Burmannia capitata

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Burmanniaceae

Herbs, annual or perennial , mycotrophic and white or purplish, or autotrophic and green. Roots subterranean , mycorrhizal, filiform or stoutly terete . Stems monopodial, unbranched or with few branches, erect , slender; rhizomes present or absent. Leaves present or absent, cauline or basal, alternate, simple , sessile, often scalelike, margins entire; stipules absent. Inflorescences terminal cymes, sometimes appearing racemose or capitate, or flowers solitary; each flower subtended by scalelike floral bract. Flowers: tepals 6, partially or wholly connate , tube persistent or caducous in fruit, limb lobes 3 in 1 whorl or 6 in 2 whorls, greenish, purple, or white, sometimes blue-tinged, often ribbed or winged , throat with or without annulus; stamens 3 or 6, sessile or subsessile ; pollen sacs separated on appendaged connective or connective broadened and connate, forming ring proximal to annulus; pistil 1, ovary inferior, 1- or 3-locular; placentation parietal or axile ; ovules numerous ; style 1, 3-branched apically; stigmas 3. Fruits capsules, ovoid , obconic, or cup-shaped; dehiscence transverse , longitudinal by 3 valves , or irregular. Seeds numerous, minute.

Genera ca. 15, species ca. 125 (3 genera, 5 species in the flora ) : mostly tropical and subtropical , worldwide.

Although Burmanniaceae have traditionally been placed in the Orchidales, it has been suggested that the family may be more closely related to the Melanthiales (= Liliales in the broad sense, as traditionally circumscribed) (R. M. T. Dahlgren et al. 1985) . More recently, molecular and morphological studies by L. R. Caddick et al. (2000, 2000b) support placement of the family in the Dioscoreales .

Burmanniaceae traditionally have been characterized as saprophytic , but the life form is more accurately described as mycotrophic or myco-heterotrophic (J. R. Leake 1994) . Even the photosynthetic species have been shown to be endomycorrhizal (P. J. M. Maas et al. 1986b; C. E. Wood Jr. 1983) and have been described as hemisaprophytic. Saprophytism in the Burmanniaceae and other achlorophyllous families has been fully discussed by J. R. Leake (1994) .[1]

Genus Burmannia

Plants annual , autotrophic, at least partly green. Rhizomes absent. Roots filiform . Stems usually unbranched, green. Leaves cauline, sometimes basal, green, purplish, or pale , scalelike to linear . Inflorescences 2-25-flowered cymes or flowers solitary; floral bracts sometimes appearing imbricate if internodes of cyme rachis are very short; pedicels 0-1 mm. Flowers erect , 3-ribbed to 3-winged; perianth persistent in fruit; annulus absent; stamens 3, proximal to inner perianth lobes, sessile; ovary 3-locular; placentation axile . Capsules obovoid to ellipsoid , transversely dehiscent .

Species ca. 60 (3 in the flora ) : mostly tropical and subtropical , Western Hemisphere, Africa, Asia (China) .[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Low woods , pond margins , savannas , bogs , swamps , ditches; 0--100 m [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,388 meters (0 to 7,835 feet).[4]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Annual

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Syst. Nat. 1: 107. 1791 • Vogelia capitata Walter Ex J. F. Gmelin

Notes

Publishing author : Mart. Publication : Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. (Martius) i. 12

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 21-Jun-2005

Similar Species

Members of the genus Burmannia

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 4 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

B. biflora (Northern Bluethread) · B. capitata (Southern Bluethread) · B. flava (Fahkahatchee Bluethread) · B. ledermannii (Bluethread)

More Info

• Search for Pictures: images.google.com
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Further Reading

