Calla palustris

• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Araceae

Herbs, perennial , wetland or terrestrial , occasionally emergent or floating, [often epiphytic or climbing ], usually with milky or watery latex, rarely colored . Rhizomes, corms, or stolons present; rhizomes vertical or horizontal, creeping at or near surface , sometimes branched; corms underground, starchy; stolons at or near surface. Stems absent [sometimes aboveground or aerial ]. Cataphylls usually present. Leaves rarely solitary, alternate or clustered; petiole rarely absent, with sheathing base ; blade simple or compound [occasionally perforate ], elliptic to obovate or spatulate , occasionally sagittate-cordate, larger than 1.5 cm; venation parallel or pinnate- or palmate-netted. Inflorescences spadices, each with 3--900 usually tightly grouped, sessile flowers, subtended by spathe ; spathe rarely absent, persistent (sometimes only proximally) or deciduous, variously colored; spadix cylindric or ovoid , various parts occasionally naked or with sterile flowers. Flowers bisexual or unisexual , staminate and pistillate usually on same plants or functionally on different plants, staminate flowers distal to pistillate when unisexual; perianth absent or present; stamens 2--12, distinct or connate in synandria; ovaryies 1, 1--3(--many) -locular, sessile or embedded in spadix; styles 1; stigmas hemispheric , capitate, or discoid [sometimes strongly lobed ]. Fruits berries , distinct or connate at maturity. Seeds 1--40(--many) per berry.

Genera 105, species more than 3300 (8 genera, 10 species in the flora ; species in 10 additional genera may persist locally within flora area, see talbe 203.1) : nearly worldwide, primarily tropical regions .

Araceae are best characterized by the inflorescence, a fleshy cylindric or ovoid, unbranched spadix subtended or surrounded by a spathe. True spathes are absent in the Nearctic genus Orontium and in the Australian genus Gymnostachys. Other plant families with a compressed spadix-like inflorescence, such as Piperaceae and Cyclanthaceae, either do not have a structure equivalent to a spathe (Piperaceae) or have early-deciduous bracts (Cyclanthaceae) . Plants are usually glabrous , rarely pubescent or spiny (pubescent in Pistia) . Many Araceae exhibit typical monocotyledonous parallel leaf venation, but some genera have net leaf venation more typical of dicotyledons.

Infrafamilial classification of the Araceae is under active study. The only classification of the family to date to utilize modern phylogenetic techniques (S. J. Mayo et al. 1997) recognizes seven subfamilies, of which three are represented in native temperate North American aroid flora: Orontioideae (Orontium, Symplocarpus, Lysichiton) ; Calloideae (Calla) ; and Aroideae (Peltandra, Arisaema, and Pistia) . Acorus, a genus historically included in Araceae, is treated as a separate family in theat flora based on extensive morphologic and chemical evidence that supports its removal from Arales (M. H. Grayum 1987) .

The number of genera of Araceae occurring in temperate North America is low in comparison with other continents, and primitive taxa are disproportionately represented. Orontioideae and Calloideae, which include four of the seven native genera found in the flora area, are the basal clades within Araceae. Plants in these subfamilies possess the primitive states for many characteristics in Araceae and share few derived characteristics with other aroid genera (M. H. Grayum 1990) . The more advanced genera native to the flora area include one genus endemic to eastern North America (Peltandra), a pantropical genus with an uncertain native distribution (Pistia), and a genus clearly Eurasian in origin (Arisaema) .

Araceae contain crystals of calcium oxalate , which are often cited as causing the intense irritation experienced when handling or consuming the raw plant tissue of many genera in the family. This supposition is contradicted by the fact that although irritation generally is not produced by properly cooked plants, the crystals remain after heating. Other compounds must therefore be involved with causing this reaction. Studies of Dieffenbachia demonstrated that a proteolytic enzyme , as well as other compounds, are responsible for the severe irritation caused by this plant and that raphides of calcium oxalate do not play a major role (J. Arditti and E. Rodriguez 1982) . Whether irritation is caused by enzymes or crystals, that aspect of Araceae has resulted in aroid genera being included in many lists of poisonous plants (e.g. , K . F. Lampe and M. A. McCann 1985; G. A. Mulligan and D. B . Munro 1990; K. D. Perkins and W. W. Payne 1978) .

Despite the toxic effects of Araceae, species of several genera are cultivated as food plants, mainly as subsistence crops in tropical areas. The major edible Araceae are Colocasia esculenta and several species of Xanthosoma, grown primarily for their corms and sometimes for their leaves. Most North American species of Araceae were historically used by Native Americans, as both food and medicine (T. Plowman 1969) . The family, is currently more valued for its many ornamental species , and is the most important family in North America for indoor foliage plants (T. B. Croat 1994) . Araceae commonly grown as ornamentals in American homes include species of Aglaonema (Chinese-evergreen), Anthurium, Caladium, Dieffenbachia (dumbcane), Epipremnum (golden pothos), Philodendron, Spathiphyllum, Syngonium, and Zantedeschia (calla-lily) .

Plants of some cultivated species of Araceae escape and may persist or naturalize , especially in warmer climates. One of these species, Colocasia esculenta, is widespread enough to warrant full inclusion in the flora, but other introduced species of Araceae are very local in occurrence. Uncommon species represented by herbarium specimens or literature reports as escaped or persisting from cultivation are listed (table 203.1) with distinguishing characteristics and areas of occurrence.[1]

Genus Calla

Herbs, wetland. Rhizomes horizontal. Leaves appearing before flowers, several, emergent, arising along rhizome, also clustered terminally; petiole 1.5--2 or more times as long as blade ; blade bright green, simple , not peltate, ovate to nearly round, base cordate, apex short-acuminate to apiculate ; lateral veins parallel. Inflorescences: peduncle erect , as long as or longer than petiole, apex not swollen; spathe white, often green or partially green abaxially, not enclosing spadix; spadix cylindric. Flowers all bisexual or distal ones staminate ; perianth absent. Fruits not embedded in spadix, red. Seeds 4--9(--11), embedded in mucilage. x = 18.

Species 1: circumboreal .

Numerous cytogenetic studies have been conducted on Calla with both diploid (2n = 36) and apparently tetraploid (2n = 72) populations reported (see G. Petersen 1989). All counts from North American populations counted have a somatic number of 36 chromosomes.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Bogs , marshes, wooded swamps , and marshy shores of rivers , ponds , and lakes ; 0--900 m [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 1,526 meters (0 to 5,007 feet).[4]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 15-18" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 5.1 • Maximum pH: 6.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b. (map)

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Calla brevis (Raf.) á. Löve and D. Löve
2. Calla cordifolia Stokes
3. Calla generalis E. H. L. Krause
4. Calla ovatifolia Gilib.
5. Calla palustris forma aroiformis Asch. and Graebn.
6. Calla palustris forma gracilis Asch. and Graebn.
7. Calla palustris forma polyspathacea Vict. and J. Rousseau
8. Callaion bispatha (Raf.) Raf.
9. Callaion brevis (Raf.) Raf.
10. Callaion heterophylla (Raf.) Raf.
11. Callaion palustris (L.) Raf.
12. Dracunculus paludosus Montandon
13. Provenzalia bispatha Raf.
14. Provenzalia brevis Raf.
15. Provenzalia heterophyla Raf.
16. Provenzalia palustris (L.) Raf.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: Govaerts R., 11-Nov-2003.

