Canna indica (Canna)

Overview

Upright herb from tropical America, now naturaized widely in the tropics, including moist lowland forests in Hawaii. Leaves large, flowers bright red or yellow, fruits swollen, warty, about an inch long, containing black globose seeds strung into lei and used in rattles .

Interesting Facts

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Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in Afrikaans:

Indiese Kanna

Common Names in Chinese:

mei Ren Jiao

Common Names in Dutch:

Indisch Bloemriet

Common Names in English:

Canna, Achira, African Arrowfoot, African Arrowroot, Calenda, Canna Lily, edible Canna, English Shot, English Shot (South America), Fa'i Masoa, Fagamanu, Fanamanu, Gasau Ni Ga, Gruya, Gwangwa, Gwangwaama, Indian Shot, Indian-Shot, Luiuenwai, Mongos Halum-Tano, Nuaenga, Oruuru, Pia Renga, Pia-Raroto'a, Platanillo, Poloka, Poloke, Purple Arrowroot, Queensland Arrowroot, Queensland Arrowroot (Aust, Riti, Sierra Leone Arrowroot, South America), Tiare Papa'a, Toolima

Common Names in French:

Balisier à Chapelets (Caribbean Islands), Balisier Comestible, Balisier Des Indes, Balisier Jaune (Caribbean Islands), Balisier Rouge, Balisier Rouge (Caribbean Islands), Canna, Canna Florifére, Canne D´inde, Toloman (Caribbean Islands), Tous-Les-Mois, Tous-Les-Mois (Caribbean Islands)

Common Names in Futuna:

Fagafaga

Common Names in German:

Westindisches Blumenrohr

Common Names in Hausa:

Bakalele, Bakalele (Nigeria), Bakare Kare, Bakare Kare (Nigeria)

Common Names in Hawaiian:

Ali'ipoe

Common Names in Japanese:

Akabana Dan Doku (As C Coccinea), choukuyou Kana (As C Edulis), kana Indika

Common Names in Nepalese:

Gaane Sarvadaa (Gane Sarvada)

Common Names in Portuguese:

Albará, Albará, Araruta Bastarda, Araruta De Porco, Bananeirinha Da India, Bananeirinha Da India De Flor, Bananeirinha-Da-índia, Bananeirinha-De-Flor, Beri, Birú Manso (Brazil), Birú Manso, Biru-Manso, Caeté-Dos-Jardns, Cana-Da-índia

Common Names in Puluwat:

Apeellap

Common Names in Russian:

Kanna Indiiskaia

Common Names in Spanish:

Achira, Bandera De Uriba (Colombia), Caña Comestible, Caña De La India, Café Cimarron (Panama), Capacho (Colombia), Chisgua (Colombia), Chumbima (Colombia), Chupa Flor, Maraca, Platanillo, Yuquilla

Common Names in Thai:

Phut Tharaksa (Central Thailand)

Common Names in Tongan:

Te Misimisi

Description

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Family Cannaceae

Herbs perennial . Stems erect , robust . Rhizomes tuberous . Leaves alternate, spirally arranged , large, veins pinnate and parallel, base sheathing . Inflorescence a terminal raceme or panicle of showy, 1- or 2-flowered cincinni. Flowers bisexual , asymmetric , mostly large. Sepals 3, green, free , persistent . Corolla lobes 3, green or colored , basally connate into a tube and adnate to staminodes. Staminodes and stamen in 2 whorls: outer whorl with (2 or) 3 conspicuous , petaloid staminodes, usually red or yellow; inner whorl with a reflexed staminode (labellum), narrower than outer staminodes, and a fertile stamen; filament petaloid; anther 1-loculed, adnate to apical margin of filament. Ovary inferior, 3-loculed; ovules numerous per locule; placentation axile . Style petaloid. Fruit a capsule, 3-valved, usually warty. Seeds many, globose ; endosperm copious ; embryo straight.

One genus and ten to twenty species: tropical and subtropical America; one species (introduced ) in China.[1]

Genus Canna

Herbs, rhizomatous , 1--2[--5] m , forming small to large monotypic stands. Leaves green [bronze or magenta in hybrids and cultivars], often glaucous [lanuginose]; blade narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic , 20--70 cm ´ 15--30 cm, base gradually or abruptly tapered, apex acute to acuminate. Inflorescences: peduncles green [magenta], often glaucous; bracts green [magenta], often glaucous; primary bracts to 30 cm, secondary bracts to 20 cm; floral bracts 0.5--3 ´ 0.3--1.5 cm, papery . Flowers nearly sessile, subtended by pedicel bract; sepals usually green [magenta], often less than half size of petals; petals sharply reflexed or not, green or brightly colored , 4--15 cm, generally shorter than staminodes; staminodes pale yellow to deep crimson red; labellum 3--9 ´ 4--10 cm; ovary green [magenta]. Capsules brown, 1.5--6 ´ 2--4.5 cm, warty, becoming papery. Seeds 5--25[--75] per capsule, medium to dark brown or black, 4--10 ´ 4--8 mm.

Species 10: tropical and subtropical Americas with some species naturalized and many cultivated hybrids.

Until recently taxonomists recognized more than 50 species in Canna, but that number has now been reduced to ten (P. J. M. Maas 1985; P. J. M. Maas and H. Maas 1988) based mainly on new concepts of biogeographical history, the extent of hybridization during cultivation, and the plasticity of morphological features, especially in the highly polymorphic species C. indica.

