Carpinus caroliniana

• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Genus Carpinus

Trees , 8--25 m ; trunks usually 1, branching mostly deliquescent, trunk and branches irregularly longitudinally ridged , fluted . Bark of trunk and branches bluish to brownish gray, thin, smooth , close [thicker, broken or shredded ]; lenticels generally inconspicuous. Wood nearly white to light brown, very hard and heavy, texture fine. Branches, branchlets , and twigs conspicuously 2-ranked; young twigs differentiated into long and short shoots . Winter buds sessile, ovoid , 4-angled in cross section , apex acute; scales many, imbricate, smooth. Leaves on long and short shoots, 2-ranked. Leaf blade narrowly ovate to ovate, elliptic , or obovate with 10 or more pairs of lateral veins, 3--12 × 3--6 cm, thin, margins doubly serrate to serrulate ; surfaces abaxially glabrous to tomentose , sometimes covered with small glands . Inflorescences: staminate catkins solitary or in small racemose clusters , lateral, formed previous growing season and enclosed [exposed] in buds during winter, expanding with leaves; pistillate catkins distal to staminate on short, leafy new growth, solitary, ± erect , elongate ; bracts and flowers uncrowded. Staminate flowers in catkins 3 per scale, crowded together on pilose receptacle; stamens 3(--6), short; filaments often distinct part way to base ; anthers divided into 2 parts, each 1-locular, apex pilose, Pistillate flowers 2 per bract. Infructescences loose racemose clusters of paired bracts, clusters pendulous, elongate; paired bracts deciduous with fruit, expanded, (1--) 3-lobed, variously toothed , foliaceous , each bract subtending 1 fruit. Fruits small nutlets , deltoid, longitudinally ribbed , often crowned with persistent sepals and styles. x = 8.

Species ca. 25: mostly north temperate zone; Europe, Asia (s to India, Iran).

In the flora , Carpinus consists of a single native species , C. caroliniana, which is composed of two fairly distinctive geographic races (J. J. Furlow 1987, 1987b), treated here as subspecies . Worldwide it includes about 25 species, some of which become large trees. The European C. betulus is frequently planted in North America and persists long after other signs of human development have vanished. It seldom escapes , however, and it has not become naturalized . In the mountains of Mexico and Central America, the larger C. tropicalis (Donnell Smith) Lundell is widespread in the temperate forest zone.

Closely related to Ostrya, Carpinus is easily recognized by its smooth, gray, often fluted stems and racemose infructescences consisting of pairs of uncrowded, foliaceous, 3-lobed bracts, each subtending a small triangular nutlet . The staminate (but not the pistillate) catkins develop in the autumn and are enclosed within buds throughout the winter prior to anthesis (in Ostrya, these are exposed during the winter). The pistillate catkins are produced on the first new growth in the spring .

Of relatively minor economic importance, Carpinus has limited use for its very hard wood, especially in Europe, where it is used for making mallet heads , tool handles, levers, and other small, hard, wooden objects.[1]

Physical Description

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: Shade tree . Lawn tree. Park tree. Naturalized area. Hedge . Screen . Specimen. • Liabilities: Leaf diseases. Cankers . Doesn't transplant well. • Care: Follow a regular watering schedule during the first growing season to establish a deep, extensive root system . Watering can be reduced after establishment. Feed with a general purpose fertilizer before new growth begins in spring .

Habitat

Hardy to zone 3.

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,401 meters (0 to 7,877 feet).[2]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Transplants from containers . Prefers, deep fertile , moist, acidic soil. Full sun to shade. Prune tolerant .

Soil: Well-drained fertile soils. • Minimum pH: 6.6 • Maximum pH: 8.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Filtered sun

Moisture: Water Requirements: Water regularly, when top 3 in. of soil is dry.

Temperature: Heat Zones: High: 9 (>120 to 150 days) Low:1 (< 1 days) (map) • Cold Hardiness: 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b. (map)

Taxonomy

Notes

A tentatively accepted name in the RHS Horticultural Database.

Name Status: Accepted Name. Latest taxonomic scrutiny: Govaerts R., 11-Nov-2003.