Name verified on 21-Feb-2006 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 21-Feb-2006

Similar Species

Members of the genus Calla

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 8 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

C. aethiopica · C. oculata · C. ovatofolia · C. palustris (Wild Calla-Lily) · C. palustris f. polyspathacea · C. pentlandi · C. picta · C. polyphylla

More Info

• Search for Pictures: images.google.com
• Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
• Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
• Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

Further Reading

• Über die Entwicklungsgeschichte der gegenwärtigen phanerogamen Flora und Pflanzendecke der skandinavischen Halbinsel und der benachbarten schwedischen und norwegischen Inseln / von August Schulz. Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbart, 1900. GER url p. 260.
• A catalogue of the flowering plants and higher cryptogams, both native and introduced, found within about thirty miles of Hanover, N. H., including a few cultivated species, to which is appended a list of vertebrate animals of the same region. By Henry Je [Hanover?]Printed for the Author, 1891. ENG url p. 47.
• A dictionary of the flowering plants and ferns, by J. C. Willis. CambridgeThe University Press, 1919 ENG url p. 106.
• A preliminary catalogue of the flora of New Jersey. Comp. by N. L. Britton with the assistance of eminent botanists. New Brunswick, Office of the survey, 1881. ENG url p. 101.
• A preliminary list of the vascular flora of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania / by John A. Shaffer. [Pittsburgh?: Carnegie Institute Museum?, 1901?] ENG url p. 112.
• A provisional list of the parasitic fungi of Wisconsin. [Madison, 1914] ENG url p. 928.
• Abhandlungen der K. K. Zool.-Botan. Gesellschaft in Wien. Wien: Alfred Hölder, K.U.K. Hof-und Universitäts-Buchändler, 1901-1918. GER url p. 64.
• Abhandlungen der Naturhistorischen Gesellschaft zu Nrnberg. Nrnberg: Conrad Geiger, 1852- GER url p. 13, p. 154, p. 154, p. 42, p. 51, p. 753.
• Abhandlungen herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein zu Bremen. Bremen: Im Selbstverlag des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins, 1866- GER url p. 109, p. 382, p. 402, p. 448, p. 455.
• Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. Helsinki, Societas. ENG url p. 11, p. 122, p. 13, p. 139, p. 16, p. 167, p. 17, p. 18, p. 182, p. 20, p. 20, p. 22, p. 24, p. 24, p. 25, p. 25, p. 26, p. 266, p. 32, p. 325, p. 37, p. 44, p. 46, p. 48, p. 5, p. 55, p. 56, p. 63, p. 630, p. 631, p. 65, p. 73, p. 74, p. 78, p. 82, p. 85, p. 9.
• Adansonia; recueil d'observations botaniques / rdig par le Dr. H. Baillon. Paris, France: H. Baillon et F. Savy. FRE url p. 206.
• Allgemeine Fischerei-Zeitung. M©nchen [etc.]Landesfischereiverband Bayern [etc.] GER url p. 57.
• Allgemeine botanische Zeitschrift für Systematik, Floristik, Pflanzengeographie etc. Karlsruhe: J.J. Reiff, 1895-1928. GER url p. 128, p. 131, p. 142, p. 34, p. 48, p. 62, p. 75, p. 99.
• Allgemeine deutsche Garten-Zeitung, hrsg. von der Praktischen Gartenbau-Gesellschaft in Bayern zu Frauendorf. Passau, F. Pustet. GER url p. 202, p. 203, p. 368.
• An ecological characterization of Coastal Maine (north and east of Cape Elizabeth) / Stewart I. Fefer and Patricia S. Schettig: principal investigators. Newton Corner, Mass.: Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Northeast Region, 1980. ENG url p. 23.
• An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British possessions, from Newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the 102d meridian, by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Ho New York, C. Scribner's Sons, 1913. ENG url p. 444.
• An introduction to the natural system of botany: or, A systematic view of the organisation, natural affinities, and geographical distribution, of the whole vegetable kingdom: together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the art by J London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, 1830. ENG url p. 287, p. 350.
• Anales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural. Madrid: La Sociedad, ENG url p. 298.
• Analytischer Pflanzenschlssel fr botanische Excursionen in der Umgegend von Leipzig, von W. L. Petermann. Leipzig, C. H. Reclam, 1846. GER url p. 435.
• Anglo-russkii biologicheskii slovar' / [avtory, I. N. Afanas'eva et al.; spetsial'nye nauch. redaktory, O. I. Chibisova i L. A. Koziar]. Moskva: Russkii iazyk, 1979. ENG url p. 107, p. 198, p. 365.
• Annales du Jardin botanique de Buitenzorg. Leiden [etc.]E.J. Brill [etc.]. ENG url p. 239.
• Annals and magazine of natural history: including zoology, botany and geology London. url p. 545, p. 570.
• Annals of the Carnegie Museum. [Pittsburgh]: Published by authority of the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Institute, 1901- ENG url p. 112.
• Annotated list of the ferns and flowering plants of New York state, by Homer D. House. Albany, The University of the state of New York, 1924. ENG url p. 202.
• Annual report / Entomological Society of Ontario. Toronto, The Society. ENG url p. 68.
• Aperçu de la végétation et des plantes cultivées de la Suède / par N. J. Andersson. Stockholm: P. A. Norstedt, 1867. FRE url p. 46.
• Applied and economic botany, especially adapted for the use of students in technical schools, agricultural, pharmaceutical and medical colleges, and also as a book of reference for chemists, food analysts and students engaged in by Henry Kraemer illu Philadelphia, The author[c1914] ENG url p. 479, p. 480.
• Archiv für Naturgeschichte. Berlin: Nicolai, 1835- GER url p. 222, p. 44.
• Arctic searching expedition: a journal of a boat-voyage through Rupert's Land and the Arctic Sea, in search of the discovery ships under command of Sir John Franklin. With an appendix on the physical geography of North America. By Sir John Richardson London, Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1851. ENG url p. 66.
• Atti / Istituto botanico della Universit [e] Laboratorio crittogamico, Pavia. Pavia [etc.]: Tip. Fusi [etc.] ITA url p. 129.
• Aufzählung der in Ungarn und Slavonien bisher beobachteten Gefässpflanzen: nebst einer pflanzengeografischen Uebersicht / von August Neilreich. Wien: W. Braumüller, 1866. GER url p. 100, p. 72, p. 72.
• Beitrge zur Biologie der Pflanzen. Berlin [etc.]Duncker and Humblot [etc.], 1870-2006. GER url p. 155.
• Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft. Berlin: Gebrder Borntrger, 1883-1987. GER url p. 31.