• A contribution to our knowledge of seedlings; by the Right Hon. Sir John Lubbock. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner, & co., ltd., 1892. url , p. 562.
• A survey of natural areas in Brunswick County, North Carolina: for The North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Coastal Natural Area Inventory Project / Raleigh: North Carolina Coastal Energy Impact Program, Office of Coastal Management, North Carolina Dept. of Natural Resources and Community Development, [1982?] url .
• An enumeration of the vascular plants known from Surinam: together with their distribution and synonymy / by A. Pulle. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1906. url p. 114, p. 515.
• Annales du Jardin botanique de Buitenzorg. Leiden [etc.]: E. J. Brill [etc.] url p. 104, p. 152, p. 181, p. 28, p. 49, p. 84.
• Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. New York, New York Academy of Sciences. url p. 256, p. 56.
• Aquatic and wetland plants of southwestern United States, by Donovan S. Correll and Helen B. Correll. [Washington]Environmental Protection Agency; [For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off.]1972. url p. 686, p. 689.
• Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 28 1901 New York: Torrey Botanical Club, 1870-1996 url p. 470.
• Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 27 1928 Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1890- url p. 121, p. 130, p. 21, p. 399, p. 452, p. 67, p. 75, p. 84, p. 94.
• Contributions from the University of Michigan Herbarium. 8 1942 Ann Arbor: University Herbarium, University of Michigan, 1939- url p. 21.
• Flora Malesiana. general editor, C.G.G.J. van Steenis. Djakarta: Noordhoff-Kolff, 1950- url p. 17.
• Flora of Guatemala / Paul C. Standley and Julian A. Steyermark. 24 1952 Chicago: Chicago Natural History Museum, 1952. url p. 224.
• Flora of Miami; being descriptions of the seed-plants growing naturally on the Everglade Keys and in the adjacent Everglades, southern peninsular Florida. New York, The author, 1913. url p. 49.
• Flora of the southeastern United States; being descriptions of the seed-plants, ferns and fern-allies growing naturally in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, and in Oklahom by John Kunkel Small. New York, The author, 1913. url p. 308, p. 309.
• Florida wild flowers; an introduction to the flora of the Florida peninsula, by Mary Francis Baker, photographs by the author. New York, The Macmillan company, 1926. url p. 53.
• Grisebach, A. H. R. Flora of the British West Indian islands /by A.H.R. Grisebach. [1859]-18 London, L. Reeve, 1864. url p. 606, p. 722.
• Hooker's journal of botany and Kew Garden miscellany. 7 1855 London: Reeve, Benham, and Reeve, 1849-1857. url p. 12.
• Journal of botany, British and foreign. 40 1902 London: Robert Hardwicke, 1863-1942. url p. 24, p. 294.
• Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. Chapel Hill, N.C. [etc.]Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society [etc.] url p. 192.
• Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society. Oxford [etc.]Royal Microscopical Society. url p. 822.
• Manual of the southeastern flora: being descriptions of the seed plants growing naturally in Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, eastern Louisiana, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. 1933 New York: The author, 1933. url p. 362.
• Natural area inventory of Pender County, North Carolina / Raleigh: North Carolina Coastal Energy Impact Program, Office of Coastal Management, North Carolina Dept. of Natural Resources and Community Development, [1982?] url p. 18.
• Observations on the flora of Japan. Tokyo, 1901-1914. url .
• Phytologia memoirs. Plainfield, N.J.: H.N. Moldenke and A.L. Moldenke, 1980- url p. 98, p. 99.
• Phytologia. Bronx Park, New York, H.A. Gleason and H.N. Moldenke, url p. 121, p. 153, p. 154, p. 174, p. 186, p. 29, p. 32, p. 371, p. 384, p. 39, p. 450, p. 64, p. 70.
• Plant life of Alabama, an account of the distribution, modes of association, and adaptations of the flora of Alabama, together with a systematic catalogue of the plants growing in the state. By Charles Mohr. .. Montgomery, Ala., Brown printing co., 1901. url p. 452.
• Plant life of Alabama. An account of the distribution, modes of association, and adaptations of the flora of Alabama, together with a systematic catalogue of the plants growing in the state. Prepared in cooperationwith the Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1901. url .
• Plant life of Alabama: an account of the distribution, modes of association, and adaptations of the flora of Alabama, together with a systematic catalogue of the plants growing in the state / by Charles Mohr. Montgomery, Ala.: Brown Printing Co., 1901. url p. 452.
• Plant-geography upon a physiological basis. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1903. url p. 340.
• Plants of Mississippi: a list of flowering plants and ferns / by E.N. Lowe. [Jackson, Miss.]: Mississippi State Geological Survey, 1921. url p. 123.
• The American botanist and florist: including lessons in the structure, life, and growth of plants: together with a simple analytical flora, descriptive of the native and cultivated plants growing in the Atlantic division of the Americ by Alphonso Wood. New York: A. S. Barnes, 1877, c1870. url p. 325.
• The Gardeners' chronicle: a weekly illustrated journal of horticulture and allied subjects. London: [Gardeners Chronicle], 1874-1955. url p. 227.
• The forests and flora of British Honduras / by Paul C. Standley and Samuel J. Record; in cooperation with the Conservator of Forests and the Agricultural Officer of the Colony. 12 1936 Chicago: [Field Museum of Natural History], 1936. url p. 97.
• Torreya. Burlington, Vt., Torrey Botanical Club, 1901-1945. url p. 33, p. 34.
• Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. [St. Louis: Academy of Science of St. Louis], 1860-1958. url p. 466, p. 466, p. 466.
• Tulane studies in zoology and botany. 21 1979 New Orleans: Tulane University, [1968- url p. 46.
• Jonker, F. P. 1938. A monograph of the Burmanniaceae. Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 51: 1279.
• Leake, J. R. 1994. Tansley review no. 69. The biology of myco-heterotrophic (saprophytic) plants. New Phytol. 127: 171216.
• Maas, P. J. M. et al. 1986. Burmanniaceae. In: Organization for Flora Neotropica. 1968+. Flora Neotropica. 75+ nos. New York. No. 42.
• Wood, C. E. Jr. 1983. The genera of Burmanniaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 64: 293307.

Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 11, 2007:

• Comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad, Herbario del Instituto de Ecología, A.C., México
• Herbier de la Guyane, Herbier de la Guyane
• Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad
• , Biodiversidad de Costa Rica
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• SysTax, Herbarium Universitat Ulm
• SysTax, Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Utrecht University branch
• SysTax, SysTax
• SysTax, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2662919
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Kew-222650
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13754985
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:126582-1
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 43389
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 126582-1
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PMBUR02020
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: BUCA3
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 26526

Footnotes

1. Deborah Q. Lewis "Burmanniaceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 486. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. "Burmannia". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 487. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. "Burmannia capitata". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 487, 488. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
4. Mean = 58.960 meters (193.438 feet), Standard Deviation = 636.060 based on 383 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.