.g. , Korthalsia Blume, Nannorrhops H. Wendland) . Branching may also be nonaxiallary in some genera (J. B. Fisher et al. 1989) .

Studies of pollination (F. Borchsenius 1997; F. Ervik and J. P. Feil 1997; A. Henderson 1986; C. Listabarth 1992, 1993, 1993b, 1994; A. O. Scariot et al. 1991) indicate that insect pollination, especially by beetles (Coleoptera), bees and wasps (Hymenoptera), and flies (Diptera), is apparently more common than wind pollination. Bats (Chiroptera) play a role in the pollination of some species (S. A. Cunningham 1995) .

Dispersal of seeds is generally by means of animals for fleshy-fruited palms (S. Zona and A. Henderson 1989) . Many species of mammals include palm fruits in their diets (S. H. Bullock 1980; R. F. Harlow 1961; W. D. Klimstra and A. L. Dooley 1990; D. S. Maehr 1984; D. S. Maehr and J. R. Brady 1984), but birds also play a significant role. In the Eastern Hemisphere, Cocos Linnaeus and Nypa Steck have achieved a wide distribution as the result of dispersal by water. For the relationship between palms and seed-eating bruchid beetles (Bruchidae: Pachymerinae: Pachmerini), see C. D. Johnson et al. (1995) .[1]

Genus Caryota

Stems solitary or clustered, slender to massive, smooth , with conspicuous nodal rings . Leaves: blade 2-pinnate (1-pinnate in juvenile plants ) ; plication induplicate ; segments cuneate, in 1 plane ; apices jagged and irregular; basal segments not modified into spines. Inflorescences initiated basipetally, first one appearing terminal , successive one borne axillary among leaves, and later ones below leaves, pendulous, paniculate , with 1 order of branching [spicate ]; prophyll small; peduncular bracts numerous , tubular . Flowers unisexual , sessile, borne in triads of 1 pistillate flower flanked by 2 staminate flowers . Staminate flowers: sepals 3, imbricate, free ; petals 3, connate basally, valvate ; stamens numerous [6], free; pistillode absent. Pistillate flowers: sepals 3, imbricate, free; petals 3, connate for nearly 1/2 length , valvate; staminodial lobes present or absent; pistils 1, 3-loculate; ovules 1 per locule; styles indistinct; stigmas 3-lobed. Fruits berries , globular; exocarp purple, smooth; mesocarp fleshy , containing irritating raphides ; endocarp absent. Seeds globular; endosperm ruminate [homogeneous ]; embryo lateral ; eophyll 2-cleft, segments fan-shaped. n = 17.

Species 12: native to Asia, Pacific Islands, Australia.

Caryota, readily distinguished by its 2-pinnate leaves, is native to India, southeastern Asia, Malesia, the Philippines, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and Australia. Two species of Caryota are commonly cultivated in southern Florida: C. urens and C. mitis. Both species have naturalized in Dade County, Florida.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Moist organic soil over limestone in mesic hammocks and disturbed wooded areas; 0--10 m [3].

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 8-10' apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 5.6 • Maximum pH: 7.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000.

Place of publication : Sp. pl. 2:1189. 1753.

Name verified on 06-Nov-1985 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 23-Aug-1994.

Similar Species

Members of the genus Caryota

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 51 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

C. aequatorialis · C. aequiterislis · C. alberti · C. albertii · C. arenga · C. bacsonensis · C. blancoi · C. cimingii · C. cumigii · C. cumingii (Philippines Fishtail Palm) · C. elegans · C. excelsa · C. furfuracea · C. ghiesbrechtii · C. gigas (Giant Fishtail Palm) · C. giigas · C. griffithii · C. horrida · C. humilis · C. 'Hymalaya' · C. javanica · C. kiriwongensis · C. macrantha · C. majestica · C. maxima (Giant Mountain Fishtail Palm) · C. maxima 'Himalaya' (Himalayan Fishtail Palm) · C. merrillii · C. mitis (Clustering Fishtail Palm) · C. mitis 'Himalaya' (Burmese Fishtail Palm) · C. mitis 'Variegata' (Variegated Fishtail Palm) · C. monostachya · C. monostachys · C. no (Borneo Fishtail Palm) · C. obtusa (Giant Fishtail Palm) · C. obtusidentata · C. ochlandra (Chinese Fishtail Palm) · C. onusta · C. ophiopellis (Snakeskin Palm) · C. palindan · C. plumosa · C. princeps · C. propinqua · C. rumphiana (Giant Fishtail Palm) · C. rumphiana var. papuana · C. sobolifera · C. speciosa · C. sympetala · C. tremula · C. urens (Solitary Fishtail Palm) · C. zebrina (Striped Fishtail Palm) · C. 'Plumosa'