• Berichte der Schweizerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft = Bulletin de la Socit botanique Suisse. [Zrich]: Die Gesellschaft, 1891-1981. FRE url p. 4.
• Bidrag til Danmarks tertiaere og diluviale flora. Af N. Hartz. København, I kommission hos C.A. Reitzel, F. Bagges Kgl. hof-bogtr., 1909. DAN url p. 183, p. 184.
• Bihang till skol-herbariet: innefattande några kännetecken för Uplands och Södermanlands allmännaste eller i öfrigt mest utmärkta växter, såväl vilda som odlade, äfvensom för de i "Svensk skol-botanik" upptagna, till skol-yngli af K. Fr. Thedenius. Stockholm: A. Bonnier, 1868. SWE url p. 72.
• Billeder af nordens flora, ved A. Mentz og C.H. Ostenfeld. København, G.E.C. Gad's forlag, 1917-1927. DAN url p. 349, p. 446.
• Biochemie der Pflanzen / von Friedrich Czapek. Jena: G. Fischer, 1922-25. GER url p. 515.
• Biologisches Zentralblatt. Leipzig [etc.]VEB Georg Thieme [etc.] GER url p. 34, p. 412, p. 416, p. 488, p. 501, p. 537, p. 777.
• Botanical miscellany. London, J. Murray, 1830-1833. ENG url p. 180.
• Botanisches Taschenbuch fr die Anfñger dieser Wissenschaft und der Apothekerkunst. Regensburg: Bey Montags Erben, [1790-1804] GER url p. 181, p. 49.
• Botanisches Zentralblatt; referierendes Organ für das Gesamtgebiet der Botanik. Jena [etc.]G. Fischer [etc.] GER url p. 1116, p. 1162, p. 119, p. 1292, p. 130, p. 1389, p. 141, p. 152, p. 183, p. 185, p. 189, p. 190, p. 206, p. 207, p. 221, p. 247, p. 250, p. 250, p. 251, p. 254, p. 257, p. 257, p. 265, p. 277, p. 280, p. 283, p. 284, p. 289, p. 290, p. 317, p. 320, p. 321, p. 332, p. 342, p. 342, p. 345, p. 345, p. 346, p. 380, p. 423, p. 499, p. 5, p. 554, p. 632, p. 647, p. 66, p. 67, p. 69, p. 81, p. 92.
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. ENG url p. 13.
• Bulletin de gographie botanique. Le Mans: Au sige de la Socit, 1911-1919. FRE url p. 189.
• Bulletin de la Société royale de botanique de Belgique. [Bruxelles]: La Société, [1866]-1989. FRE url p. 137, p. 144, p. 151, p. 173, p. 176, p. 186, p. 194, p. 232, p. 253, p. 321, p. 35, p. 389, p. 43, p. 52, p. 55, p. 72, p. 82, p. 87.
• Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). London: BM(NH) ENG url p. 356.
• Bullettino. Florence. ITA url p. 143.
• Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. Washington, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1902- ENG url p. 209, p. 235.
• Caroli Linnaei Opera. Editio prima critica, plena, ad editiones veras exacta, textum nullo rei detrimento contractum locosque editionum discrepantes exhibens. Vol. 2., Systema vegetabilium; libros diagnostico-botanicos co Lipsiae, Sumptum fecit O. Wigand, 1835 [i.e. 1835-1840] LAT url p. 913.
• Catalog of Ohio vascular plants: arranged according to the phyletic classification: with notes on the geographical distribution in the state, based mainly on specimens in the State Herbarium, Botanical Laboratory, the Ohio State Uni by John H. Schaffner Columbus: Ohio State University, 1914. ENG url p. 139.
• Catalogue des plantes observées aux environs d'Anvers, par H. van den Broeck. Gand, Impr. C. Annoot-Braeckman, 1883. FRE url p. 42.
• Catalogue of Canadian birds, by John Macoun and James M. Macoun Ottawa, Government printing bureau, 1909. ENG url p. 505.
• Catalogue of scientific papers, 1800-1900. Compiled by the Royal Society of London. London, C.J. Clay and Sons, 1867-1902 [etc.] Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1914-25. ENG url p. 471, p. 771, p. 812.
• Catalogue of the flora of Vermont, including phaenogamous and vascular cryptogamous plants growing without cultivation. Burlington, [Vt.]Free Press Association, 1888. ENG url p. 53.
• Christiania amegns phanerogamer og bregner, med angivelse af deres udbredelse samt en indledning om vegetationens afhaengighed af underlaget, af A. Blytt. Christiania [Norway]: Trykt hos Brøgger and Christie /1870. NOR url p. 53.
• Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des s©ances de l'Acad©mie des sciences. Paris: publi©s avec le concours du Centre national de la recherche scientifique par MM. les secr©taires perp©tuels: -1965. FRE url p. 31.
• Contributions to the botany of Vermont. Burlington, Vt.: Botanical Dept., University of Vermont, 1898-1911. ENG url p. 25.
• Curtii Sprengel Flora Halensis. Halae: Sumtibus Kmmelii, 1832. LAT url p. 427.
• Das Pflanzenleben der Schweiz, von H. Christ. Zürich, F. Schulhess, 1882. GER url p. 191, p. 461.
• Den danske planteverdens historie efter istiden: et kortfattet overblik / af Eug. Warming. Kjøbenhavn: Trykt i Universitetsbogtrykkeriet (J. H. Schultz), 1904. DAN url p. 39.
• Den norrländska florans: geografiska fördelning och invandringshistoria; med särskild hänsyn till dess sydskandinaviskar arter / af Gunnar Andersson och Selim Birger. Uppsala: Almqvist and Wiksell, 1912. SWE url p. 23.
• Denkschriften der Kniglich-Baierischen Botanischen Gesellschaft in Regensburg. Regensburg: In Commission der Montag- und Weissischen Buchh., 1815- GER url p. 22.
• Despre vegetatiunea României: si exploratorii ei cu date asupra climei si a regiuniloru botanice / de D. Brândza; si respunsulu D-lui Gregoriu Stefanescu. Bucuresci: Tipografia Academiei Române, 1880. RUM url p. 65.
• Deutsche botanische Monatsschrift. [Sondershausen: Verlag der Redaktion, 1883-1912]. GER url p. 175, p. 263.
• Dictionary of biological equivalents, German-English, by Ernst Artschwager Baltimore, The Williams and Wilkins company, 1930. ENG url p. 173.
• Die Flora von Kärnten. Klagenfurt, Kleinmayr, 1853. GER url p. 99.
• Die Gartenwelt. Berlin: G. Schmidt, [1897- GER url p. 38, p. 41, p. 506.
• Die Lehre von der Pflanzenzelle / von Wilh. Hofmeister. Leipzig: Engelmann, 1867. GER url p. 399, p. 447.
• Die Pflanzen und Raupen Deutschlands: Versuch einer lepidopterologischen Botanik / von O. Wilde. Berlin: E.S. Mittler, 1860-1861. GER url p. 147, p. 178.
• Die Pflanzendecke Österreich-Ungarns. Auf Grund fremder und eigener Forschungen geschildert, von Dr. August Edler von Hayek. Hrsg. mit einem Druckkostenbeitrag der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Leipzig, F. Deuticke, 1916- [i.e. 1914] GER url p. 126, p. 130, p. 173, p. 178, p. 179, p. 181, p. 182, p. 200, p. 204, p. 228, p. 229, p. 231, p. 233, p. 294, p. 295, p. 298, p. 417, p. 547, p. 96, p. 97.
• Die Pflanzenwelt Norwegens. Ein Beitrag zur Natur- und Culturgeschichte Nord-Europas, von F.C. Schübeler. Christiania, A.W. Brögger, 1873-1875. GER url p. 388, p. 39.
• Die Phanerogamen - Flora Oesels und der benachbarten Eilande und Beitrag zur Flora der Insel Runoe / von Arthur Baron v. Sass. Dorpat: Druck von H. Laakmann, 1860. GER url p. 68.
• Die Tier- und Pflanzenwelt des Süsswassers: Einführung in das Studium derselben. Leipzig: J. J. Weber, 1891. GER url p. 104, p. 124, p. 127.
