Carduus acanthoides

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 17-Nov-09

Similar Species

Members of the genus Carduus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 11 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

C. acanthoides (Plumeless Thistle) · C. crispus (Curled Plumless-Thistle) · C. nutans (Chardon Penche) · C. nutans macrocephalus (Musk Thistle) · C. nutans macrolepis (Chardon Penche) · C. nutans var. litoralis (Nodding Thistle) · C. orthocephalus (Plumeless Thistle) · C. pycnocephalus (Compact-Headed Thistle) · C. scariosus (Meadow Thistle) · C. tenuiflorus (Italian Thistle) · C. x orthocephalus (Plumeless Thistle)

More Info

• Search for Pictures: images.google.com
• Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
• Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
• Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

Further Reading

• ... A preliminary catalogue of the flora of New Jersey. Comp. by N. L. Britton. .. with the assistance of eminent botanists. New Brunswick, Office of the survey, 1881. url p. 131.
• 1997 IUCN red list of threatened plants Cambridge: IUCN, World Conservation Union, 1998 url p. 155.
• A Flora of Berwick-upon-Tweed. By George Johnston, M.D. Edinburgh, J. Carfrae & Son; [etc., etc., ]1829-31. url p. 178.
• A catalogue of the phaenogamous plants of Great Britain: arranged according to the natural orders: with a copious list of synonyms carefully compiled from Steudel's Nomenclator botanicus, Smith's English flora, Hookers's British flora, Lindley's Synopsis, by Henry Ibbotson. London: H. Bailliere, 1848. url p. 68.
• A compendium of the Cybele britannica; or British plants in their geographical relations. London, Longmans, Green, Reader & Dyer, 1870. url , .
• A complete guide to the English lakes, London, J. Garnett;186-?] url .
• A dictionary of English names of plants applied in England and among English-speaking people to cultivated and wild plants, trees, and shrubs, by William Miller; in two parts, English-Latin and Latin-English. London, J. Murray, 1884. url p. 135.
• A flora of the islands of Jersey, with a list of the plants of the Channel Islands in general, and remarks upon their distribution and geographical affinities. London, West, Newman, 1903. url .
• A monograph of the British Uredineae and Ustilagineae, with an account of their biology including the methods of observing the germination of their spores and of their experimental culture. London, Paul, Trench & Co., 1889. url , .
• A monograph of the British Uredine and Ustilagine, with an account of their biology including the methods of observing the germination of their spores and of their experimental culture. By Charles B. Plowright. London, K. Paul, Trench, 1889. url p. 329.
• A natural arrangement of British plants: according to their relations to each other as pointed out by Jussieu, De Candolle, Brown, &c.. .. / with an introduction to botany. .. By Samuel Frederick Gray. .. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, 1821. url p. 437.
• A new London flora; or, Handbook to the botanical localities of the metropolitan districts. Compiled from the latest authorities, and from personal observations. London, Hardwick and Bogue, 1877. url p. 10.
• Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. Helsinki: Societas, 1875-1980. url p. 49.
• Additions to the flora of Connecticut / E.B. Harger. .. [et al.]. Boston?: New England Botanical Club, 1917? url p. 252.
• An environmental profile of the Black Sea Coast WCMC url p. 13.
• An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British possessions: from Newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia and from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the 102nd meridian / by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Hon. Addison Brown. New York: Scribner, 1913. url p. 555.
• An introduction to physiological and systematical botany. By James Edward Smith.... London, Longman, Hurst, Reese, and Orme, 1809. url p. 124.
• Anales de la Sociedad Espaola de Historia Natural. Madrid: La Sociedad, url p. 333, p. 46.
• Annual reports and proceedings of the Belfast Naturalists' Field Club. url p. 264, p. 369, p. 376, p. 486, p. 487, p. 687.
• Archiv for mathematik og naturvidenskab. Oslo [etc.]O. Norlis [etc.] url p. 266, p. 46.
• Bartonia;proceedings of the Philadelphia botanical club. .. 29 - 41 1957 - 19 Philadelphia, Philadelphia Botanical Club, Academy of Natural Sciences. url p. 15, p. 80, p. 81.
• Botaniska notiser. Upsala: Wahlstro?m, 1857-c1980. url p. 151, p. 159, p. 164, p. 38, p. 82.
• British entomology; being illustrations and descriptions of the genera of insects found in Great Britain and Ireland: containing coloured figures from nature of the most rare and beautiful species, and in many instances By John Curtis. 2 London, Printed for the author, 1823-40. url .