More Info

• Search for Pictures: images.google.com
• Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
• Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
• Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

Further Reading

• A dictionary of the flowering plants and ferns, by J. C. Willis. CambridgeThe University Press, 1919 ENG url p. 124, p. 653.
• A manual of dangerous insects likely to be introduced in the United States through importations. Ed. by W. Dwight Pierce, entomologist, southern field crop insect investigations. Washington: Govt. print. off., 1918. ENG url p. 201, p. 253.
• Agricultural news. Bridgetown, Barbados, Bowen & sons;1902-22. ENG url p. 395, p. 419.
• Allgemeine botanische Zeitschrift für Systematik, Floristik, Pflanzengeographie etc. Karlsruhe: J.J. Reiff, 1895-1928. GER url p. 22.
• An outline of plant geography, by Douglas Houghton Campbell. New York, The Macmillan company, 1926. ENG url p. 374.
• Anales de la Academia de Ciencias Mdicas, Fsicas y Naturales de la Habana. Habana, Academia de Ciencias Mdicas, Fsicas y Naturales de la Habana. SPA url p. 463.
• Anglo-russkii biologicheskii slovar' / [avtory, I. N. Afanas'eva et al.; spetsial'nye nauch. redaktory, O. I. Chibisova i L. A. Koziar]. Moskva: Russkii iazyk, 1979. ENG url p. 455.
• Annales botanices systematicae. Auctore Guilielmo Gerardo Walpers. Lipsiae, Sumtibus F. Hofmeister, 1848-68. LAT url p. 466.
• Annales d'horticulture et de botanique, ou Flore des jardins du royaume des Pays-Bas, et histoire des plantes cultives les plus intressantes des possessions nerlandaises aux Indes orientales, en Amriq Leide [i.e. Leiden, Netherlands]: A.W. Sythoff [Sijthoff], 1858-1862. FRE url p. 28.
• Annales de l'Institut colonial de Marseille. Marseille: Institut colonial de Marseille, -1906. FRE url p. 495.
• Annales des sciences naturelles: comprenant La physiologie animale et végétale, l'anatomie comparée des deux règnes, la zoologie, la botanique, la minéralogie et la géologie Paris: Crochard FRE url p. 381.
• Annales du Muse colonial de Marseille. Marseille: Muse colonial, 1907-1954. FRE url p. 31.
• Annals and magazine of natural history: including zoology, botany and geology London. url p. 181.
• Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya. Colombo: Skien; 1901-1924. ENG url p. 207, p. 275, p. 292.
• Ansichten der Natur: mit wissenschaftlichen Erläuterungen / von Alexander von Humboldt. Stuttgart: J.G. Cotta, 1849. GER url p. 159.
• Applied and economic botany, especially adapted for the use of students in technical schools, agricultural, pharmaceutical and medical colleges, and also as a book of reference for chemists, food analysts and students engaged in by Henry Kraemer illu Philadelphia, The author[c1914] ENG url p. 188, p. 476.
• Arbejder fra den Botaniske have i Kbenhavn. Kbenhavn, Levin & Munksgaard [etc.]. DAN url p. 46.
• Belgique horticole. Lige. FRE url p. 277.
• Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft. Berlin: Gebrder Borntrger, 1883-1987. GER url p. 258.
• Biologisches Zentralblatt. Leipzig [etc.]VEB Georg Thieme [etc.] GER url p. 270.
• Botanisches Zentralblatt; referierendes Organ für das Gesamtgebiet der Botanik. Jena [etc.]G. Fischer [etc.] GER url p. 140, p. 235, p. 243, p. 338, p. 369, p. 370, p. 379, p. 384, p. 404, p. 404, p. 406, p. 407, p. 414, p. 515, p. 523, p. 524.
• Bulletin de la Société linnéenne de Normandie. Lons-le-Saunier [etc.]The Society. FRE url p. 174.
• Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). London: The Museum, 1951-1992. ENG url p. 393.
• Catalogue of scientific papers, 1800-1900. Compiled by the Royal Society of London. London, C.J. Clay and Sons, 1867-1902 [etc.] Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1914-25. ENG url p. 465.
• Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences. Paris: Gauthier-Villars. FRE url p. 326, p. 440.
• Das natürliche Pflanzensystem: ein Versuch, die gegenseitigen Verwandtschaften der Pflanzen aufzufinden. ..: mit Berücksichtigung der arzneilichen und überhaupt anwendbaren Gewächse, nebst einer historischen Einleitung / von Gustav Heynhold; mit ei Dresden; In der Arnoldischen Buchh., 1840. GER url p. 53.
• Der Tropenpflanzer; zeitschrift fr tropische landwirtschaft. Berlin. GER url p. 191, p. 469.
• Die Gartenkunst. Wrzburg [etc.]Selbstverlag der Deutschen Gesellschaft fr Gartenkunst [etc.]. GER url p. 73.
• Die Gartenwelt. Berlin: G. Schmidt, [1897- GER url p. 209, p. 285, p. 552.
• Die Lehre von der Pflanzenzelle / von Wilh. Hofmeister. Leipzig: Engelmann, 1867. GER url p. 176, p. 177, p. 233, p. 532, p. 533, p. 645.
• Die Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreichs: versuch einer Technischen Rohstofflehre des Pflanzenreiches / Unter Mitwirkung von Max Bemberger, von Julius von Wiesner. Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 1914. GER url p. 18, p. 340, p. 341, p. 350, p. 371, p. 69, p. 817, p. 961.
• Dr. L. Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweiz Leipzig: E. Kummer, 1884-1966. GER url p. 462.
• Economic plants. An index to economic products of the vegetable kingdom in Jamaica. Comp. by William Fawcett Jamaica, Govt. Print. Establishment, 1891. ENG url p. 23, p. 49, p. 77.
• Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage. (Zander ed13)
• Entomologische Rundschau. Stuttgart: A. Kernen, 1909- GER url p. 33.
• Enumeratio plantarum omnium hucusque cognitarum, secundum familias naturales disposita, adjectis characteribus, differentiis et synonymis, auctore Carolo Sigismundo Kunth. Stutgardiae, Sumtibus J. G. Cottae, 1833-1850. LAT url p. 200, p. 593.
• Experiment station record. Washington: G.P.O., 1889-1946. ENG url p. 598.
• FNA Editorial Committee. 1993 –. Flora of North America. (F NAmer)
• Flora Indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. Serampore: Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. ENG url p. 855.
• Flora of Bermuda by Nathaniel Lord Britton New York, C. Scribner's sons, 1918. ENG url p. 566.
• Flora of Costa Rica by Paul C. Standley Chicago, 1937. ENG url p. 111.
• Flora of Guatemala / by Paul C. Standley and Julian A. Steyermark. Chicago: Chicago Museum of Natural History, 1958. ENG url p. 217.
• Flore pittoresque et mdicale des Antilles, ou, Histoire naturelle des plantes usuelles des colonies franaises, anglaises, espagnoles et portugaises; par M.E. Descourtilz. Peinte par J. Th. Descourtilz. ParisPichard, 1821-1829. FRE url p. 56.
• Foreign birds for cage and aviary. By Arthur G. Butler. London, "The Feathered world"[191-?] ENG url p. 218.
• Forestry. London: W. Rider, [1883-1886]. ENG url p. 349.
• Gardening. Chicago, the Gardening Co., 1892-1925. ENG url p. 138.
• Garten-Zeitung. Berlin, P. Parey. GER url p. 145, p. 180, p. 77.
• Gartenflora. Erlangen: F. Enke, 1852-1940. GER url p. 184, p. 300, p. 454, p. 508.
• Hamburger Garten- und Blumenzeitung. Hamburg: R. Kittler, 1852-1890. GER url p. 10, p. 12, p. 13, p. 206, p. 242, p. 290, p. 308, p. 365, p. 397.
• Handbuch der systematischen botanik, mit besonderer berücksichtigung der arzneipflanzen. Bd. 1. Leipzig, H. Haessel, 1879. GER url p. 343.
• Handwörterbuch der naturwissenschaften / hrsg. von prof. dr. E. Korschelt (zoologie) prof. dr. G. Linck (mineralogie und geologie) prof. dr. F. Oltmanns (botanik) prof. dr. K. Schaum (chemie) prof. dr. H. Th. Simon (physi Jena: G. Fischer, 1912-1915. GER url p. 843, p. 997.