• Die bisher bekannten Pflanzen Galiziens und der Bukowina, von Josef Armin Knapp. Wien, W. Braumüller, 1872. GER url p. 422, p. 78.
• Diptera danica: genera and species of flies hitherto found in Denmark / by William Lundbeck. Copenhagen: G.E.C. Gad, 1907-27. DAN url p. 241.
• Einleitung in das natürliche System der Botanik; oder, Systematische Uebersicht der Organisation, natürlichen Verwandtschaften und geographischen Verbreitung des ganzen Pflanzenreichs, nebst Angabe des Nutzens der wichtigsten Arten in der Heilkunde, Weimar, Verlage des Landes-Industrie-Comptoirs, 1833. GER url p. 418, p. 494.
• Enchiridion botanicum, exhibens classes et ordines plantarum accedit nomenclator generum et officinalium vel usualium indicatio. Auctore Stephano Endlicher. Lipsiae, Sumptibus G. Engelmann, 1841. LAT url p. 130.
• Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handw and ouml;rterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage. (Zander ed13)
• Entomologische Zeitung. [Stettin: Entomologischer Verein zu Stettin, 1840-1911]. GER url p. 199, p. 93.
• Enumeratio plantarum Transsilvaniae: exhiben: stirpes phanerogamas sponte crescentes atque frequentius cultas, cryptogamas vasculares, charceas, etiam muscos hepaticasque / auctore Phil. Johanne Ferdinando Schur. Vindobonae: Apud G. Braumhuller, 1866. GER url p. 636.
• Erdély edényes flórájának helyesbitett foglalata / Enumeratio florae transsilvanicae vesculosae critica / ex mandato Societatis Scientiarum Naturalium Regiae Hungaricae scripsit Ludovicus Simonkai. a Kir. Magyar Természettudományi Társulat megbizásábol ir Budapest: Kiadja a Kir. Magyar Természettudományi Társulat, 1886. HUN url p. 514.
• Führer zu den wissenschaftlichen Exkursionen des II. Internationalen Botanischen Kongresses, Wien, 1905. Wien: Selbstverlage des Organisationskomitees, 1905. GER url p. 125.
• FNA Editorial Committee. 1993 and ndash;. Flora of North America. (F NAmer)
• FWS/0BS. [Washington]Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior. ENG url p. 41.
• Farr, E. R. et al., eds. 1979. Index nomina genericorum.; suppl. 1986 (ING)
• Femhundra afbildningar af mera allmänt förekommande svenska växter: för skolan och hemmet / med text af N. J. Andersson. Stockholm: Z. Haeggström, 1870. SWE url p. 74.
• Finlands kärlvexter, ordnade i et naturligt system. Helsingfors, J. Simelii tryck, 1863. SWE url p. 14.
• Flora Baicalensi-Dahurica, seu, Descriptio plantarum in regionibus Cis- et Transbaicalensibus atque in Dahuria sponte nascentium / auctore Nicolao Turczaninow. Mosquae: A. Semen, 1842-1856. LAT url p. 166, p. 9.
• Flora Lusatica, oder, Verzeichniss und Beschreibung der in der Ober- und Niederlausitz wildwachsenden und hufig cultivirten Pflanzen, von L. Rabenhorst. Leipzig, E. Kummer, 1839-1840. GER url p. 249.
• Flora Petropolitana. Sistens plantas in Gubernio Petropolitano sponte crescentes, tam eas quae olim in Flora Ingrica Krascheninnikovii a Gortero enumeratae sunt, quam novas post annum 1764 hucuque a variis botanicis Petro curante Gregorio Sobolewskj. Petropoli, Typis Collegii Imperialis Medici, 1799. LAT url p. 214.
• Flora Rossica; sive, Enumeratio plantarum in totius Imperii Rossici provinciis Europaeis, Asiaticis et Americanis hucusque observatarum, auctore Carolo Friderico a Ledebour. Stuttgartiae, Sumptibus Librariae E. Schweizerbart, 1842-1853. LAT url p. 11.
• Flora Saxonica. Die Flora von Sachsen, ein botanisches Excursionsbuch. Nebst Schlssel zum erleichterten Bestimmen der Gattungen nach Linnee's Sexualsystem und deutschem und lateinischem Register. Hrsg. von H. G. L. Reichenbach. DresdenIn der Arnoldischen Buchhandlung, 1842. GER url p. 1.
• Flora der Schweiz, von Joh. Hegetschweiler. Fortgesetzt und hrsg. von Osw. Heer. Zrich, F. Schulthess, 1840. GER url p. 900.
• Flora der Schweiz: zum Gebrauche auf Exkursionen, in Schulen und beim Selbstunterricht / bearb. von Hans Schinz und Robert Keller. Zürich: A. Raustein, 1905. GER url p. 96.
• Flora der Umgebung Lemsals und Laudohns; zwei Beiträge zur Flora Livlands, von A. Rapp. Hrsg. und mit einer phytogeographischen Einleitung versehen von J. Klinge. Riga, W.F. Häcker, 1895. GER url p. 20, p. 21, p. 59, p. 87.
• Flora der Umgegend von Hamburg. Hamburg, Meissner, 1846. GER url p. 346, p. 450.
• Flora der Umgegend von Neuhaldensleben: ein Verzeichniss der hier wachsenden Pflanzen, deren Beschreibung, Standort und Bltheqeit / hrsg. von H. Robolsky. Neuhaldensleben: [s.n.], 1843. GER url p. 12.
• Flora der deutschen ostseeprovinzen Esth-, Liv- und Kurland, bearbeitet von Joh. Gottlieb Fleischer. Hrsg. von Emanuel Lindemann. Mitau, G. A. Reyher, 1839. GER url p. 356.
• Flora des Unter-Donau-Kreises, oder, Aufzhlung und kurze Beschreibung der im Unter-Donau-Kreise wildwachsenden Pflanzen. Passau, Pustet, 1831. GER url p. 269.
• Flora des silurischen Bodens von Ehstland, Nord-Livland und Oesel. Dorpat, Druck von H. Laakmann, 1855. GER url p. 96.
• Flora italiana; ossia, Descrizione delle piante che crescono spontanee o vegetano come tali in Italia e nelle isole ad essa aggaicenti; disposta secondo il metodo naturale. Firenze, Tip. Le Monnier, 1848-1896. ITA url p. 228.
• Flora of Ann Arbor and vicinity. Ann Arbor, [Mich.]: Courier Steam Print. House, 1876. ENG url p. 107, p. 115.
• Flora of Berkshire County, Massachusetts. Boston, 1922. ENG url p. 236.
• Flora of Indiana, by Charles C. Deam. Indianapolis, Wm. B. Burford printing co., contractor for state printing and binding, 1940. ENG url p. 277.
• Flora of Middlesex County, Massachusetts, by L. L. Dame and F. S. Collins. Malden, Middlesex Institute, 1888. ENG url p. 97.
• Flora of Mount Desert Island, Maine: a preliminary catalogue of the plants growing on Mount Desert and the adjacent islands / by Edward L. Rand and John H. Redfield; with a geological introduction by William Morris Davis, and a new map of Mount Desert I Cambridge, Mass.: J. Wilson, 1894. ENG url p. 160.
• Flora of New Bedford and the shores of Buzzards Bay, with a procession of the flowers. New Bedford [Mass.]E. Anthony, 1911. ENG url p. 100, p. 29, p. 39, p. 70.
• Flora of Pennsylvania. Edited with the addition of analytical keys by John Kunkel Small. Boston, Ginn and Co., 1903. ENG url p. 72.
• Flora of Vermont; a list of the fern and seed plants growing without cultivation. Prepared by Ezra Brainerd, L.R. Jones and W.W. Eggleston, committee for the Vermont botanical club. Burlington, Vt., Free Press Association, 1900. ENG url p. 25.
• Flora of Willoughby, Vermont / George G. Kennedy. Boston: [s.n.], 1904. ENG url p. 109.
• Flora von Admont. [Wien, 1881] GER url p. 41.