• British fungi. Phycomycetes and Ustilagineae. By George Massee. London, L. Reeve and Co., 1891. url p. 225.
• British journal of entomology and natural history. [London]: British Entomological and Natural History Society, 1988- url .
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. url p. 395, p. 396, p. 455.
• Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). London: BM(NH) url p. 277.
• Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 7 1880 New York: Torrey Botanical Club, 1870-1996 url p. 125.
• Catalogue of scientific papers (1800-1900) Comp. by the Royal society of London. Cambridge, C. J. Clay and sons, 1867-1902; url p. 615.
• Catalogue of scientific papers, 1800-1900. Compiled by the Royal Society of London. London, C.J. Clay and Sons, 1867-1902 [etc.] Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1914-25. url p. 615.
• Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phaln in the British museum. London: Printed by Order of the Trustees, 1898-19. url p. 474.
• Catalogue of the flowering plants and ferns of Connecticut growing without cultivation / by Charles Burr Graves. .. [et al.]; Committee of the Connecticut Botanical Society. Hartford: Printed for the State Geological and Natural History Survey, 1910. url p. 405, p. 435.
• Checklist of plants of the Ottawa District. Ottawa, 1958. url p. 87.
• Chronological history of plants: man's record of his own existence illustrated through their names, uses, and companionship. Boston, Little, Brown & company, 1879. url .
• Cistula entomologica. London;E. W. Janson. url p. 333.
• Companion to the Botanical magazine: being a journal, containing such interesting botanical information as does not come within the prescribed limits of the magazine; with occasional figures /by W.J. Hooker. 1 1835 London: Printed by E. Conchman. .. for the proprietor, S. Curtis, 1835-1836 [i.e., 1835-1837] url p. 190, p. 266.
• Compositae newsletter. Columbus, Ohio: Dept. of Botany, Ohio State University, 1975- url p. 15, p. 4.
• Compte rendu du Congre?s international d'essais de semences. Discussions at the International Seed Testing Conference. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Konferenz fu?r Samenpru?fung a?/in Copenhague (Danemark), 6.- 10. VI. 1921. Hamburg, Druck von Lu?tcke & Wulff url , , .
• Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 28 1943 Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1890- url p. 668, p. VIII.
• Contributions towards a Cybele hibernica, being outlines of the geographical distribution of plants in Ireland. Dublin.Hodges, Smith, 1866. url p. 163.
• Cooperative economic insect report. Hyattsville, MD. [etc.]Plant Protection and Quarantine Programs Animal and Plant Health Service. url p. 171, p. 240.
• Cybele Britannica: or British Plants and their geographical relations. London, 1847-59. url p. 302, p. 333, p. 454, p. 76.
• Danish fungi as represented in the herbarium of E. Rostrup / revised by J. Lind. Copenhagen: Gyldendalske boghandel, 1913. url p. 262.
• Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamuc parasites; introduction to the study of pathogenic fungi, slime-fungi, bacteria, and algae. English ed. by William G. Smith. LondonLongman's, Green1897 url p. 296.
• English botany, or, Coloured figures of British plants / edited by John T. Boswell Syme; the popular portion by Mrs. Lankester; the figures by J. Sowerby, J. de C. Sowerby, J.W. Salter, and John Edward Sowerby. London: R. Hardwicke, 1863-1886. url p. 23, p. 33.
• English botany, or, coloured figures of British plants / edited by John T. Boswell Syme; the popular portion by Mrs. Lankester; the figures by J. Sowerby, J. de C. Sowerby, J.W. Salter, and John Edward Sowerby. London: G. Bell, 1873. url p. 7, p. 9.
• Enquiry into plants and minor works on odoùrs and weather signs, London, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1916. url p. 471.
• Entomological news. [Philadelphia]American Entomological Society, 1925- url p. 95.
• Field and woodland plants / by W. S. Furneaux. London; Longmans, Green, and Co., 1909 url p. 183.
• Field and woodland plants, by W.S. Furneaux. With 8 plates in colour, and numerous illustrations by Patten Wilson, and photographs from nature by the author. London, Longmans, Green, 1911. url p. 183.
• Flora hibernica, comprising the flowering plants, ferns, Charace, Musci, Hepatic, Lichenes and Alg of Ireland, arranged according to the natural system with a synopsis of the genera according to the Linnan system, by James Townsend Mackay. Dublin, Simpkin, Marshall and co.; [etc., etc.]1836. url p. 158.
• Flora hibernica: comprising the flowering plants, ferns, Charace, Musci, Hepatic, Lichenes and Alg of Ireland: arranged according to the natural system with a synopsis of the genera according to the Linnan system by James Townsend Mackay. Dublin: W. Curry jun., 1836. url p. 158.