• Horticulture. Boston, Mass.: Horticulture Pub. Co., c1904- ENG url p. 399, p. 426, p. 470, p. 588, p. 633.
• Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening. (Dict Gard)
• Illustrierte Garten-Zeitung. Stuttgart, E. Schweizerbart. GER url p. 10, p. 147, p. 75, p. 76, p. 86.
• Jahrbuch für Gartenkunde und Botanik. Bonn: E. Strauss., 1884-1890. GER url p. 254.
• Jahrbücher für wissenschaftliche Botanik. Berlin:G. Borntraeger, 1858-1944. GER url p. 448, p. 450, p. 453, p. 482.
• Jahresbericht der Königl. Schwedischen Akademie der Wissenschaften über die Fortschritte der Botanik Breslau:Konigl. Schwedischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1838-1847. GER url p. 293.
• Jahresbericht der Vereinigung für Angewandte Botanik. Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger, 1907-1919. GER url p. 159.
• Jahresbericht über das Gebiet der Pflanzenkrankheiten. Berlin: P. Parey, 1907-1917. GER url p. 274, p. 301.
• Jornal de horticultura practica. Porto: José Marques Loureiro, 1870-1892. POR url p. 202.
• Journal d'agriculture tropicale: agricole, scientifique et commercial. [Paris, Dubois et Bauer, etc.] FRE url p. 124.
• Journal de la Société nationale d'horticulture de France. Paris: Au siége de la Société, 1886-1927. FRE url p. 705.
• Journal of botany, British and foreign. London: Robert Hardwicke, 1863-1942. ENG url p. 175, p. 236.
• Journal of economic entomology. [College Park, Md., etc.]Entomological Society of America [etc.] ENG url p. 424, p. 470.
• Journal of the Horticultural Society of New York. New York City: The Society, 1906-1924. ENG url p. 108.
• Just's botanischer jahresbericht. Systematisch geordnetes repertorium der botanischen literatur aller länder. Berlin, Gebr. Borntraeger, 1874-98; GER url p. 1031, p. 1069, p. 1070, p. 1261, p. 21, p. 336, p. 338, p. 384, p. 438, p. 444, p. 45, p. 452, p. 504, p. 526, p. 552, p. 554, p. 564, p. 573, p. 619, p. 78, p. 87, p. 90, p. 926, p. 959, p. 966, p. 97, p. 995.
• Le Jardin. Paris: Librairie horticole du Jardin, 1887-1921. FRE url p. 135, p. 217.
• Lectures on plant physiology. Authorized English translation by R.J. Harvey Gibson. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1907. ENG url p. 51.
• Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third. (Hortus 3)
• List of duplicate plants in the Government Botanic Gardens, November 1874. Port-of-Spain: G.P.O., 1874. ENG url p. 12.
• Lyon-horticole. Lyon: Impr. du Salut public, FRE url p. 453.
• Matthew, K. M. 1983. The flora of the Tamilnadu Carnatic. (F TamilC)
• Moore, H. E., Jr. 1963. An annotated checklist of cultivated palms. Principes 7:134.
• Mémoires de l'Académie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique. url p. 333.
• Narrative of the voyage of H.M.S. Rattlesnake, commanded by the late Captain Owen Stanley during the years 1846-50, including discoveries and surveys in New Guinea, the Louisiade Archipelago, etc: to which is added Mr. E.B. Kennedy's expedition for the London: T. & W. Boone, 1852. ENG url p. 129.
• Nasir, E. and S. I. Ali, eds. 1970 –. Flora of [West] Pakistan. (F Pak)
• Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau: wöchentliche Berichte über die Fortschritte auf dem Gesammtgebiete der Naturwissenschaften. Braunschweig: Druck und verlag von Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, 1886- GER url p. 140, p. 368.
• Naturwissenschaftliche Wochenschrift. Jena [etc.]G. Fischer [etc.] GER url p. 466.
• Nouvelles annales du Mus d'histoire naturelle. Paris, Roret. FRE url p. 362.
• Official guide to the Botanic Gardens, Dominica: illustrated: with an index of the principal plants. [Dominica: The Garden, 1922?] ENG url p. 9.