• Flora von Bielefeld, zugleich die Standorte der seltneren Pflanzen im brigen Westfalen. Bielefeld, A. Helmich, 1837. GER url p. 294.
• Flora von Halle, mit nherer Bercksichtigung der Umgegend von Weissenfels, Naumburg, Freiburg, Bibra, Nebra, Querfurt, Allstedt, Artern, Eisleben, Hettstedt, Sandersleben, Aschersleben, Stassfurt, Bernburg, Kthen, Dess Halle, Anton, 1848-1856. GER url p. 439.
• Flora von Niederösterreich. Zum Gebrauche auf Excursionen und zum Selbstunterricht bearbeitet von Eugen von Halácsy. Prag, F. Tempsky, 1896. GER url p. 483.
• Flora von Nieder-Österreich. Handbuch zur Bestimmung sämmtlicher in diesem Kronlande und den angrenzenden Gebieten wildwachsenden, häufig gebauten und verwildert vorkommenden Samenpflanzen und Führer zu weiteren botanischen Forsc Wein, C. Gerold, 1890-93. GER url p. 147, p. 148, p. 62.
• Flora von Niederhessen und Mnden. Beschreibung aller im Gebiete wildwachsenden und im Grossen angebauten Pflanzen. Kassel, T. Fischer, 1847-1855. GER url p. 11.
• Flora von Ober-Oesterreich, oder, Systematische Uebersicht aller in diesem Kronlande wildwachsenden oder im Freien gebauten Samenpflanzen. [Wien, 1862] GER url p. 1008.
• Flora von Pommern. Cslin, Hendess, 1828-1835. GER url p. 448, p. 47.
• Flora von Schlesien, preussischen und österreichischen Anteils. Bearbeitet von Theodor Schube. Breslau, Korn, 1904. GER url p. 84.
• Flora von Tirol. Ein Verzeichniss der in Tirol und Vorarlberg wild wachsenden und häesiger gebauten Gefässpflanzen. Mit Berücksichtigung ihrer Verbreitung und örtlichen Verhältnisse verfasst und nach Koch's Synopsis d von Frz. Freih. v. Hausmann. Innsbruck, Wagner, 1851. GER url p. 1279, p. 1558.
• Flora von Wien; eine Aufzählung der in den Umgebungen Wiens wild wachsenden oder im grossen gebauten Gefässpflanzen, nebst einer pflanzen-geografischen Uebersicht. Wien, F. Beck, 1868. GER url p. 26, p. 27.
• Flore de la Suisse / par Hans Schinz et Robert Keller. Lausanne: F. Rouge, 1909. FRE url p. 110.
• Florula bostoniensis. A collection of plants of Boston and its vicinity, with their generic and specific characters, principal synonyms, descriptions, places of growth, and time of flowering, and occasional remarks. By Jacob Bigelow Boston, Cummings, Hilliard, and co., 1824. ENG url p. 348.
• Fresh-water rhizopods of North America. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1879. ENG url p. 154.
• Gardeners' chronicle of America. New York: Chronicle Press, 1905-1950. ENG url p. 39.
• Gardening. Chicago, the Gardening Co., 1892-1925. ENG url p. 119.
• Garten-Zeitung. Berlin, P. Parey. GER url p. 430.
• Gartenflora. Erlangen: F. Enke, 1852-1940. GER url p. 269, p. 39, p. 509, p. 594.
• Geschichte der Botanik in Böhmen / von V. Maiwald. Wien: C. Fromme, 1904. GER url p. 166.
• Gleason, H. A. and amp; A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. (Glea Cron)
• Govaerts, R. and amp; D. G. Frodin. 2002. World checklist and bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae). (L Araceae)
• Grand Rapids flora: a catalogue of the flowering plants and ferns growing without cultivation in the vicinity of Grand Rapids, Michigan. Grand Rapids, Mich., A. Van Dort, 1901. ENG url p. 39.
• Gray's school and field book of botany, consisting of "Lessons in botany, " and "Field, forest, and garden botany, " bound in one volume / by Asa Gray... New York: American Book co., [1887] ENG url p. 318.
• Guide du botaniste en Belgique: (plantes vivantes et fossiles) / par François Crépin. Bruxelles: G. Mayolez, 1878. FRE url p. 363, p. 400.
• Haandbog i den danske flora / af Joh. Lange. Kjöbenhaven: C.A. Reitzel, 1851. DAN url p. 219.
• Haandbog i den danske flora, af Joh. Lange. Kjøbenhavn, C.A. Reitzels forlag, 1856-1859. DAN url p. 245.
• Hamburger Garten- und Blumenzeitung. Hamburg: R. Kittler, 1852-1890. GER url p. 362.
• Handbuch der systematischen botanik, mit besonderer berücksichtigung der arzneipflanzen. Bd. 1. Leipzig, H. Haessel, 1879. GER url p. 271, p. 322.
• Handwörterbuch der naturwissenschaften / hrsg. von prof. dr. E. Korschelt (zoologie) prof. dr. G. Linck (mineralogie und geologie) prof. dr. F. Oltmanns (botanik) prof. dr. K. Schaum (chemie) prof. dr. H. Th. Simon (physi Jena: G. Fischer, 1912-1915. GER url p. 377.
• Hardwicke's science-gossip: an illustrated medium of interchange and gossip for students and lovers of nature. London: Robert Hardwicke, 1866- ENG url p. 191, p. 277, p. 285, p. 43.
• Hesdrffers Monatshefte fr Blumen und Gartenfreunde. Berlin: R. Oppenheim (G. Schmidt), [1896-1897] GER url p. 1.
• Histologische Beiträge / von Eduard Strasburger. Jena: G. Fischer, 1888-1909. GER url p. 696.
• Hoffmann-Dennert botanischer Bilderatlas, nach dem naturlichen Pflanzensystem Suttgart, Schweizerbart, 1911. GER url p. 32, p. 76.
• How to know the wild flowers: a guide to the names, haunts and habits of our common wild flowers / by Mrs William Starr Dana. New York: Scribner's, 1893. ENG url p. 334.
• Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening. (Dict Gard)
• Icones florae Germanicae et Helveticae, simul Pedemontanae, Tirolensis, Istriacae, Dalmaticae, Austriacae, Hungaricae, Transylvanicae, Moravicae, Borussicae, Holsaticae, Belgicae, Hollandicae, ergo Me Iconographia et supplementum ad opera Willdenowii [et Lipsiae, F. Hofmeister [etc.]1834-1912. [v. 1, 1850] LAT url p. 39.
• Introduction to structural and systematic botany and vegetable physiology: being a 5th and rev. ed. of The botanical textbook, illustrated with over thirteen hundred woodcuts / by Asa Gray. New York: Ivison, Phinney and Co.; 1862, c1857. ENG url p. 213.
• J. C. Rhlings Deutschlands Flora. Frankfurt am Main: F. Wilmans, 1823-1839. GER url p. 636.
• Jahresbericht über das Gebiet der Pflanzenkrankheiten. Berlin: P. Parey, 1907-1917. GER url p. 32.
• Jahresbericht der Königl. Schwedischen Akademie der Wissenschaften über die Fortschritte der Botanik Breslau:Konigl. Schwedischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1838-1847. GER url p. 127.
• Jahresbericht der Vereinigung für Angewandte Botanik. Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger, 1907-1919. GER url p. 6.
• Jahreshefte des Vereins f©r vaterl©Þndische Naturkunde in W©rttemberg. Stuttgart. GER url p. 13, p. 198, p. 232, p. 4.
• Jenaische Zeitschrift f©r Naturwissenschaft. Jena, Gustav Fischer [etc.]. ENG url p. 552, p. 566.
• Journal de botanique. Paris, Bureau de journaux. FRE url p. 348.
• Journal of botany, British and foreign. London: Robert Hardwicke, 1863-1942. ENG url p. 21.
• Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. Chapel Hill, N.C. [etc.]Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society [etc.] ENG url p. 75.
• Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. Washington [etc., Washington Academy of Sciences] ENG url p. 520.
• Just's botanischer jahresbericht. Systematisch geordnetes repertorium der botanischen literatur aller länder. Berlin, Gebr. Borntraeger, 1874-98; GER url p. 1044, p. 1067, p. 1074, p. 1085, p. 1330, p. 1383, p. 154, p. 181, p. 191, p. 217, p. 224, p. 235, p. 278, p. 28, p. 282, p. 312, p. 33, p. 348, p. 35, p. 352, p. 357, p. 358, p. 359, p. 385, p. 4, p. 400, p. 431, p. 433, p. 433, p. 442, p. 444, p. 450, p. 48, p. 48, p. 486, p. 488, p. 489, p. 498, p. 501, p. 511, p. 511, p. 514, p. 524, p. 53, p. 535, p. 559, p. 560, p. 562, p. 563, p. 573, p. 578, p. 580, p. 586, p. 591, p. 591, p. 596, p. 621, p. 657, p. 680, p. 745, p. 76, p. 76, p. 77, p. 777, p. 870, p. 932, p. 96, p. 972, p. 982.
• Kasvistonsuhteista Pohjais-Suomen ja Venäjän-Karjalan rajaseuduilla / Edward Wainio. Helsingissä: J.C. Frenckell, 1878. FIN url p. 32, p. 61, p. 79, p. 96, p. 99.
• Kitagawa, M. 1979. Neo-lineamenta florae Manshuricae. (F Manshur)
• Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934 and ndash;1964. Flora SSSR. (F USSR)
• Kryptogamenflora für Anfänger: eine Einführung in das Studium der blütenlosen Gewächse für Studierende und Liebhaber / hrsg. von Gustav Lindau. Berlin: Springer, [1917?] GER url p. 96.
• Kvetena Moravy a rakouského Slezska. Brno, Nákl. spisovatelovým, 1887-1897. CZE url p. 24, p. 78.
• Landmarks of botanical history; a study of certain epochs in the development of the science of botany. Part I.--Prior to 1562 A. D. By Edward Lee Greene. Washington, Smithsonian institution, 1909. ENG url p. 280, p. 317.
• Lbeckische Flora. Lbeck, F. Aschenfeldt, 1844. GER url p. 334.
• Le Naturaliste canadien. Neufchâtel, QC: Éditions, l'Ardoise [etc.] FRE url p. 138.
• Lehrbuch der ökologischen pflanzengeographie, von Eug. Warming und P. Graebner. Berlin, Gebrüder Borntraeger, 1902. GER url p. 163, p. 170.
• Leopoldina. Dresen: E. Blochmann and Sohn, GER url p. 68, p. 83.
• Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third. (Hortus 3)
• Literaturberichte zur Flora, oder Allgemeinen botanischen Zeitung. Regensburg, K. Bayerische Botanische Gesellschaft. GER url p. 73.
• Literaturberichte zur Flora, oder, Allgemeinen botanischen Zeitung. 8 1838 Regensburg: Königl. Bayer. botanischen Gesellschaft, 1831-1842. GER url p. 73, p. V.
• Mémoires du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris. url p. 430, p. 46, p. 481.
• Magazine of natural history and journal of zoology, botany, mineralogy, geology and meteorology London. url p. 66.
• McGregor, R. L. et al. (The Great Plains Flora Association). 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. (F GPlains)
• Meddelanden af Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. Helsingfors[Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica] SWE url p. 100, p. 103, p. 106, p. 108, p. 109, p. 109, p. 115, p. 135, p. 136, p. 137, p. 140, p. 142, p. 147, p. 152, p. 161, p. 172, p. 188, p. 189, p. 191, p. 32, p. 37, p. 43, p. 61, p. 72, p. 79, p. 96, p. 96, p. 98, p. 99, p. 99.
• Munro, D. B. Canadian poisonous plants information system - on-line resource. (Can Poison Pl)
• Naturhistorisk tidsskrift. Kjobenhavn. url p. 6.
• Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau: wöchentliche Berichte über die Fortschritte auf dem Gesammtgebiete der Naturwissenschaften. Braunschweig: Druck und verlag von Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, 1886- GER url p. 234, p. 466.
• Naturwissenschaftliche Wochenschrift. Jena [etc.]G. Fischer [etc.] GER url p. 140, p. 162, p. 163, p. 183, p. 195, p. 263, p. 302, p. 436, p. 450, p. 490, p. 555.
• Nederlandsch kruidkundig archief. Leyden: S. en J. Luchtmans, 1846-1951. DUT url p. 201, p. 358, p. 575, p. 58, p. 59, p. 59, p. 60, p. 671.
• Norges flora, eller Beskrivelser over de i Norge vildtvoxende karplanter tilligemed angivelser af de geographiske forholde, under hvilke de forekomme. Af Mathias Numsen Blytt. Christiania, Trykt hos Brøgger and Christie, 1861-76. NOR url p. 1278.
• Norsk flora for skoler, af H.L. Sørensen. Kristiania, A. Cammermeyer, 1890. NOR url p. 16.
• Notes on the flora of Connecticut. by A.W. Driggs. [Hartford]: State Board of Education, 1902. ENG url p. 4.
• Nyt magazin for naturvidenskaberne / udgives af den Physiographiske forening i Christiania. Christiania [Oslo]: Johan Dahl, 1836-1934. NOR url p. 250, p. 253, p. 273, p. 75.
• Ohwi, J. 1965. Flora of Japan (Engl. ed.). (F JapanOhwi)
• Palladin's Plant physiology. Authorized ed. in English, based on the German translation of the 6th Russian ed. and on the 7th Russian ed. (1914) of the Text-book of plant physiology. By Vladimir I. Palladin. With additions and Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's son, [c1926] ENG url p. 37.
• Physiographiska Sällskapets Tidskrift. Lund. url p. 148.
• Physiologische pflanzenanatomie / von dr. G. Haberlandt. Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 1904. GER url p. 329, p. 418, p. 81.
• Phytochemie, von Friedrich Rochleder. Leipzig, W. Engelmann, 1854. GER url p. 219.
• Plant ecology, by W. B. McDougall. Philadelphia, Lea and Febiger[1941] ENG url p. 84.
• Plant physiology, by Vladimir I. Palladin. Authorized English ed. based on the German translation of the 6th Russian ed. and on the 7th Russian ed. (1914) Edited by Burton Edward Livingston. Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's son and co.[c1923] ENG url p. 36.
• Plantas Romaniae hucusque cognitas enumerat Augustus Kanitz. Claudiopoli, Apud E. Demjén, 1879-81. LAT url p. 117.
• Precis Analytique des Travaux de l'Academie des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts de Rouen. url p. 130.
• Proceedings and transactions of the Royal Society of Canada. Délibérations et mémoires de la Société royale du Canada. Ottawa [etc.]Société royale du Canada. FRE url p. 18, p. 202.
• Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society held at Philadelphia for promoting useful knowledge. Philadelphia: The Society ENG url p. 72, p. 73.
• Proceedings of the South London Entomological and Natural History Society. London [Eng]: South London Entomological and Natural history Society, [1897-1933] ENG url p. 115.
• Prodrom der Waldstätter Gefässpflanzen / von Jos. Rhiner. Schwyz: J. Bürgler, 1870. GER url p. 193.
• Prodrome de la flore belge / É. de Wildeman et Th. Durand. Bruxelles: A. Castaigne, 1898-1907. FRE url p. 33, p. 880.
• Prodrome de la flore du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg. Luxembourg, L. Schamburger, 1873-1897. FRE url p. 174.