Place of publication : Fl. carol. 236. 1788

Name verified on 10-Aug-1998 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 10-Aug-1998

Similar Species

Members of the genus Carpinus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 140 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

C. americana · C. attenuata · C. austro-sinensis · C. austro-yunnanensis · C. austrosinensis · C. betula 'Globosa' · C. betulus (European Hornbeam) · C. betulus 'A. Beeckman' · C. betulus 'Albovariegata' · C. betulus 'Asplenifolia' (European Hornbeam) · C. betulus 'Columnaris' · C. betulus 'Columnaris Nana' · C. betulus 'Cucullata' · C. betulus 'Fastigiata' (Fastigate European Hornbeam) · C. betulus 'Frans Fontaine' · C. betulus 'Gerry Chaster' · C. betulus 'Globosa' (European Hornbeam) · C. betulus 'Heterophylla' · C. betulus 'Horizontalis' · C. betulus 'Incisa' (European Hornbeam) · C. betulus 'Pendula' (Weeping European Hornbeam) · C. betulus 'Punctata' · C. betulus 'Purpurea' · C. betulus 'Pyramidalis' · C. betulus 'Quercifolia' (European Hornbeam) · C. betulus var. angustifolia · C. betulus var. carpinizza · C. betulus var. parva · C. betulus 'Variegata' · C. betulus 'Vienna Weeping' (Hornbeam) · C. caroliniana (American Hornbeam) · C. caroliniana 'Ascendens' · C. caroliniana caroliniana (American Hornbeam) · C. caroliniana var. Crimson Cloud (Crimson Cloud English Hawthorn) · C. caroliniana 'Palisade' · C. caroliniana 'Pyramidalis' · C. caroliniana subsp. virginiana · C. caroliniana tropicalis · C. caroliniana Walter var. virgiana Marshall · C. caroliniana virginiana (American Hornbeam) · C. chuniana · C. cordata (Heartleaf Hornbeam) · C. cordata Blume var. chinensis Franch. · C. cordata var. chinensis · C. cordata var. cordata · C. cordata var. mollis · C. coreana · C. coreana var. major · C. davidiana · C. dayongiana · C. dayongina · C. dulongensis · C. edentulus · C. erosa · C. eximia · C. fagiana · C. faginea · C. fangiana (Fang Hornbeam) · C. fargesiana · C. fargesiana var. fargesiana · C. fargesiana var. hwai · C. fargesii · C. fraterna · C. glutinosa 'Laciniata' · C. grandis · C. hebestroma · C. heigunensis · C. henryana · C. henryana var. henryana · C. henryana var. oblongifolia · C. henryana var. simplicidentata · C. japonica (Japanese Hornbeam) · C. kawakamii · C. kawakamii var. kawakamii · C. kawakamii var. minutiserrata · C. koreana · C. kweichowensis · C. lacera · C. laxiflora (Loose-Flower Hornbeam) · C. laxiflora var. longispica · C. lipoensis · C. londoniana · C. londoniana var. lanceolata · C. londoniana var. latifolius · C. londoniana var. londoniana · C. londoniana var. xiphobracteata · C. luochengensis · C. mediomontana · C. mengshanensis · C. mianningensis · C. microphylla · C. miocenica · C. mollicoma · C. mollis · C. monbeigiana · C. nipponica · C. omeiensis · C. orientalis (Eastern Hornbeam) · C. orientalis 'Calcarea' · C. orientalis 'Grandifolia'

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Further Reading

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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2007. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed March 24, 2007.
• "Carpinus caroliniana". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 30, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Jan 19, 2007.
• United States National Arboretum, Washington D.C.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 24, 2008)
• World Checklist of Selected Plant FamiliesFeb 2, 2006.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 18, 2007:

• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx River Bioblitz
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2646024
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Kew-34302
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13750190
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:295249-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 105150
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 19504
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 295249-1
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDBET03010
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: CACAV
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 11537

Footnotes

1. "Carpinus". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Mean = 216.890 meters (711.581 feet), Standard Deviation = 317.020 based on 1,141 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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