• Pflanzenmikrochemie: ein Hilfsbuch beim mikrochemischen Studium pflanzlicher Objekte / von Dr. O. Tunmann. Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger, 1913. GER url p. 101.
• Physiologische pflanzenanatomie / von dr. G. Haberlandt. Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 1904. GER url p. 152.
• Plant physiology, with special reference to plant production, by Benjamin M. Duggar New York, The Macmillan company, 1911. ENG url p. 78.
• Plant-geography upon a physiological basis. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1903. ENG url p. 231.
• Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) - on-line resource. (Pl Names)
• Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. Sydney, Linnean Society of New South Wales. ENG url p. 1100, p. 52, p. 55.
• Records of general science. London. url p. 114.
• Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants. (Dict Rehm)
• Reitz, R., ed. 1965 –. Flora ilustrada catarinense. (F SCatarin)
• Saldanha, C. J. and D. H. Nicolson. 1976. Flora of Hassan district. (F Hassan)
• Scientific survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands / New York Academy of Sciences. New York, N.Y.: The Academy, 1919- url p. 119.
• Sitzungsberichte. Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. Wien: K.-K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei in Kommission bei A. H©lder, GER url p. 1249.
• Smith, A. C. 1979 –1991. Flora vitiensis nova. (F Viti)
• Spolia zeylanica. [S.l.: s.n.] ENG url p. 132.
• Standley, P. C. and J. A. Steyermark. 1946 –1976. Flora of Guatemala. (F Guat)
• Sugar and sugar-making / by James B. McNair, Asst. Curator of Economic Botany. Chicago:Field Museum of Natural History, 1927. ENG url p. 29.
• Sylloge fungorum omnium hucusque cognitorum. Digessit P. A. Saccardo. Patavii, sumptibus auctoris, 1882-1931. LAT url p. 269.
• The Floral world and garden guide. London, Groombridge and Sons, 1858-1880. ENG url p. 4, p. 70.
• The Gardener's monthly and horticulturist. Philadelphia, Pa.: Charles H. Marot, 1876-1888. ENG url p. 17, p. 297, p. 354.
• The Hawaiian forester and agriculturist. Honolulu: Hawaiian Gazette Co., 1904-1933. ENG url p. 236, p. 81.
• The Journal of horticulture, cottage gardener and country gentlemen. London: George W. Johnson and Robert Hogg, 1861-1877. ENG url p. 350, p. 354, p. 374, p. 404, p. 495.
• The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. Bombay: The Society, ENG url p. 188, p. 293, p. 412, p. 525, p. 555, p. 608.
• The Popular science monthly. [New York, Popular Science Pub. Co., etc.] ENG url p. 215, p. 230.
• The Review of applied entomology. [Farnham Royal, Eng., etc.: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, etc.] ENG url p. 188, p. 326, p. 609, p. 681, p. 691, p. 736, p. 764.
• The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. By Eugene W. Oates. London, Taylor and Francis; [etc., etc.]1889-98. ENG url p. 262.
• The florist, fruitist, and garden miscellany. London: Chapman and Hall, 1852- ENG url p. 172.
• The journal of the Horticultural Society of London. London, [England]: Published for the Society, by Longman and Co., 1846-1855. ENG url p. 3.
• The micrographic dictionary; a guide to the examination and investigation of the structure and nature of microscopic objects, by J. W. Griffith and Arthur Henfrey. London, J. Van Voorst, 1883. ENG url p. 713.
• The physiology of plants; a treatise upon the metabolism and sources of energy in plants, by Dr. W. Pfeffer 2d fully rev. ed., translated and edited by Alfred J. Ewart. Oxford, Clarendon press, 1900-06. ENG url p. 55.
• The tropical agriculturist. Colombo, Ceylon: A.M. & J. Ferguson, 1882- ENG url p. 522, p. 609, p. 727.
