Camellia japonica (April Tryst Spring Blooming Camellia)

Overview

Camellia. <em>Camellia japonica</em> Camellia japonica king size

Rose-red, single, medium-sized bloom . Glossy, deep green foliage . Excellent form and growth habit. This is a good example of a showy cultivar but it does not reveal the normal floral features.

Interesting Facts

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Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in Chinese:

Shan Cha

Common Names in Danish:

ægte Kamelia, Kamelia

Common Names in English:

April Tryst Spring Blooming Camellia, April Tryst Spring-Blooming Camellia, Bette Sette Common Camellia, Bette Sette Japanese Camellia, Camellia, Camellia 'chandleri Elegans', Camellia 'nuccio's Pearl', Common Camellia, Japanese Camellia

Common Names in Estonian:

Jaapani Kameelia

Common Names in French:

Camélia, Camélia Du Japon, Rose Du Japon

Common Names in German:

Japanische Kamelie, Kamelie

Common Names in Informal Latinized N:

Camellia

Common Names in Japanese:

Housan Tsubaki, taiwan Yama Tsubaki, tsubaki, yabu Tsubaki, Yama Tsubaki

Common Names in Polish:

Kamelia Japonska

Common Names in Portuguese:

Camélia, Rosa-Do-Japão

Common Names in Russian:

Kameliia Iaponskaia

Common Names in Spanish:

Camelia

Common Names in Swedish:

Tebuske

Description

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Family Theaceae

Shrubs or trees , evergreen or rarely deciduous, usually bisexual , rarely dioecious (Eurya) or androdioecious (Ternstroemia) . Stipules absent. Leaves simple , alternate, petiolate or rarely sessile; leaf blade secondary veins pinnate, margin usually serrate or rarely entire. Flowers axillary or subterminal , solitary or sometimes to 3(-10 or more) in a cluster or raceme , pedicellate or subsessile . Bracteoles 2-8 or rarely more, persistent or caducous , sometimes undifferentiated from sepals. Sepals 5(or 6) or rarely more, persistent. Corolla white, red, or yellow; petals 5 or rarely more, basally connate or rarely distinct , adnate to androecium. Stamens numerous , in 1-6 whorls; outer filaments basally ± connate; anthers dorsifixed or basifixed , 2-loculed, laterally and longitudinally dehiscent . Gynoecium 3-5-carpellate. Carpels connate or rarely incompletely connate to nearly distinct. Ovary superior, rarely half inferior, 3-5-loculed, placentation axile or rarely nearly basal; ovules 2-5(to ca. 100) or more per locule; styles distinct to basally connate, rarely completely united . Fruit a loculicidal capsule or indehiscent and drupaceous or baccate , with 1 to many seeds per locule; pericarp woody, leathery, or fleshy ; columella persistent or ± degenerating. Seeds globose , semiglobose, compressed oblong , ovoid , or reniform , winged or wingless; testa bony, leathery, or sometimes with a fleshy red outer layer or sarcotesta (in Anneslea and Ternstroemia), smooth or honeycombed ; hilum umbilicate or linear ; endosperm present or absent; embryo large or small; cotyledons fleshy or thin.

About 19 genera and 600 species: tropical and subtropical Africa, tropical America, E, S, and SE Asia, SE North America, Pacific islands; 12 genera (two endemic) and 274 species (204 endemic) in China.

The greatest species diversity of Theaceae is in S China and adjacent SE Asia.

The two subfamilies of Theaceae used here are sometimes treated as separate families (Theaceae and Ternstroemiaceae) .

[1]

Genus Camellia

Shrubs or small trees , rarely large trees, evergreen . Leaves petiolate or rarely sessile and amplexicaul ; leaf blade leathery to thinly leathery, margin serrate, serrulate , or rarely entire. Flowers axillary or subterminal , solitary or rarely to 3 in a cluster . In C. subg. Thea flowers clearly pedicellate ; bracteoles differentiated from sepals, 2-10, spirally arranged , persistent or caducous ; sepals 5(or 6), persistent, distinct or basally connate . In C. subg. Camellia flowers apparently sessile, actually with a short stout pedicel completely covered by bracteoles and sepals at anthesis ; bracteoles and sepals not differentiated, ca. 10, caducous or persistent. Petals 5-8(-12), white, red, or yellow, basally ± connate. Stamens numerous , in 2-6 whorls; outer filament whorl basally ± connate into a tube and adnate to petals; anthers dorsifixed , 2-loculed, longitudinally and laterally cleft . Ovary superior, 3-5-loculed, placentation axile . Capsule globose or oblate , 3-5-loculed, sometimes reduced to 1- or 2-loculed by abortion , loculicidal into (1-) 3-5 valves from apex; columella persistent or lacking. Seeds globose, semiglobose, or polygonal; testa hornlike; hilum umbilicate ; cotyledons full and fleshy with high oil content; endosperm absent.