Little has been published regarding pollination of these plants . The two North American species with pale yellow flowers, Canna glauca and C. flaccida, flower at dusk and may be pollinated by hawkmoths. Several neotropical species with bright red or orange flowers are hummingbird-pollinated. Nectar, which accumulates at the base of the floral tube , is the apparent reward in all cases. Pollen is shed from the bisporangiate anther onto the adjacent style before the flower opens (secondary pollen presentation), which usually results in self-pollination ; thus, greenhouse-grown plants readily set seed. The large seed size and lack of reward for potential animal dispersal agents suggests that seeds are dispersed by gravity and water. Seeds can germinate and produce reproductive shoots in a single growing season .

Both Canna flaccida and C. glauca, as well as several Central American species, are hosts to the larva of the skipper butterfly Calpodes ethlius (Cramer), ), which builds protective tents by folding or rolling the apices of the leaves.

The most common use of Canna by Europeans and North Americans is as ornamentals . Both the hybrids and some species are grown for their striking foliage and large, delicate flowers. Two hybrids commonly grown in both temperate and tropical zones are C. Ã—generalis L. H. Bailey and C. Ã—orchioides L. H. Bailey. The former is apparently a cross between C. indica and C. glauca, or C. iridiflora Ruiz & and Pavóon and the latter between C. Ã—generalis and C. flaccida (L. H. Bailey 1924; J. W. Donahue 1965) . These hybrids are usually sterile , although they may persist in cultivation.

The seeds of Canna indica are used as beads (especially for rosaries) and in gourds to form rattles . The rhizomes are used to make a form of arrowroot. The vegetation and rhizomes have been used as medicinals for both humans and domesticated animals.[2]

Physical Description

Species Canna indica

Rhizomes fleshy . Leaves: sheath glabrous ; blade narrowly ovate to ovate, 20--60 ´ 10--30 cm, base obtuse to narrowly cuneate, apex shortly acuminate to acute, abaxially and adaxially glabrous. Inflorescences racemes , sometimes branched, bearing 1- to 2-flowered cincinni, 6--20 per inflorescence; primary bracts to 15 cm; secondary bracts to 9 cm; floral bracts persistent , broadly obovate to narrowly (ob) ovate(-triangular), 0.5--3 ´ 0.5--1.5 cm, apex entire, often glaucous; bracteoles (ovate-) triangular, 0.5--2 ´ 0.3--0.8 cm, apex entire. Flowers red to yellow-orange, never pure yellow (except in some hybrid cultivars), 4.5--7.5 cm; pedicels 0.2--1 cm, to 1.5 cm in fruit; sepals narrowly triangular, 0.9--1.7 ´ 0.2--0.5 cm; petals erect , 4--6.5 cm, tube 0.5--1.5 cm, lobes lanceolate to narrowly oblong , 3.5--5 ´ 0.4--0.7 cm; staminodes 3--4, narrowly obovate to spatulate , 4.5--7.5 cm, free part 0.3--0.5 cm wide, apex rounded , acute, or cleft ; labellum reflexed , narrowly oblong, approximately equal to other staminodes. Capsules ellipsoid to nearly globose , 1.5--3 ´ 1.5--2 cm. Seeds black, globose to nearly globose, 5--8 ´ 4--6.7 mm diam. 2n = 18. Flowering primarily spring--summer; fruiting summer--early fall . [source]

Canna indica is probably native to neotropics and is now common throughout tropics and subtropics. [source]

Habit: Forb/herb

Flowers: Bloom Period: April, May, June, July, August, September. • Flower Color: magenta

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 36-48" tall.

Habitat

Often, if not always, in secondary growth and waste places; 0--100 m [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,744 meters (0 to 15,564 feet).[4]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 9-12" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 7.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Commelinidae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Zingiberanae () - Takhtajan Ex Reveal, 1992
        Order: Zingiberales () - Grisebach, 1854
        Family: Cannaceae () - A.L. de Jussieu, 1789 - Canna Family
        Genus: Canna () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - [Greek kanna, reedlike plant]
        Subgenus: nom ()
        Specific epithet: indica - L.
        Botanical name: - Canna indica L.

Synonyms

Canna edulis Ker-Gawl.

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Canna

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 570 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

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Notes

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Contributors

Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
"Canna indica". in Flora of North America Vol. 22. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 26, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Jan 19, 2007.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 25, 2008)
World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Release date: November 27, 2009

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 15, 2007:

Australian National Herbarium
, Australian National Herbarium
Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Bishop Museum Natural History Specimen Data
Botanical Research Institute of Texas, Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program
Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Virtual Herbarium Darwin Core format
Herbarium of the University of Aarhus, The AAU Herbarium Database
Herbier de la Guyane, Herbier de la Guyane
Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad
, Biodiversidad de Costa Rica
International Plant Genetic Resources Institute(IPGRI), The System-wide Information Network for Genetic Resources
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
National Herbarium of New South Wales, NSW herbarium collection
National Herbarium of New South Wales, Plants of Papua New Guinea
USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
inatura - Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn, inatura - Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2662182
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Kew-223906
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13754434
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:796023-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 8858
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 42413
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 149712-3
MoBot NameID: 5800006
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PMCAN01060
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: CAED2
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 18985

Footnotes

Delin Wu & W. John Kress "Cannaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 24 Page 378. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
"Canna". in Flora of North America Vol. 22. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
"Canna indica". in Flora of North America Vol. 22. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 532.090 meters (1,745.702 feet), Standard Deviation = 881.980 based on 503 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Canna indica

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Cannaceae

Genus Canna

Physical Description

Species Canna indica

Size/Age/Growth

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Similar Species

Members of the genus Canna

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes