Calluna vulgaris (Heather)

Overview

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Ling, Ashdown Forest, England. 4 Aug. 2001

Interesting Facts

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Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in English:

Heather, Heather Flower, Ling, Red-Heath, Scotch Heather, Scots Heather

Common Names in Romanian:

Martaloaga

Common Names in Spanish:

Biercol

Description

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Family Ericaceae

Plants usually woody, or herbs, sometimes lacking chlorophyll. Leaves spiral , sometimes decussate, margin often toothed . Inflorescence racemose; bracteoles paired , basal. Flowers (4 or) 5-merous. Calyx imbricate. Corolla connate , imbricate. Stamens 10, sometimes with spurs or awns , dehiscing by pores , pollen in tetrads , rarely single. Ovary superior or inferior, placentation axile , rarely parietal , often many ovules per locule. Style ± as long as corolla, slender. Fruit a capsule or berry, rarely a drupe; calyx persistent.

About 125 genera and 4000 species: widely distributed in temperate and subarctic regions, also at high elevations in tropical regions ; 22 genera and 826 species (524 endemic) in China.

The Monotropoideae are here included in the Ericaceae; previously in FRPS (56: 157 216. 1990), they were treated as the Pyrolaceae. Chiogenes, recorded from China in FRPS (57(3) : 69 71. 1991), is here included in Gaultheria. Over the last half century, the Empetraceae have usually been separated from, but closely associated with, the Ericaceae. In their ecology, leaf morphology and insertion , rusts, embryology, stamen anatomy, etc. , they largely agree with that family . Molecular data place Empetrum and its relatives firmly within the Ericaceae, and in particular within the subfamily Ericoideae, in agreement with phytochemical and palynological data, and there they are best recognized as a separate tribe . There are distinctive features of the Empetreae that were responsible for their past familial status, e.g. , reduced perianth with separate members , low ovule number, enlarged stigmas, etc. However, these are likely to be derived features associated with wind pollination. See Kron et al. (Bot. Rev. 68: 335 423. 2002) and the recent treatment of the Ericaceae by Stevens et al. (in Kubitzki, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 6: 145 194. 2004) .

Several genera and many species are ornamentals . Some fruits of Vaccinium in N China are sweet and edible, but of no particular value to humans. Some species of Chamaedaphne, Craibiodendron, Leucothoë, Lyonia, Pieris, and Rhododendron contain more or less toxic diterpenes, which are harmful to humans or domestic animals.[1]

Physical Description

ID Features: Small, 4-ranked leaves forming a square-appearing shoot. Separate from Erica sp. by the bloom time; late summer for. Calluna, early spring for Erica.

Habit: A low-growing evergreen groundcover. Branching is upright and thick mats are formed. Old plants become irregular and untidy. Generally dense and compact .

Flowers: Rosy to purplish pink for species. Blooms in late summer and early autumn. Individual flowers are only 0.25" long, but are clustered in several inch . ling racemes . • Bloom Period: June, July, August, September, October, November. • Flower Color: near white, pink, purple, red, white

Seeds: Fruit: Small dehiscent capsule. Matures in October. Not an ornamental feature.

Foliage: Summer foliage: Leaves are very small, mostly 0.05" to .1" long. Evergreen . Scale-like leaves. Opposite arrangement . 4-ranked, making shoots look squarish. Medium green color. • Fall foliage: Exposure in winter makes foliage develop a bronze, yellow, reddish or. silvery cast depending on the cultivar.

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 2' to 3' tall with an equivalent spread

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: Foreground of a border . Foundation plant. For its bloom in late summer. As a groundcover. For rock gardens. • Liabilities: A difficult plant to get to survive in most landscapes. Perfect soil drainage and adequate soil moisture are required. Guaranteed to die if given too much nitrogen.

Habitat

Zone 5, warmer parts of 4.

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Full sun . Perfectly-drained, moist, acidic soil high in organic matter. Avoid high fertility at all costs. Transplant from containers . Avoid dry, windswept sites. Do not allow to dry out and do not overwater.

Soil: Minimum pH: 4.5 • Maximum pH: 6.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Magnoliopsida () - Brongniart, 1843 - Dicotyledons
        Subclass: Asteridae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Ericanae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Order: Ericales () - Dumortier, 1829
        Family: Ericaceae () - A.L. de Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. - éricacées, heaths
        Subfamily: Ericoideae ()
        Tribe: Ericeae ()
        Genus: Calluna () - R.A. Salisbury, 1802
        Specific epithet: vulgaris - (L.) Hull
        Botanical name: - Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull

Synonyms

Callitris gunnii Hook. F. • Callitris oblonga corangensis K. D. Hill • Callitris oblonga parva K. D. Hill • Frenela fruticosa Endl. • Frenela gunnii (Hook. F.) Endl. • Frenela macrostachya Knight and Perry Ex Gordon

Notes

Publishing author : Hull Publication : Brit . Fl. , ed 2 (Hull) 114 1808

Basionym author: (L.)

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Calluna

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 68 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

More Info

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Notes

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Contributors

Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 17, 2007:

GBIF-Spain, Departamento de Biolog. Veg. II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid: MAF
Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Botany registration database by Danish botanists
UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
UK National Biodiversity Network, Dorset Environmental Records Centre - Bryophyte Survey of the Poole Basin Mires - NBN South West Pilot Project Case Studies
UK National Biodiversity Network, Joint Nature Conservation Committee - Vegetation surveys of coastal shingle in Great Britain

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2649153
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-23634
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 5304283
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:134538-3
GRIN Nomen Number: 8605
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 23634
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 327304-1
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDERI06010
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: CAVU
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 27025

Footnotes

Mingyuan Fang, Ruizheng Fang, Mingyou He, Linzheng Hu, Hanbi Yang, Haining Qin, Tianlu Min, David F. Chamberlain, Peter Stevens, Gary D. Wallace & Arne Anderberg "Ericaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 14 Page 242. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]

Calluna vulgaris

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Family Ericaceae

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Members of the genus Calluna

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