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Campyloneurum phyllitidis

(Cow-Tongue Fern)

Common Names

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Common Names in English:

Cow-Tongue Fern, Long Strap Fern, Long Strapfern, Ribbon Fern, Strap Fern

Description

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Family Polypodiaceae

Plants perennial , terrestrial , on rock, or often epiphytic, erect , arching , or occasionally pendent. Stems long- to short-creeping, branched or not, bearing scales and few to numerous roots , usually dictyostelic. Leaves monomorphic to dimorphic , circinate in bud. Petiole usually articulate at base [rarely nonarticulate , as in Loxogramme ], lacking scales or sometimes scaly , with usually 3 vascular bundles . Blade simple to often pinnatifid , pinnatisect , or pinnate, infrequently more divided ; rachis grooved or not adaxially. Veins free (and simple to several times forked ) to often anastomosing in complex systems , areoles with or without included veinlets . Indument on blade absent, or petiole, rachis, costae, and sometimes blade tissue usually bearing hairs (these often septate and with reddish crosswalls) and/or scales. Sori borne abaxially on veins, round to oblong , occasionally elongate , rarely marginal , rarely covering surface; paraphyses present or absent; sporangia with stalk of 2 or 3 rows of cells ; indusia absent. Spores usually transparent or yellowish (rarely greenish), all 1 kind, bilateral , monolete [rarely trilete, as in some Loxogramme], surface most often smooth , tuberculate , verrucose , or granulate , occasionally spiny , 64 per sporangium (spores globose and 32 per sporangium in apogamous spp. ) . Gametophytes green, aboveground, cordate or elliptic , glabrous or sometimes glandular ; archegonia and antheridia borne on lower surface, antheridia 3-celled.

Genera ca. 40, species perhaps 500 (7 genera, 25 species in the flora ) : worldwide, especially tropics and subtropics.

Genera in this family are variously circumscribed, and the New World species historically were placed in the single genus Polypodium . Many of the segregates recognized here are still placed in Polypodium in recent floristic accounts. Limits of genera in both Old World and New World are controversial and are currently under study by several workers.[1]

Genus Campyloneurum

Plants epiphytic. Stems short- to long-creeping, branched, 2--10 mm diam., sometimes whitish pruinose ; scales brown, ovate , often clathrate, entire. Leaves monomorphic , tufted , conspicuously narrowed to tip , to 150 cm. Petiole absent or present, articulate to stem. Blade linear to lanceolate or elliptic , simple , glabrous , sparsely scaly , margins entire; scales clathrate, basifixed . Primary veins connected by 1--several secondary veins (cross veins), forming 1--several areoles between each pair of primary veins, areoles with 1--4 excurrent veinlets , sometimes these excurrent veinlets dividing areoles completely. Sori in 1--10 rows between midrib and margin, terminal on included veinlets, discrete, round; indument absent. Spores verrucose to nearly psilate . x = 37.

Species ca. 25--50: tropical , North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America.[2]

Physical Description

Species Campyloneurum phyllitidis

Stems short-creeping, 4--10 mm diam. Leaves few to many, erect to arching . Petiole essentially absent to ca. 9 cm. Blade yellowish green, linear to linear-elliptic, 24--140 × 3--12 cm, leathery; base attenuate; margins entire to slightly undulate ; apex acute (sometimes forked ). Veins obvious, primary veins ± prominent , straight to slightly curved , areoles in 7--16(--18) series between costa and margin, with free included veinlets , a percurrent veinlet often dividing some areoles further. Sori in several rows on each side of costa. 2 n = 148. [source]

Habit: Forb/herb

Flowers: Flower Color: inconspicuous, none

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 18-24" tall.

Habitat

Epiphytic in hammocks and swamps ; sometimes on walls in limestone sinkholes where it is reduced in size; substrate circumneutral to subacid; 0 m [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,936 meters (0 to 16,194 feet).[4]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Partial to Full Shade.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Taxonomy

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Unambiguous Synonyms

  1. Campyloneurum Phyllitidus
  2. Polypodium latum (T. Moore) T. Moore Ex Sodiro
  3. Polypodium phyllitidis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1083. 1753
  4. Polypodium phyllitidis var. latum (T. Moore) Proctor


Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000.

Place of publication : Tent. pterid. 190. 1836.

Name verified on 20-Mar-1995 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 09-Apr-1997.

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Campyloneurum

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 91 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

C. abruptum · C. acrocarpon · C. aglaeolepis · C. aglaolepis · C. amphostenom · C. amphostenon · C. anetioides · C. angustifolium (Narrow-Leaf Strap Fern) · C. angustifolium var. amphostenon · C. angustifolium var. ensifolium · C. angustipaleatum · C. aphanophlebium · C. asplundii · C. augustifolium · C. augustifolium var. augustifolium · C. augustifolium var. ensifolium · C. austrobrasilianum · C. brevifolium · C. caespitosum · C. caudatum · C. centrobrasilianum · C. chlorolepalsis · C. chlorolepis · C. chlorolepsis · C. coarctatum · C. cochense · C. cooperi · C. costatum (Tailed Strap Fern) · C. cubense · C. decurrens · C. densifolium · C. difforme · C. ensifolium · C. falcoideum · C. fallax · C. fasciale · C. fendleri · C. fuscosquamatum · C. gracile · C. herbaceum · C. heterolepis · C. immersum · C. inflatum · C. irregulare · C. jalapense · C. lapathifolium · C. latum (Wide Strap Fern) · C. leuconeuron · C. levigatum · C. lindigii · C. lorentzii · C. lucidum · C. magnificum · C. major · C. minus · C. multipunctatum · C. nitidissimum · C. nitidissimum var. latior · C. nitidum · C. occultum · C. oellgaardii · C. ophiocaulon · C. oxypholis · C. pascoense · C. philliditis (Florida Strap Fern) · C. phyllitidis (Long Strap Fern) · C. phyllitidis var. costatum · C. pittieri · C. repens (Creeping Strapfern) · C. rigidum · C. serpentinum · C. solutum · C. sp · C. sp1 · C. sp2 · C. sp3 · C. sp4 · C. sphenodes · C. sphenoides · C. sublucidum · C. taeniosum · C. tenuipes · C. trichiatum · C. tucumanense · C. vexatum · C. vulpinum · C. wacketii · C. werckeli · C. wercklei · C. wurdackii · C. xalapense

More Info

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Further Reading

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  • Eaton, A. A. 1906. Pteridophytes observed during three excursions into southern Florida. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 33: 455--486.
  • Lellinger, D. B. 1988. Some new species of Campyloneurum and a provisional key to the genus. Amer. Fern J. 78: 14--34.

    • Notes

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    Contributors

    Data Sources

    Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 01, 2008:

    Identifiers

    Footnotes

    1. Alan R. Smith "Polypodiaceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
    2. Clifton E. Nauman "Campyloneurum". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
    3. "Campyloneurum phyllitidis". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
    4. Mean = 362.620 meters (1,189.698 feet), Standard Deviation = 1,038.080 based on 925 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
    Last Revised: 2009-08-01