• Flora of the Bristol coal-field. Edited (for the Bristol Naturalists' Society) by James Walter White. .. Bristol, J. Fawn & Son [etc.]1881-[86] url p. 107.
• Flora of the U.S.S.R. [Springfield, Va.: Israel Program for Scientific Translations; 1968- url p. 38.
• Flora vectensis: being a systematic description of the phnogamous or flowering plants and ferns indigenous to the Isle of Wight. London, W. Pamplin, 1856. url .
• General indexes to the thirty-six volumes of English botany: to which is added, an alphabetical index to English fungi: making together, a catalogue of indigenous British plants. London: J. Sowerby, 1814. url p. 29.
• Handbook of the British flora: a description of the flowering plants and ferns indigenous to, or naturalised in the British Isles. For the use of beginners and amateurs. London, L. Reeve, 1908. url p. 249, p. 251.
• Handbook of the flora of Philadelphia and vicinity, containing data relating to the plants within the following radius: eastern Pennsylvania, north to the Blue mountains, and west to the Susquehanna; all of New Jersey except the northern counties; and Philadelphia, Philadelphia Botanical Club, 1905. url .
• Hardwicke's science-gossip: an illustrated medium of interchange and gossip for students and lovers of nature. London: Robert Hardwicke, 1866- url p. 131.
• Illustrations of the British flora: a series of wood engravings, with dissections, of British plants, drawn by W.H. Fitch and W.G. Smith. London: Reeve, 1908. url p. 135.
• Introduction to physiological and systematical botany. London, Longman, 1819. url p. 96.
• Journal of botany, British and foreign. London: Robert Hardwicke, 1863-1942. url p. 134, p. 141, p. 150, p. 157, p. 240, p. 31, p. 314, p. 345, p. 384, p. 478, p. 56, p. 76, p. 93.
• Leaflets of western botany. San Fransisco:[J. T. Howell], 1932-1966. url p. 19, p. 20, p. 24, p. 261.
• Life and letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker. Based on materials collected and arranged by Lady Hooker, by Leonard Huxley. London, J. Murray, 1918. url p. 446.
• Magazine of natural history and journal of zoology, botany, mineralogy, geology and meteorology. London: printed for Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, 1829-1837. url p. 268.
• Manual of British botany, containing the flowering plants and ferns. Arranged according to the natural orders. London, J. Van Voorst, 1856. url .
• Manual of British botany: containing the flowering plants and ferns arranged according to the natural orders / by Charles Cardale Babington. London: John Van Voorst, 1856. url p. 188.
• Memoirs of the American Entomological Society. Philadelphia, American Entomological Society, 1916- url p. 111, p. 114, p. 116, p. 117, p. 124, p. 127, p. 128, p. 132.
• Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club. 9 1900 Durham, N.C.: Published for the Club by the Seeman Printery, 1889- url p. 198.
• Midland naturalist. London: Hardwicke and Bogue, 1878- url p. 256.
• Natural history of Selborne, and observations on nature / by Gilbert White; with the text and new letters of the Buckland edition; introduction by John Burroughs; illustrations by Clifton Johnson. Toronto: Musson Book Co., 1904. url p. 226.
• Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. 4 1907 Edinburgh: H. M. Stationery Off. url p. 136, p. 221, p. 241, p. 27, p. 3, p. 395, p. 414, p. 424, p. 5.
• Physiology at the farm in aid of rearing and feeding the live stock. Edinburgh and London, W. Blackwood and sons[1867]. url p. 398.
• Phytologia memoirs. Plainfield, N.J.: H.N. Moldenke and A.L. Moldenke, 1980- url p. 566.
• Phytologia. Bronx Park, New York, H.A. Gleason and H.N. Moldenke, url p. 306, p. 326, p. 331, p. 380, p. 581.
• Preliminary catalog of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta, reported as growing spontaneously within one hundred miles of New York City. New York, 1888. url p. 83.
• Price list of chemical and bacteriological apparatus, chemicals and reagents manufactured and sold by Baird [and] Tatlock (London) Ltd. London, Baird [and] Tatlock, 1914. url p. 1067.
• Proceedings and transactions of the British Entomological and Natural History Society. London, British Entomological and Natural History Society. url p. 25, p. 93.
• Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. Washington, etc.: Entomological Society of Washington url p. 52, p. 578, p. 752.
• Reports and papers on botany. London: Printed for the Ray society, 1846-49. url p. 427.
• Researches about atmospheric phenomena. By Thomas Forster. London: Printed for Harding, Mavor, and Lepard, 1823. url p. 381.
• Seeds handbook for agriculture, horticulture and forestry, with a key for the identification of the important agricultural seeds = Handbuch der Samenkunde fr Landwirtschaft, Gartenbau und Forstwirtschaft, mit einem Schlussel zur Bestimmung der wichtigsten landwirtschaftlichen Samen / Walther Brouwen and Adolf Stahlin. [S.l.: s.n.], 1980. url p. 82.
• Special scientific report--wildlife / U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, D.C.: The Service, 1949- url p. 45.
• Synoptical flora of North America: the Gamopetal, being a second edition of vol. I, part II, and vol. II, part I, collected. London, Iverson, Blakeman, Taylor, and Company;1886. url .
• Text-book of pastoral and agricultural botany, for the study of the injurious and useful plants of country and farm, by John W. Harshberger. .. with 121 illustrations. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's Son & Co., [c1920] url p. 276.
• Textbook of pastoral and agricultural botany, for the study of the injurious and useful plants of country and farm, by John W. Harshberger. .. with 121 illustrations. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's Son & Co., [c1920] url p. 276, p. 276.
• The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology being a continuation of the Annals combined with Loudon and Charlesworth's Magazine of Natural History. London, Taylor and Francis, Ltd. url p. 197, p. 197, p. 315, p. 315, p. 341, p. 341.
• The Annals of Scottish natural history. Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1892-1911. url p. 169, p. 243, p. 98.
• The British flora: comprising the phaenogamous or flowering plants, and the ferns / London, 1855. url p. 230.
• The British nature book; a complete handbook and guide to British nature study, embracing the mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, insects, plants, etc., in the United Kingdom, by S.N. Sedgwick. .. Edinburgh, T.C. & E.C. Jack, Ltd., 1922. url p. 442.
• The Canadian field-naturalist. 68 1954 Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. url mulligan & frankton , p. 31, p. 32, p. 34, p. 343.
• The Edinburgh new philosophical journal. Edinburgh: A. and C. Black [etc.] url p. 159, p. 321.
• The English flora. London, Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, [1828-30] url p. 477, p. 385, p. 385, p. 386, p. 386, p. 477, p. 477.
• The Entomologist. London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co., [1877- url p. 244.
• The Farmer's magazine. [London: Rogerson and Tuxford, 1834-1881. url p. 392.
• The Garden: an illustrated weekly journal of gardening in all its branches. London: [s.n., url p. 478.
• The Gardeners' chronicle and agricultural gazette. 1847 London: published for the proprietors, 1844-1873. url p. 800.
• The Gardeners' chronicle. 1841 London: published for the proprietors, 1841-1843. url p. 482.
• The Gardeners' chronicle: a weekly illustrated journal of horticulture and allied subjects. London: [Gardeners Chronicle], 1874-1955. url p. 168.
• The Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany. 18 1881 London: the Society: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts & Green: ||Williams and Norgate, 1865-1968. url p. 16, p. 314, p. 71.
• The Naturalist. 1894 [Doncaster: Yorkshire Naturalists' Union], 1874- url p. 100, p. 35, p. 56.
• The Phytologist: a botanical journal. London, William Pamplin, 1855-1863. url p. 103, p. 158, p. 259, p. 314, p. 316, p. 319, p. 383, p. 39, p. 420.
• The Phytologist: a popular botanical miscellany. London, John van Voorst, 1844-56. url , p. 115, p. 198, p. 248, p. 364, p. 73, p. 800.
• The Scottish botanical review. Edinburgh: Neill & Co., 1912. url p. 158.
• The farmer's guide to scientific and practical agriculture. Detailing the labors of the farmer, in all their variety, and adapting them to the seasons of the year as they successively occur. By Henry Stephens, assisted by John P. Norton. New York, L. Scott, 1850-1851. url p. 163.
• The fertilisation of flowers. Translated and edited by D'Arcy W. Thompson, with a preface by Charles Darwin. LondonMacmillan1883 url p. 339, p. 55, p. 657.
• The field botanist's companion: comprising a familiar account, in the four seasons, of the most common of the wild flowering plants of the British Isles / by Thomas Moore. London: L. Reeve, 1862. url p. 266.
• The flora of Dumfriesshire, including part of the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, by G.F. Scott-Elliot. Assisted by J. M'Andrew [and others] DumfriesJ. Maxwell, 1896. url p. 100.
• The flora of Oxfordshire and its contiguous counties: (comprising the flowering plants only;) arranged in easy and familiar language according to the Linnaean and natural systems; preceded by an introduction to botany / Oxford: H. Slatter, 1833. url p. 229, p. 316, p. 316.
• The lepidopterist's calendar. Gloucester, H. Marsden, 1875. url p. 54.
• The natural history & antiquities of Selborne in the county of Southampton, by Gilbert White, with illustrations in colour by George Edward Collins... London: Macmillan and co., limited, 1911. url p. 397.