• The vegetable kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system / by John Lindley. London: Bradbury and Evans, 1846. ENG url p. 136, p. 815.
• The weekly florists' review. Chicago: Florists' Pub. Co., 1897-1912. ENG url p. 1019, p. 1152, p. 199, p. 340, p. 380, p. 409, p. 437, p. 465, p. 49, p. 558, p. 650.
• Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. London. url p. 350.
• Uhl, N. W. and J. Dransfield. 1987. Genera Palmarum. (Gen Palm)
• Verhandlungen des Vereins zur Befrderung des Gartenbaues in den Kniglich Preussischen Staaten. Berlin, Auf Kosten des Vereins, 1824-1860. GER url p. 195, p. 233, p. 94.
• Views of nature, or, Contemplations on the sublime phenomena of creation: with scientific illustrations / by Alexander von Humboldt; translated from the German by E.C. Otté and Henry G. Bohn; with a frontispiece from a sketch by the author, a fac-simil London: H.G. Bohn, 1850. ENG url p. 300.
• Walters, S. M. et al., eds. 1986 –. European garden flora. (Eur Gard F)
• Wochenschrift des Vereines zur Befrderung des Gartenbaues in den Kniglich Preussischen Staaten fr Grtnerei und Pflanzenkunde. Berlin, Wiegandt & Hempel [etc.] GER url p. 168, p. 205, p. 207, p. 238.
• Dransfield, J. and N. W. Uhl. 1986. An outline of a classification of palms. Principes 30: 3--11.
• Henderson, A. 1986. A review of pollination studies in the Palmae. Bot. Rev. 52: 221--259.
• Henderson, A., G. Galeano, and R. G. Bernal. 1995. Field Guide to the Palms of the Americas. Princeton.
• McClintock, E. 1993. Arecaceae [Palmae]. In: J. C. Hickman, ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual. Higher Plants of California. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London. P. 1105.
• Moore, H. E. Jr. 1973. The major groups of palms and their distribution. Gentes Herb. 11: 27--141.
• Tomlinson, P. B. 1990. The Structural Biology of Palms. Oxford.
• Uhl, N. W. and J. Dransfield. 1987. Genera Palmarum. Lawrence, Kans.
• Zona, S. 1997. The genera of Palmae (Arecaceae) in the southeastern United States. Harvard Pap. Bot. 2: 71--107.

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• "Caryota urens". in Flora of North America Vol. 22 Page 115. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 18, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 10 providers.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 26, 2008)
• World Checklist of Selected Plant Families

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 18, 2007:

• Comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad, Herbario del Instituto de Ecología, A.C., México
• Herbier de la Guyane, Herbier de la Guyane
• Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad
• , Biodiversidad de Costa Rica
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2670696
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Kew-34805
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13764333
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:665637-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 9290
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 506745
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 665635-1
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: CAUR3
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 28633

Footnotes

1. Scott Zona "Arecaceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 22 Page 95. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. "Caryota". in Flora of North America Vol. 22 Page 114. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. "Caryota urens". in Flora of North America Vol. 22 Page 115. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]

©2004-2009 the BayScience Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.