• Prodromus der Flora von Böhmen. Enthaltend die Beschreibungen und Verbreitungsangaben der wildwachsenden und im Freien kultivirten Gefässpflanzen des Königreiches Von Dr. Ladislav Celakovský. Hrsg. von dem Comité für die naturwissenschaftliche Durchfo Prag, Selbstverlag des Comité's1867-81. GER url p. 697, p. 706.
• Prodromus einer Flora des Kronlandes Salzburg und dessen angränzenden Ländertheilen / entworfen von Rudolph Hinterbuber [i.e. Hinterhuber] und Julius Hinterhuber. Salzburg: Druck der Oberer'schen Buchdr., 1851. GER url p. 204, p. 324, p. 330, p. 367.
• Prodromus florae Batavae. Nijmegen, F.E. MacDonald, 1901- LAT url p. 1720.
• Records of general science. London. url p. 218.
• Report of the Commissioner of Fisheries to the Secretary of Commerce and Labor for the fiscal year ended Washington: G.P.O., 1906-1914. ENG url p. 66.
• Report of the United States Geological Survey of the territories. F.V. Hayden, United States geologist in charge [Final reports or monographs. vol. I]-III, V-XIII. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1873-90. ENG url p. 154.
• Report of the flora of Westchester County. Prepared for Bolton's History of the County. [New YorkRoper and Burdge, 1880?] ENG url p. 813.
• Schedae operis quod inscribitur Plantae Finlandiae exsiccatae e Museo Botanico Universitatis Helsingforsiensis distributae / [curavit Harald Lindberg] Helsingforsiae: J. Simelii arfvingars boktr., 1906 [i.e. 1907]-1933/1944 [i.e. 1944]. LAT url p. 283.
• Schilderung der deutschen Pflanzenfamilien: vom botanisch- descriptiven und physiologisch-chemischen Standpunkte / von Hermann Hoffmann. Giessen: G.F. Hener's Verlag, 1846. GER url p. 73.
• Schlesiens Pflanzenwelt. Eine pflanzengeographische Schilderung der Provinz. Jena, G. Fischer, 1915. GER url p. 206, p. 215, p. 220, p. 287.
• Schulflora von Österreich. Wien, A. Pichler's Witwe and Sohn, 1892. GER url p. 12.
• Scoggan, H. J. 1978 and ndash;1979. The flora of Canada, 4 vol. (F Canada)
• Seymour, F. 1969. The flora of New England. (F NEng)
• Sitzungs-berichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin. [Berlin: R. Friedler und Sohn], 1839- GER url p. 175.
• Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1862-1968. ENG url p. 280, p. 317.
• Sources of the Ohio flora, by A.D. Selby and J.W.T. Duvel. [Columbus, 1899] ENG url p. 38.
• Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung. Berlin: Kommissionsverlag von Friedländer and Sohn, 1912- GER url p. 192.
• Stockholmstraktens växter: förteckning över fanerogamer och kärlkryptogamer med fyndorter och frekvensuppgifter / utgiven av Botaniska sällskapet i Stockholm genom Gunnar Andersson [et al.]. Stockholm: P. A. Norstedt, 1914. SWE url p. 31.
• Sylloge fungorum omnium hucusque cognitorum. Digessit P. A. Saccardo. Patavii, sumptibus auctoris, 1882-1931. LAT url p. 223.
• Synopsis der deutschen und schweizer Flora, enthaltend die genauer bekannten phanerogamischen Gewchse, so wie die cryptogamischen Gefss-Pflanzen, welche in Deutschland, der Schweiz, in Preussen und Istrien wild wachsen und derjenigen nach d Leipzig, Gebhardt and Reisland, 1846. GER url p. 812.
• Système des plantes: contenant les classes, ordres, genres et espèces; les caractères naturels et essentiels des genres; les phrases charactéristiques des espèces; la citation des meilleures figures; le climat et le lieu extrait et traduit des ouvrages Lyon, : Chez Bruyset aîné et Buynand, 1804-1805. FRE url p. 4.
• Taschenbuch der Flora Deutschlands; nach dem Linnischen Systeme geordnet. Nrnberg, J.L. Schrag, 1847. GER url p. 440.
• Taschenbuch der Flora von Trier und Luxemburg: mit Bercksichtigung der Nahe- und Glan-Gegenden / bearbeitet von M.J. Lhr. Trier: C. Troschel, 1844. GER url p. 244.
• Taschenbuch für den schweizerischen Botaniker / bearbeitet von J.C. Ducommun. Solothurn: Selbstverlag des Verfassers, 1869. GER url p. 775.
• Taschenbuch für reisende Botaniker im Kanton Luzern: auf Rigi, Pilatus und Umgegend: nach Dr. J. G. Krauer's Prodromus floræ Lucernensis: vermehrt mit mehr als 500 Pflanzenarten / hrsg. von J. Schobinger-Pfister. [Luzern: s.n.], 1866. GER url p. 200, p. 58.
• Textbook of theoretical botany, by R. C. McLean and W. R. Ivimey-Cook. London, Longmans, Green[1951- ENG url p. 1340, p. 2187.
• The American botanist: a monthly journal for the plant lover. Binghamton, N.Y.: Willard N. Clute and Co., 1901-1948. ENG url p. 134, p. 67, p. 87.
• The Canadian naturalist and geologist. Montreal, Dawson. ENG url p. 277, p. 337, p. 351.
• The Canadian naturalist and quarterly journal of science. Montreal, Dawson. ENG url p. 315.
• The Gardener's monthly and horticulturist. Philadelphia, Pa.: Charles H. Marot, 1876-1888. ENG url p. 297.
• The Gardener. Edinburgh;W. Blackwood and sons, 1867-1882. ENG url p. 282.
• The Guide to nature. Stamford, Conn.: Agassiz Association, c1908-1935. ENG url p. 8.
• The Horticulturist and journal of rural art and rural taste. Albany, N.Y.: Luther Tucker, 1846-1875. ENG url p. 210.
• The Journal of horticulture, cottage gardener and country gentlemen. London: George W. Johnson and Robert Hogg, 1861-1877. ENG url p. 249, p. 486.
• The Journal of microscopy and natural science. [London: W. P. Collins, 1884- ENG url p. 290, p. 292.
• The Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, Japan = Tokyo Teikoku Daigaku kiyo. Rika. Tokyo, Japan: The University, 1898-1925. ENG url p. 30.
• The Nautilus. [Melbourne, Fla., etc., American Malacologists, inc., etc.] ENG url p. 60.
• The Ohio journal of science. [Columbus, Ohio, The Ohio State University and the Ohio Academy of Science] ENG url p. 18, p. 411, p. 416.
• The Ottawa naturalist. Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. ENG url p. 153, p. 156, p. 47.
• The Plant world. Baltimore [etc.]Plant World Association [etc.] ENG url p. 29.
• The Popular science monthly. [New York, Popular Science Pub. Co., etc.] ENG url p. 693.
• The continental element in the flora of south Sweden / by Rikard Sterner. Stockholm: Centraltryckeriet, 1922. ENG url p. 240, p. 370, p. 375, p. 437.
• The crane-flies of New York. [Ithaca]1919-1920. ENG url p. 829.
• The flora of the Alps: being a description of all the species of flowering plants indigenous to Switzerland; and of the alpine species of the adjacent mountain districts of France, Italy, and Austria including the Pyrenees / by Alfred W. Bennett. New York: Truslove and Comba, 1898. ENG url p. 169.
• The flora of the upper Susquehanna and its tributaries / by WJillard Nelson Clute. Binghamton, N.Y.: W.N. Clute, 1898. ENG url p. 115.
• The florist and pomologist. London: "Journal of Horticulture" Office, 1863-1879. ENG url p. 289.
