Carya alba (Mockernut Hickory)

Overview

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Interesting Facts

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Common Names

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Common Names in English:

Mockernut Hickory

Description

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Family Juglandaceae

Trees or rarely shrubs , deciduous, semievergreen, or evergreen , monoecious or rarely dioecious; bark tight (or exfoliating) . Branchlets with solid or chambered pith . Terminal buds subglobose or ovoid to oblong , naked or with scales . Stipules absent. Leaves alternate (or opposite), odd- or even-pinnate, sometimes trifoliolate , rarely simple ; leaflets with glandular , peltate scales, often resinous and aromatic , particularly conspicuous abaxially on young leaves and twigs , margin serrate or rarely entire. Inflorescences pendulous or sometimes erect , lateral or terminal, on reduced shoots arising on branchlets of previous year (old growth) or on current yearâ€™s growth (new growth), of several types: androgynous panicle with male, lateral spikes and female, central spike; androgynous panicle with male, mainly lateral spikes and female, central spike male at apex; cluster of male spikes and solitary female spike; or solitary male and female spikes. Flowers unisexual , anemophilous , rarely entomophilous. Male flowers subtended by an entire or 3-lobed bract; bracteoles 2 or absent; sepals 0-4, adnate to receptacle when present; stamens 3-40(-100), inserted on receptacle; filaments short to nearly absent, free or united at base ; anthers glabrous or pubescent , 2-loculed, dehiscing longitudinally. Female flowers with an entire or 3-lobed bracts; bracteoles 2 or 3 (or absent) ; sepals 0-4, adnate to ovary, free at apex; gynoecium of 2 carpels united into an inferior ovary , 1-loculed, but at base 2-4(-8) -loculed; style 1, short or elongate , rarely absent; stigmas 2, carinal or commissural , sometimes 4-lobed, plumose or fleshy ; ovule 1, orthotropous . Fruiting spike elongate, and pendulous or short and erect, rarely conelike. Fruit a drupelike nut, 2-4(-8) -chambered at base, with a dehiscent or indehiscent husk , or a 2- or 3-winged or disc-winged nutlet . Seed solitary, without endosperm. Cotyledons 4-lobed, much contorted. Germination hypogeal or epigeal. 2n = (28), 32, (64) .

Nine genera and 60 or more species: mostly in temperate and subtropical regions of the N hemisphere; seven genera (one endemic) and 20 species (seven endemic, one introduced ) in China.[1]

Genus Carya

Trees , rarely shrubs , 3-52 m. Bark gray or brownish, smooth with fissures in younger trees, becoming ridged and sometimes deeply furrowed or exfoliating with small platelike scales or long strips or broad plates . Twigs greenish, orangish, reddish, or rusty brown, or bronze, terete , slender or stout, pubescent and scaly or glabrous ; leaf scars shield-shaped or 3-lobed, large; pith solid and homogeneous . Bud scales valvate or imbricate, glabrous or variously pubescent; axillary buds protected by pair of valvate bracteoles (i.e. , prophylls) or bracteoles fused into hood . Leaves odd-pinnate; petiole pubescent and/or scaly or glabrous. Leaflets 3-17(-21), petiolulate , distal leaflets largest, 2-26 Ã— 1-14 cm; surfaces abaxially with nonglandular hairs (unicellular common to all species, fasciculate with 2-8 rays in 1 rank, multiradiate with 8-17 rays in 2 ranks ) and glandular scales (capitate-glandular and large peltate scales common to all species; small peltate scales round , irregular, or 2- or 4-lobed), adaxially with scattered hairs and scattered to abundant scales in spring or concentrated along midrib and secondary veins to essentially glabrous in the fall . Staminate catkins in fascicles of 3 (except sect. Rhamphocarya of se Asia) from 1st-, sometimes 2d-year twigs, sessile or pedunculate ; stamens 3-10(-15) per flower, with or without hairs. Pistillate flowers in terminal few-flowered spikes. Fruits nuts enclosed in husks , compressed or not compressed, husks completely or partially dehiscing, sutures smooth or winged ; nuts brown, reddish brown, or tan, sometimes mottled with black or tan, compressed or not compressed, angled or not angled, smooth, rugulose , or verrucose ; shells thin or thick. Seeds sweet or bitter . x = 16.

Species 18: e North America, Mexico, e Asia.

Carya was widespread during the Tertiary; fossils have been reported from the states of Colorado and Washington, and from China, Japan, Europe, and western Siberia. Today two sections of the genus occur in southeastern Asia (sect. Rhamphocarya and sect. Sinocarya ) and two in North America (sect. Apocarya, the so-called pecan hickories, and sect. Carya, the true hickories). Both 2 n = 32 and 2 n = 64 chromosome numbers are known for the genus; tetraploidy, however, is confined to sect. Carya.

The commercial use of Carya is substantial. The cultivated pecan, C. illinoinensis, is the most important nut tree native to North America, and the wood of the true hickories is unequaled for its use in tool handles because of the combined strength and shock resistance. Hickory nuts are also an important, high-quality food source for wildlife because they are high in proteins and fats. Carya cordiformis, C. glabra, and C. ovata are grown extensively in central Europe for timber.

Characters of the buds and bark are taxonomically important in Carya, but shoots with terminal buds and information about bark characteristics are frequently absent on herbarium specimens. Phenotypic variation from tree to tree is often considerable and difficult to quantify. Most of this variation undoubtedly results from adaptation to local and regional conditions; hybridization has probably played a subtle role as well. Sympatry of two or more species is common, and artificial pollinations suggest that even diploid × tetraploid crosses produce viable seed.[2]

Physical Description

Habit: Tree • Growth Form: Single Stem • Shape and Orientation: Erect

Flowers: Bloom Period: Mid Spring • Flower Color: Yellow • Flower Conspicuous: No

Seeds: Seed per Pound: 90 • Seed Spread Rate: Slow • Seedling Vigor: Low • Fruit/Seed Abundance: Medium • Fruit/Seed Color: Brown • Fruit/Seed Conspicuous: Yes • Cold Stratification Required: Yes

Foliage: Foliage Color: Green • Foliage Porosity Summer: Dense • Foliage Porosity Winter: Porous • Foliage Texture: Coarse • Fall Conspicuous: Yes • Leaf Retention: No

Size/Age/Growth

Active Growth Period: Spring and Summer • Growth Rate: Slow • Mature Height (feet): 100.0 • Maximum Height at 20 Years (feet): 18 • Size: over 40' tall. • Vegetative Spread Rate: None • Lifespan: Lifespan

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 1,092 meters (0 to 3,583 feet).[3]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial • Coppice Potential: No • Progagated by Bulbs: No • Propagated by Bare Root: Yes • Propagated by Container: Yes • Propagated by Corms: No • Propagated by Cuttings: No • Propagated by Seed: Yes • Propagated by Sod: No • Propagated by Sprigs: No • Propagated by Tubers: No • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: Summer • Fruit/Seed Period End: Fall • Fruit/Seed Persistence: No

Growth

Culture: Space over 40' apart.

Soil: Adapted to Medium Textured: Adapted to Medium Textured Soils • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: Yes • Anaerobic Tolerance: None • Salinity Tolerance: None • CaCO3 Tolerance: High • Minimum pH: 6.5 • Maximum pH: 7.4 • Fertility Requirement: Medium

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun . • Shade Tolerance: Intolerant

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: Medium • Minimum Precipitation: 30 • Maximum Precipitation: 60 • Moisture Use: Medium

Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): -28 • Minimum Frost Free Days: 125 • Cold Hardiness: 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Rosidae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Juglandanae () - Takhtajan Ex Reveal, 1992
        Order: Fagales () - Engler, 1892
        Family: Juglandaceae () - DC. ex Perleb, 1818, nom. cons. - walnuts
        Subfamily: Juglandoideae ()
        Tribe: Hicorieae ()
        Genus: Carya () - Nuttall, 1818, nom. cons. - Hickory [Greek káryon, nut, kernel]
        Specific epithet: alba - (L.) Nutt.
        Botanical name: - Carya alba (L.) Nutt.

Synonyms

Carya tomentosa (Lam. Ex Poir.) Nutt. • Carya tomentosa var. subcoriacea (Sarg.) Palmer & Steyermark • Hicoria tomentosa (Lam. Ex Poir.) Raf. • Juglans alba L. P. P.

Notes

Basionym : Juglandaceae Juglans alba L.

Basionym author: (L.)

Basionym: Juglandaceae Juglans alba L.

Basionym author: (L.)

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Carya

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 207 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

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Stout manual training school; a handbook for planning and planting small home grounds. .. with a list of native and commonly cultivated plants that are represented in the collection upon the Stout manual training school grounds. Menomonie, Wis., Stout manual training school, 1899. url p. 46, p. 57, p. 68.
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The Australasian fruit culturist, containing full and complete information as to the history, traditions, uses, propagation and culture of such fruits as are suitable to Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia, Queensland, Western Melbourne, A. M'Kinley, 1893. url p. 104.
The Bradley bibliography; a guide to the literature of the woody plants of the world published before the beginning of the twentieth century; Cambridge, Riverside Press, 1911-18. url p. 112, p. 35.
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The birds of Essex County, Massachusetts. By Charles Wendell Townsend, M.D. Cambridge, Mass.: The Club, 1905. url p. 336, p. 9.
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Notes

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Contributors

Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 21, 2007:

USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2665999
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-501306
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13758451
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:442142-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 100438
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 501306
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 442141-1
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDJUG010G0
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: CAAL27
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 23964

Footnotes

Anmin Lu, Donald E. Stone & L. J. Grauke "Juglandaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 277. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Donald E. Stone "Carya". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 191.160 meters (627.165 feet), Standard Deviation = 192.470 based on 2,000 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Carya alba

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Juglandaceae

Genus Carya

Physical Description

Size/Age/Growth

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Carya

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes