Campanula divaricata

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Campanulaceae

The Campanulaceae are herbs, shrubs , or rarely small trees comprising about 70 genera and 2,000 species usually with milky sap . The leaves are nearly always alternate and simple ; stipules are absent The flowers are bisexual , and actinomorphic in the subfamily Campanuloideae but zygomorphic in the Lobelioideae. The perianth and androecium are usually 5-merous, sometimes 3-10-merous. The calyx and corolla each consist of connate segments. The stamens equal the number of corolla lobes , alternate with them, and are adnate to the extreme base of the corolla or epigynous zone or more commonly arise from the annular epigynous nectary disk; the filaments are distinct and the anthers are introrse and only weakly connivent around the style in the Campanuloideae but in the lobelioideae the introrse anthers and also often the filaments are firmly connate. The gynoecium consists of a single compound pistil of usually 2 carpels and locules with numerous axile ovules in the subfamily Lobelioideae but usually consists of 3-5 carpels and locules with numerous axile ovules in the subfamily Campanuloideae. The single style commonly has a number of lobes or stigmas equal to the number of carpels. The ovary is nearly always inferior and is generally crowned with an epigynous annular nectary disk. The fruit is usually a capsule or berry. -- Gerald Carr.

Genus Campanula

Plants perennial or annual , erect trailing or decumbent , glabrous , pubescent , or hirsute . Leaves simple , alternate or forming rosettes at the base . Inflorescence 1-many flowered, with racemes or spikes. Flowers blue to purple or white. Sepals 5, with or without reflexed appendages between lobes ; calyx tube adnate to the ovary, segments 5-lobed. Corolla campanulate , funnel-shaped or tubular . Stamens 5, free , filaments dilated at the base. Ovary 3-locular; style cylindrical; stigmas 3. Fruit a capsule, elongated to ovoid , obovoid or round , with membran¬ous walls; dehiscence by irregular pores at the bases or the sides. Seeds minute, numerous .

A genus of over 300 species, mostly in the temperate regions . Represented in Pakistan by c.15 species.[1]

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,737 meters (0 to 15,541 feet).[2]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 12-15" apart.

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b. (map)

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Campanula flexuosa Michx.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 13-Jun-2008

Similar Species

Members of the genus Campanula

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 219 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

C. alliariifolia (Ivory Bells) · C. alpestris (Alpine Bellflower) · C. angustiflora (Eastwood's Bellflower) · C. aparinoides (Bedstraw Bellflower) · C. arvatica (Campanula) · C. aucheri (Bellflower) · C. aurita (Yukon Bellflower) · C. barbata (Bearded Bellflower) · C. betulifolia (Birch-Leaved Bellflower) · C. bononiensis (European Bellflower) · C. californica (Swamp Bellflower) · C. carnica (Bellflower) · C. carpatica (Carpathian Bellflower) · C. carpatica 'Blue Clips' (Carpathian Bellflower) · C. carpatica f. alba 'Weisse Clips' (White Clips Carpathian Harebell) · C. carpatica 'White Clips' (Carpathian Bellflower) · C. carpatica 'Alba' (Carpathian Bellflower) · C. carpatica 'China Cup' (Carpathian Bellflower) · C. carpatica 'China Doll' (Carpathian Bellflower) · C. carpatica 'Deep Blue Clips' (Carpathian Bellflower) · C. carpatica 'Pearl Deep Blue' (Carpathian Bellflower) · C. carpatica 'Pearl White' (Carpathian Bellflower) · C. carpatica 'Peter Nix' (Carpathian Bellflower) · C. carpatica 'Thor Pedo' (Carpathian Bellflower) · C. carpatica 'Ultra' (Carpathian Bellflower) · C. carpatica 'White Star' (Carpathian Bellflower) · C. cashmeriana (Kashmir Bellflower) · C. cashmeriana 'Blue Cloud' (Kashmir Bellflower) · C. cenisia (Mt. Cenis Bellflower) · C. chamissonis (Dasyantha) · C. chamissonis 'Oyobenii' (Dasyantha) · C. cochlearifolia (Earleaf Bellflower) · C. cochlearifolia 'Bavarian Blue' (Earleaf Bellflower) · C. cochlearifolia 'Bavarian White' (Earleaf Bellflower) · C. cochlearifolia 'Elizabeth Oliver' (Earleaf Bellflower) · C. cochleariifolia 'Bavaria Blue' (Bavaria Blue Dwarf Bellflower) · C. collina (Blue Dwarf Bellflower) · C. divaricata (Panicled Bellflower) · C. elatines var. fenestrellata (Bellflower) · C. elatinoides (Bellflower) · C. excisa (Bellflower) · C. exigua (Chaparral Bellflower) · C. floridana (Florida Bellflower) · C. formanekiana (Bellflower) · C. formanekiana 'Pkmfor168' (Macedonian Harebell 'pkmfor168') · C. garganica (Adriatic Bellflower) · C. garganica 'Backhouse' (Adriatic Bellflower 'backhouse') · C. garganica 'Dickson's Gold' (Dickson's Gold Adriatic Bellflower) · C. garganica 'Hirsuta' (Adriatic Bellflower) · C. gieseckiana groenlandica (Gieseck's Bellflower) · C. gieseckiana subsp. groenlandica (Greenland Bellflower) · C. glomerata (Clustered Bellflower) · C. glomerata 'Crown of Snow' (Clustered Bellflower) · C. glomerata 'Acaulis' (Clustered Bellflower) · C. glomerata 'Alba' (Clustered Bellflower) · C. glomerata 'Caroline' (Clustered Bellflower) · C. glomerata 'Joan Elliott' (Clustered Bellflower) · C. glomerata'Joan Elliot' (Clustered Bellflower) · C. glomerata 'Purple Pixie' (Clustered Bellflower) · C. glomerata 'Superba' (Clustered Bellflower) · C. griffinii (Griffin's Bellflower) · C. groenlandica (Greenland Bellflower) · C. grossekii (Bellflower) · C. hawkinsiana (Bellflower) · C. incurva (Bellflower) · C. isophylla (Falling Stars) · C. isophylla Starina Bicolor Star = 'Camp Bulewhit' (Italian Bellflower [starina Bicolor Star]) · C. isophylla 'Mayi' (Falling Stars) · C. kemulariae (Bellflower) · C. kolenatiana (Bellflower) · C. lactiflora 'Dwarf Pink' (Milky Bellflower) · C. lactiflora 'Loddon Anna' (Milky Bellflower) · C. lactiflora 'Pritchards Variety' (Milky Bellflower) · C. lanata (Woolly Bellflower) · C. lasiocarpa (Common Alaska Harebell) · C. latifolia (Giant Bellflower) · C. latifolia var. macrantha (Wide-Leaved Bellflower) · C. latifolia 'Brantwood' (Wide-Leaved Bellflower) · C. latifolia 'Eriocarpa' (Wide-Leaved Bellflower) · C. latifolia 'Gloaming' (Wide-Leaved Bellflower) · C. latiloba 'Faichem Lilac' (Bellflower) · C. latiloba 'Splash' (Bellflower) · C. ledebouriana (Bellflower) · C. linarioides (Tuffybells) · C. longistyla 'Isabella' (Compact Lavender Bellflower) · C. lusitanica (Bellflower) · C. makaschvilii (Bellflower) · C. medium (Canterbury Bellflower) · C. medium 'Alba' (Canterbury Bells) · C. medium 'Caerulea' (Blue Cup And Saucer) · C. medium 'Calycanthema Double Mix' (Canterbury Bells) · C. medium 'Calycanthema Mix' (Canterbury Bells Cup And Saucer) · C. medium 'Champion Blue' (Canterbury Bells) · C. medium 'Chelsea Pink' (Canterbury Bells) · C. medium 'Cup and Saucer' (Canterbury Bells) · C. medium 'Pkmm01' (Bellflower 'pkmm01') · C. medium 'Rosea' (Canterbury Bells) · C. mirabilis (Campanula) · C. morettiana (Campanula) · C. ochroleuca (Bellflower)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A guide to the wild flowers Toronto: McLelland, Goodchild & Steward, c1899. url .
• A guide to the wild flowers by Alice Lounsberry; with sixty four coloured and one hundred black-and-white plates and fifty-four diagrams by Ellis Rowan; with an introduction by N.L. Britton. Toronto: W. Briggs, c1899. url .
• A guide to the wild flowers, by Alice Lounsberry. With sixty-four coloured and one hundred black-and-white plates and fifty-four diagrams by Mrs. Ellis Rowan; with an introduction by Dr. N.L. Britton... New York, Frederick A. Stokes company[1899] url p. 205.
• An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British possessions: from Newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia and from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the 102nd meridian / by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Hon. Addison Brown. New York: Scribner, 1913. url p. 294, p. 297.
• Britton, N. L. (ed.). North American flora. [New York]New York Botanical Garden. url p. 653, p. 870.
• Bulletin of the Essex Institute. Salem, Mass., Essex Institute. url p. 92.
• Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 27 1900 New York: Torrey Botanical Club, 1870-1996 url p. 340, p. 475.
• Bulletin. Salem, Mass. url p. 92.
• Chapman, A. W. Flora of the southern United States:containing abridged descriptions of the flowering plants and ferns of Tennessee, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida: arranged according to the natural system /By A. W. Chapman, the ferns by Prof. Daniel C. Eaton. 1860 N. Y.: Ivison, Phinney, 1860. url p. 256.
• Class book of botany. Being outlines of the structure, physiology and classification of plants. With a flora of all parts of the United States and Canada. By Alphonso Wood. .. New York, A.S. Barnes & Burr;1860. url p. 97.
• Class-book of botany: being outlines of the structure, physiology and classification of plants; with a flora of the United States and Canada. New York, A.S. Barnes & Burr, 1861. url p. 97.
• Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 6 1901 Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1890- url p. 748.
• Exercises in botany for the Pacific states / by Volney Rattan. San Francisco: Whitaker & Ray, 1897. url p. 97.
• Field and forest. [Washington: Columbia Press, 1875-1878]. url p. 82.
• Flora of Indiana, by Charles C. Deam. Indianapolis, Wm. B. Burford printing co., contractor for state printing and binding, 1940. url p. 1094.
• Flora of West Virginia, by Charles Frederick Millspaugh and Lawrence William Nuttall. 1 1896 Chicago, 1896. url p. 229, p. 74.
• Flora of West Virginia. Charleston, W. Va., M.W. Donnally, 1892. url p. 399.
• Flora of the Southern United States: containing an abridged description of the flowering plants and ferns of Tennessee, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida: arranged according to the natural system. New York, Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor & Co., [c1883] url .
• Garden and forest; a journal of horticulture, landscape art and forestry. New York: The Garden and forest publishing co., 1888-97. url p. 31.
• Gray's lessons in botany and vegetable physiology, illus. by over 360 wood engravings, from original drawings, by Isaac Sprague. To which is added a copious glossary, or dictionary of botanical terms. By Asa Gray. Chicago, Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor & co.[1868] url p. 244.
• Gray's new manual of botany, a handbook of the flowering plants and ferns of the central and northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, rearranged and extensively revised by Benjamin Lincoln Robinson. .. and Merritt Lyndon Fernald. .. New York, Cincinnati [etc.]American Book Co.[c1908] url p. 766.
• Gray's new manual of botany: a handbook of the flowering plants and ferns of the central and northeastern United States and adjacent Canada / Asa Gray; rearranged and extensively revised by Benjamin Lincoln Robinson and Merritt Lyndon Fernald. New York: American Book Company, c1908. url p. 766.
• Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. Chapel Hill, N.C. [etc.]Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society [etc.] url p. 145, p. 145.
• Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science. Lexington, KY: The Academy, 1998- url p. 126, p. 56, p. 60.
• Journal of the New York Botanical Garden. 35 1934 Lancaster, Pa.: Published for the Garden by the New Era Printing Co., 1900- url p. 138, p. 18, p. 291, p. 84.
• Leaves and flowers; or, Object lessons in botany. With a flora. Prepared for beginners in academies and public schools. By Alphonso Wood, with 665 illustrations. New York, Barnes;1874. url p. 53.
• Lessons in the structure, life, and growth of plants, for schools and academies / by Alfonso Wood; revised and edited by Oliver R. Willis. New York: American Book Company, 1889. url p. 43.
• List of Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta growing without cultivation in northeastern North America. Prepared by a Committee of the Botanical Club, American Association for the Advancement of Science. New York, 1894. url p. 309.
• Lists of plant types for landscape planting; the materials of planting for ornament listed according to their various uses, by Stephen F. Hamblin. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1923. url , p. 146.
• Manual of the botany of the northern United States: including the district east of the Mississippi and north of North Carolina and Tennessee, arranged according to the natural system / by Asa Gray. New York: Ivison, Phinney, Blakeman, 1868, c1867. url p. 285, p. 285.
• Manual of the flora of the northern states and Canada / by Nathaniel Lord Britton. New York: Holt, 1905. url p. 884, p. 885.
• Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club. 4 1893 Durham, N.C.: Published for the Club by the Seeman Printery, 1889- url p. 134, p. 29.
• National list of scientific plant names. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1982- url p. 72.
• New manual of botany. A handbook of the flowering plants and ferns of the central and northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, rearr. and extensively rev. by Benjamin Lincoln Robinson and Merritt Lyndon Fernald. New YorkAmerican Book Co.[c1908] url p. 766.
• Part I. The living flora of West Virginia, by C. F. Millspaugh. Part II. The fossil flora of West Virginia, by David White. Wheeling, Wheeling news litho. co., 1913 url p. 17, p. 364.
• Phytologia memoirs. Plainfield, N.J.: H.N. Moldenke and A.L. Moldenke, 1980- url p. 511.
• Plant life of Alabama, an account of the distribution, modes of association, and adaptations of the flora of Alabama, together with a systematic catalogue of the plants growing in the state. By Charles Mohr. .. Montgomery, Ala., Brown printing co., 1901. url p. 63, p. 748, p. 93, p. 94.
• Plant life of Alabama. An account of the distribution, modes of association, and adaptations of the flora of Alabama, together with a systematic catalogue of the plants growing in the state. Prepared in cooperationwith the Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1901. url .
• Plant life of Alabama: an account of the distribution, modes of association, and adaptations of the flora of Alabama, together with a systematic catalogue of the plants growing in the state / by Charles Mohr. Montgomery, Ala.: Brown Printing Co., 1901. url p. 748, p. 93.
• Preliminary catalogue of the flora of West Virginia. [Chicago?]1892 url p. 399.
• Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. Washington, Biological Society of Washington url p. 179, p. 179, p. 202, p. 202.
• Publication. Field Columbian Museum. Chicago.: Field Columbian Museum, 1895-1909. url p. 229.
• Scientific papers of Asa Gray, selected by Charles Sprague Sargent. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin, 1889. url p. 43, p. 43.
• South Carolina. Resources and population. Institutions and industries. Pub. by the State Board of Agriculture of South Carolina. Charleston, S.C.: Walker, Evans & Cogswell, printers, 1883. url p. 329.
• Synoptical flora of North America. New York, Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor, and Co. [etc., etc.]1878-1884. url , p. 13, p. 13.
• Synoptical flora of North America: the Gamopetalæ, being a second edition of vol. I, part II, and vol. II, part I, collected. London, Iverson, Blakeman, Taylor, and Company;1886. url .
• The American botanist and florist, including lessons in the structure, life growth of plants, together with a simple analytical flora, descriptive of the native and cultivated plants growing in the Atlantic division of the American uni New York, Barnes[n.d.] url p. 36.
• The American botanist and florist: including lessons in the structure, life, and growth of plants: together with a simple analytical flora, descriptive of the native and cultivated plants growing in the Atlantic division of the Americ by Alphonso Wood. New York: A. S. Barnes, 1877, c1870. url p. 36.
• The American florist: a weekly journal for the trade. Chicago: American Florist Company, [1885-1931] url p. 383.
• The American journal of science and arts. New-Haven: S. Converse, url p. 22, p. 45.
• The American journal of science. 42 1842 New Haven, Kline Geology Laboratory, Yale University. url p. 22, p. 45.
• The Cincinnatus. Cincinnati: Applegate and Co., 1857- url p. 410.
• The Florists' exchange: a weekly medium of interchange for florists, nurserymen, seedsmen and the trade in general. New York, N.Y.: [A.T. De la Mare Ptg. and Pub. Co., url p. 1269.
• The Garden: an illustrated weekly journal of gardening in all its branches. London: [s.n., url p. 106, p. 493.
• The London journal of botany: containing figures and descriptions of such plants as recommend themselves by their novelty, rarity, history, or uses: together with botanical notices and information and and occasional portraits and memoirs of eminent botanists. 1 1842 London: H. Baillie?re, 1842-1848. url p. 229.
• The Tennessee flora; with special reference to the flora of Nashville. Phænogams and vascular cryptogams. By August Gattinger. Nashville, Tenn.The author, 1887. url p. 10.
• The flora of Tennessee and a philosophy of botany: respectfully dedicated to the citizens of Tennessee / by Augustin Gattinger. Nashville: Press of Gospel Advocate Pub. Co., 1901. url p. 159, p. 19.
• The flora of the metamorphic region of Alabama / by F.S. Earle. Montgomery, Ala.: Brown Printing Co., 1902. url p. 108.
• Torreya. Burlington, Vt., Torrey Botanical Club, 1901-1945. url p. 58.
• Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of Science. [Lexington, Ky.]Kentucky Academy of Science, 1923-1997. url p. 197.

Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 21, 2007:

• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2656561
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Kew-364504
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13748192
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:140221-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 427974
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 34482
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 140221-1
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDCAM02090
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: MYDI2
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 25621

Footnotes

1. E. Nasir "Campanula". in Flora of Pakistan . Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Mean = 426.980 meters (1,400.853 feet), Standard Deviation = 348.500 based on 414 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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