• The mammals of the Adirondack region, northeastern New York: with an introductory chapter treating of the location and boundaries of the region, its geological history, topography, climate, general features, botany, and faunal position / by Clinton Hart New York: Published by the author, 1884 ENG url p. 23, p. 313.
• The micrographic dictionary; a guide to the examination and investigation of the structure and nature of microscopic objects. By J. W. Griffith, M. D., F. L. S. and c and Arthur Henfrey, F. R. S., F. L. S. and c Illustrated by forty-one plates and eigh London, John Van Voorst, 1856. ENG url p. 519.
• The native flowers and ferns of the United States in their botanical, horticultural and popular aspects / by Thomas Meehan; illustrated by chromolithographs. Boston: L. Prang and Co., 1879. ENG url p. 105, p. 106, p. 107, p. 108, p. 195, p. 197.
• The natural history of Pliny. Tr., with copious notes and illustrations, by the late John Bostock and H. T. Riley. London, H. G. Bohn, 1855-57. ENG url p. 60.
• The plant community [by] Herbert C. Hanson [and] Ethan D. Churchill. New York, Reinhold Pub. Corp.[1961] ENG url p. 16.
• The vegetable kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system / by John Lindley. London: Bradbury and Evans, 1846. ENG url p. 193.
• Tidsskrift for Populære Fremstillinger af Naturvidenskaben Kjøbenhavn. DAN url p. 153.
• Tillägg till Östgöta flora: innehållande förteckning öfver Östergötlands fanerogamer och ormbunkar jemte uppgift öfver deras växeställen / af N. Conrad Kindberg. Linköping: C. F. Ridderstad, 1868. SWE url p. 39.
• Transactions of the State Agricultural Society Lansing: The Society, 1850-1856. ENG url p. 402.
• Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964 and ndash;1980. Flora europaea. (F Eur)
• Ueber die Flora von Wrttemberg / von Hugo v. Mohl. [Stuttgart: Verein fr Vaterlñdische Naturkunde in Wrttemberg], 1845. GER url p. 106, p. 91.
• Untersuchungen aus dem Botanischen Institut zu Tbingen. Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 1881-1888. GER url p. 566, p. 632.
• Utkast til svenska växternas naturhistoria: eller, Sveriges fanerogamer skildrade i korthet med deras växställen och utbredning m. m., deras egenskaper, användning och historia i allmänhet / af C. F. Nyman. Örebro: N. M. Lindh, 1867-1868. SWE url p. 374.
• Växtgeografisk skildring af Södra Halland / af G. R. A. Theorin. Lund: Tryckt uti Berlingska Boktr., 1865. SWE url p. 26.
• Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg. Hamburg: L. Friederichsen, 1894-1935. GER url p. 42, p. 49, p. 74.
• Verzamelde geschriften van M. W. Beijerinck ter gelegenheid van zijn 70sten verjaardag, met medewerking der Nederlandsche regeering uitgegeven door zijne vrienden en vereerders. Delft: [s. n.], 1921- DUT url p. 27.
• Verzeichnis der in der Umgegend Grünbergs wachsenden Gefässpflanzen / von Burmeister. Grünberg i. Schl.: F. Weiss Nachf., 1882. GER url p. 11.
• Videnskabelige meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske forening i Kj©benhavn. Kj©benhavn: Selskabets Bestyrelse, [1849]-1912. DAN url p. 284, p. 35, p. 36, p. 38, p. 42, p. 47.
• Vilde planter: vildtvoksende danske planter ordnede efter deres voksested i eng og mark i skov og mose / Birgitte Møller. København: Schubotheske forlog, 1900. DAN url p. 122.
• Voss, E. 1972 and ndash;. Michigan flora. (F Mich)
• Wochenschrift des Vereines zur Befrderung des Gartenbaues in den Kniglich Preussischen Staaten fr Grtnerei und Pflanzenkunde. Berlin, Wiegandt and Hempel [etc.] GER url p. 67.
• Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft. [Berlin: Wilhelm Hertz, 1849-2005. GER url p. 153.
• Zellen- und gewebelehre, morphologie und entwicklungsgeschichte, unter redaktion von E. Strasburger und O. Hertwig. I: Botanischer teil, unter redaktion von E. Strasburger, bearb. von E. Strasburger und W. Benecke; mit 135 abbildungen im text. Leipzig [etc.]B. G. Teubner, 1913. GER url p. 110.
• Zoe:a biological journal. 5 1900 San Diego, Calif. [etc.]Zoe Publishing Co. ENG url p. 58.
• Zoologische Jahrbücher. Jena [Germany]: G. Fischer, GER url p. 117, p. 118.
• Zur Flora der Umgebung Lembergs / von A. Tomaschek. [Wien: s.n., 1859-1862] GER url p. 347, p. 66, p. 893, p. 97.

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed April 19, 2007.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2007. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed March 28, 2007.
• "Calla palustris". in Flora of North America Vol. 22. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 12, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 27 providers.
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Jan 19, 2007.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 26, 2008)
• World Checklist of Selected Plant FamiliesFeb 2, 2006.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 12, 2007:

• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
• Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plants, Field notes, Oslo
• The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Botany registration database by Danish botanists
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Botany
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Herbarium of Oskarshamn
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Plants
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets
• University of Alaska Museum of the North, University of Alaska Museum of the North Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2662262
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Kew-30622
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13796308
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:86508-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 102469
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 42546
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 86508-1
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PMARA07010
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: CAPA
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 26966

Footnotes

1. Sue A. Thompson "Araceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 22. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. "Calla". in Flora of North America Vol. 22. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. "Calla palustris". in Flora of North America Vol. 22. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
4. Mean = 167.320 meters (548.950 feet), Standard Deviation = 175.150 based on 3,237 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2009 the BayScience Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.