• The natural history and antiquities of Selborne, in the county of Southampton / by the Rev. Gilbert White London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1888 url .
• The natural history of Selborne: with a naturalist's calendar and additional observations. / by Gilbert White; with a preface by Richard Jefferies. London: W. Scott, 1887. url p. 298.
• The natural history of Selborne; with A naturalist's calendar & additional observations; with a pref. by Richard Jefferies. London: Scott, 1887. url p. 300.
• The student's flora of the British Islands. By J. D. Hooker. London: Macmillan and Co., 1870. url p. 191.
• The transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists' Union. Leeds [etc.] url p. 225.
• The wheat plant: its origin, culture, growth, development, composition, varieties, diseases, etc., etc. Together with a few remarks on Indian corn, its culture, etc., by John H. Klippart. .. One hundred illustrations. New York, A.O. Moore & company, 1860. url p. 33.
• Torreya. Burlington, Vt., Torrey Botanical Club, 1901-1945. url p. 190, p. 262.
• Transactions and proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh. [Edinburgh]: The Society, 1891-1970. url p. 86.
• Transactions of the Botanical Society. Edinburgh: Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 1841-1891. url p. 219.
• Transactions of the Edinburgh Field Naturalists' and Microscopical Society. [Edinburgh]: The Club, 1891- url p. 88.
• Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Newcastle-upon-Tyne [et al.]F. & W. Dodsworth [et al.]1865/67-1973. url p. 377.
• Transactions of the Tyneside Naturalists' Field Club. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: F. & W. Dodsworth, 1850-1864. url p. 22, p. 336.
• Tropical North American species of Panicum. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1915. url , p. 217.
• Weeds of the North Central States. Urbana, Ill: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, College of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station, [1981] url p. 267, p. 300.
• Wild life in Wales, by George Bolam. London: F. Palmer, [1913] url p. 156.
• Withering, W. A systematic arrangement of British plants: with an easy introduction to the study of botany. 3 1801 London: Printed for T. Cadell, jun [etc.], 1801. url p. 683.
• Batra, S. W. T., J. R. Coulson, P. H. Dunn, and P. E. Boldt. 1981. Insects and Fungi Associated with Carduus Thistles (Compositae). Washington. [U.S.D.A. Techn. Bull. 1616.]
• Desrochers, A. M. , J. F. Bain, and S. I. Warwick. 1988. A biosystematic study of the Carduus nutans complex in Canada. Canad. J. Bot. 66: 16211631.
• Desrochers, A. M., J. F. Bain, and S. I. Warwick. 1988b. The biology of Canadian weeds. 89. Carduus nutans L. and Carduus acanthoides L. Canad. J. Plant Sci. 68: 10531068.
• Franco, J. do A. 1976. Carduus. In: T. G. Tutin et al., eds. 19641980. Flora Europaea. 5 vols. Cambridge. Vol. 4, pp. 220232.
• Kazmi, S. M. A. 1964. Revision der Gattung Carduus Compositae). Teil II. Mitt. Bot. Staatssaml. München 5: 279550.

Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 24, 2007:

• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
• Bundesamt für Naturschutz / Zentralstelle für Phytodiversität Deutschland, Bundesamt fuer Naturschutz / Zentralstelle fuer Phytodiversitaet Deutschland
• International Plant Genetic Resources Institute(IPGRI), EURISCO
• Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
• Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
• Museum of Natural History, Wroclaw University, Museum of Natural History, Wroclaw University, Flora of the Stołowe Mts.
• NLBIF, Limnodata
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plants, Field notes, Oslo
• The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Botany registration database by Danish botanists
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Herbarium of Oskarshamn
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Lund Botanical Museum
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Plants
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2657416
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Ast-214
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13815894
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:188363-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 104108
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 35785
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDAST1S010
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: CAAC
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 9359

Footnotes

1. David J. Keil "Carduus". in Flora of North America Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 57, 66, 83, 91, 96, 97, 122. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Mean = 309.620 meters (1,015.814 feet), Standard Deviation = 358.800 based on 1,900 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]