About 120 species: Bhutan, Cambodia, China, NE India, Indonesia, S Japan, S Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam; 97 species (76 endemic) in China.

Some of the varieties of Camellia used in this treatment may represent extremes in a range of variation that in reality is continuous and would be better treated by just describing the pattern of variation within an overall species. Additional study may show that fewer varieties are justified in being recognized than are represented in the present treatment.

The main economic value of Camellia is the production of tea made from the young leaves of C. sinensis var. sinensis and C. sinensis var. assamica. The next most economically important species is C. oleifera which has the longest history of cultivation and utilization in China for oil, used primarily in cooking, extracted from its seeds. Other species used locally for seed oil production include C. chekiangoleosa, C. drupifera, and C. reticulata.

Camellia species are of great ornamental value, especially C. japonica, C. reticulata, and C. sasanqua Thunberg, with by far the greatest number of named cultivars being those of C. japonica, although many other species have ornamental potential. Other species have been used ornamentally for hybridization, particularly with C. japonica, to incorporate desirable characteristics such as the yellow petal color of C. petelotii, the frost hardiness of C. oleifera, or the fragrance of C. grijsii and C. lutchuensis. The species C. hiemalis Nakai, C. maliflora Lindley, C. rosiflora Hooker, C. sasanqua, and C. uraku Kitamura were treated in FRPS (49(3) . 1998) but occur in China only as cultivated plants and are therefore not treated here.[2]

Physical Description

Species Camellia japonica

Shrubs or trees , 1.5-6(-11) m tall. Young branches grayish brown; current year branchlets purplish brown, glabrous . Petiole 5-10 mm, glabrous or adaxially pubescent ; leaf blade broadly elliptic , elliptic, or oblong-elliptic, 5-10.5(-12) × 2.5-6(-7) cm, leathery, abaxially pale green and brown glandular punctate , adaxially dark green, both surfaces glabrous, midvein yellowish green, thick, and elevated on both surfaces, secondary veins 6-9 on each side of midvein, slender, and visible on both surfaces, base cuneate to broadly cuneate, margin serrulate , apex shortly acuminate and with an obtuse tip . Flowers axillary or subterminal , solitary or paired , 6-10 cm in diam., subsessile . Bracteoles and sepals ca. 9, green at anthesis ; outer 4 bracteoles and sepals lunate to semiorbicular, 2-5 mm, glabrous, subglabrous, or grayish white velutinous ; inner bracteoles and sepals green, persistent to young fruit, orbicular to broadly ovate , 1-2 cm, thinly leathery, both surfaces grayish white velutinous or subglabrous, margin membranous. Petals 6 or 7 but often more for cultivars, rose or white, obovate to broadly obovate, 3-4.5 × 1.5-2.5 cm, apex emarginate ; inner 5 petals basally connate for 0.5-1.5 cm. Stamens 2.5-3.5 cm, glabrous; outer filament whorl basally connate for 1.5-2.5 cm. Gynoecium ca. 3 cm, glabrous. Ovary ovoid , 3-loculed; style ca. 2.8 cm, apically 3-lobed. Capsule globose , 2.5-4.5 cm in diam., 3-loculed with 1 or 2 seeds per locule; pericarp 5-8 mm thick when dry, woody. Seeds brown, semiglobose to globose, 1-2 cm in diam., glabrous. Fl. Jan-Mar, fr. Sep-Oct. 2n = 30, 45, 75. [source]

Habit: Evergreen .

Flowers: Bright red, anemone-form flowers. Blooms in spring . • Bloom Period: January, February, March. • Flower Color: mauve , red, rose • Flower Conspicuous: Rosette, white and variegated blooms , too

Foliage: Leathery, glossy • Foliage Shape: Elliptic • Normal foliage color: Green • Underside foliage: Green • Juvenile foliage: Green • Mature foliage: Green • New foliage: Green • Spring foliage: Green • Summer foliage: Green • Fall foliage: Green • Winter foliage: Green

Size/Age/Growth

Growth Rate: Moderate. • Size: 4-6' tall.

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: Foundation. Border . • Care: Follow a regular watering schedule during the first growing season to establish a deep, extensive root system . Provide well drained soil, rich in organic matter. Feed with an acid fertilizer after bloom . Keep roots cool with a thick layer of mulch.

Habitat

Forests ; 300-1100 m [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,212 meters (0 to 13,819 feet).[4]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 36-48" apart.

Soil: Organic , well-drained soil. • Minimum pH: 5.6 • Maximum pH: 6.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Moisture: Water Requirements: Water regularly, when top 3 in. of soil is dry.

Temperature: Heat Zones: High: 10 (>150 to 180 days) Low:3 (>7 to 14 days) (map) • Cold Hardiness: 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Asteridae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Theanae () - Thorne Ex Reveal, 1993
        Order: Ericales () - Dumortier, 1829
        Family: Theaceae () - Mirb. ex Ker Gawl., 1816, nom. cons. - tea
        Tribe: Theeae ()
        Genus: Camellia () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - Camellia
        Specific epithet: japonica - Champ.
        Botanical name: - Camellia japonica Champ.

Synonyms

Camellia japonica H. Lév. • Thea japonica (L.) Baill.

Notes

Publishing author : Champ. Publication : Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: 309 1851

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Camellia

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 290 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

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The anthocyanin pigments of plants. By Muriel Wheldale. Cambridge, University Press, 1916. url p. 191, p. 307.
The beautiful flower garden, its treatment with special regard for the picturesque. Written and embellished with numerous illustrations by F. Schuyler Mathews. With notes on practical floriculture by A.H. Fewkes. PhiladelphiaW.A. Burpee1909 url p. 187.
The complete garden, by Albert D. Taylor, assisted by Gordon D. Cooper. Illustrated with fifty full page cuts, four line charts, and nine coloured plates. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, Page, 1921. url p. 306, p. 306, p. 308, p. 308, p. 320, p. 320, p. 324, p. 324, p. 329, p. 329, p. 388, p. 388.
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The farmer's and the planter's encyclopædia of rural affairs; Philadelphia, Lippincott, Grambo & co., 1851. url p. 250.
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The flora of British India /By J. D. Hooker assisted by various botanists. Published under the authority of the secretary of state for India in council. 1 1875 London: L. Reeve, 1875-97. url p. 282, p. 282.
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The identification of trees & shrubs; how to recognize, without previous knowledge of botany, wild or garden trees and shrubs native to the north temperate zone, with 2, 500 diagrams made by the author. New York, Dutton[1937] url p. 158, p. 93.
The industries of Japan: together with an account of its agriculture, forestry, arts and commerce / J.J. Rein. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1889. url p. 111, p. 145, p. 150, p. 152, p. 225, p. 256, p. 273, p. 276, p. 277, p. 337.
The journal of forestry and estates management. London: W. Rider, 1878-1883. url p. 523.
The journal of the Horticultural Society of London. London, [England]: Published for the Society, by Longman and Co., 1846-1855. url p. 237.
The ladies' companion to the flower-garden: being an alphabetical arrangement of all the ornamental plants usually grown in gardens and shrubberies, with full directions for their culture / by Mrs. Loudon. London: Bradbury & Evans, 1858. url p. 50.
The mutation theory; experiments and observations on the origin of species in the vegetable kingdom, by Hugo de Vries. .. tr. by Prof. J. B. Farmer and A. D. Darbishire. .. Chicago, Open Court Publishing Company; [etc., etc.]1909-10. url , , p. 12, p. 14, p. 318, p. 320.
The open door to independence; making money from the soil; what to do--how to do, on city lots, suburban grounds, country farms, together with outline maps of all parts of the United States, irrigated regions, climates, cities, vil Chicago, Hill standard book company, 1915. url p. 290.
The parks and gardens of Paris, considered in relation to the wants of other cities and of the public and private gardens; being notes on a study of Paris gardens. By W. Robinson. London, Macmillan, 1878. url p. 242.
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The standard cyclopedia of horticulture; a discussion, for the amateur, and the professional and commercial grower, of the kinds, characteristics and methods of cultivation of the species of plants grown in the regions of the United States a Illustrated with colored plates, four thousand engravings in the text, and ninety-six full-page cuts. New York, Macmillan, 1919 [c1914] url p. 1182, p. 1511, p. 1610, p. 2697, p. 2698, p. 2704, p. 376, p. 641.
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Notes

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Contributors

Behnke Nurseries, Potomac MD USA
Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed March 27, 2012.
"Camellia japonica". in Flora of China Vol. 12 Page 367, 403, 404, 405. Published by Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 14, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 14 providers.
Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Dec 27, 2011.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 26, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 14, 2007:

GBIF-Spain, Dirección General de Investigación, Desarrollo Tecnológico e Innovación de la Junta de Extremadura(DGIDTI): HSS
Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
National Herbarium of New South Wales, NSW herbarium collection
National Institute of Genetics, ROIS, Herbarium Specimens of Museum of Nature and Human Activities, Hyogo Pref., Japan
Taiwan Biodiversity Information Facility, Magnoliophyta
UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2670149
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-506117
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13763765
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:828524-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 8711
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 506117
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 828523-1
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDTHC08010
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: CAJA9
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 27499

Footnotes

Tianlu Min & Bruce Bartholomew "Theaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 12 Page 364, 365, 366. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
"Camellia". in Flora of China Vol. 12 Page 366, 367. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
"Camellia japonica". in Flora of China Vol. 12 Page 367, 403, 404, 405. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 555.680 meters (1,823.097 feet), Standard Deviation = 1,347.840 based on 25 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Camellia japonica

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Theaceae

Genus Camellia

Physical Description

Species Camellia japonica

Size/Age/Growth

Landscaping

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Camellia

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes