Bromus tectorum

• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Poaceae

Annual or perennial herbs, or tall woody bamboos . Flowering stems (culms ) jointed , internodes hollow or solid; branches arising singly from nodes and subtended by a leaf sheath and 2-keeled prophyll, often fascicled in bamboos. Leaves arranged alternately in 2 ranks , differentiated into sheath, blade , and an adaxial erect appendage at sheath/blade junction (ligule) ; leaf sheath surrounding and supporting culm-internode, split to base or infrequently tubular with partially or completely fused margins , modified with reduced blade in bamboos (culm sheaths) ; leaf blades divergent, usually long, narrow and flat, but varying from inrolled and filiform to ovate , veins parallel, sometimes with cross-connecting veinlets (especially in bamboos) ; ligule membranous or a line of hairs . Inflorescence terminal or axillary , an open, contracted , or spikelike panicle, or composed of lax to spikelike racemes arranged along an elongate central axis, or digitate, paired , or occasionally solitary; axillary inflorescences often many, subtended by spatheoles (specialized bladeless leaf sheaths) and gathered into a leafy compound panicle; spikelets often aggregated into complex clusters in bamboos. Spikelets composed of distichous bracts arranged along a slender axis (rachilla) ; typically 2 lowest bracts (glumes ) empty, subtending 1 to many florets ; glumes often poorly differentiated from accompanying bracts in bamboos. Florets composed of 2 opposing bracts enclosing a single small flower, outer bract (lemma) clasping the more delicate, usually 2-keeled inner bract (palea) ; base of floret often with thickened prolongation articulated with rachilla (callus) ; lemma often with apical or dorsal bristle (awn ), glumes also sometimes awned . Flowers bisexual or unisexual ; lodicules (small scales representing perianth) 2, rarely 3 or absent, 3 to many in bamboos, hyaline or fleshy ; stamens 3 rarely 1, 2, 6, or more in some bamboos, hypogynous, filaments capillary , anthers versatile; ovary 1-celled, styles (1 or) 2(rarely 3), free or united at base, topped by feathery stigmas, exserted from sides or apex of floret. Fruit normally a dry indehiscent caryopsis with thin pericarp firmly adherent to seed, pericarp rarely free, fleshy in some bamboos; embryo small or large; hilum punctate to linear .

About 700 genera and 11,000 species: widely distributed in all regions of the world.[1]

Genus Bromus

Annuals or perennials . Culms erect , tufted or with rhizomes. Leaf sheaths closed ; leaf blades linear , usually flat; ligules membranous. Panicles spreading or contracted , branches scabrid or pubescent , elongated or arched. Spikelets large, with 3 to many florets , upper florets often sterile ; rachilla disarticulating above glumes and between florets, scabrid or shortly hairy ; glumes unequal or subequal , shorter than spikelet, lanceolate or nearly ovate , (1-) 5-7-veined, apex acute or long acuminate or aristiform ; floret callus glabrous or both sides thinly hairy; lemmas rounded on back or compressed to keel, 5-9(-11) -veined, herbaceous or nearly leathery, margins often membranous, apex entire or 2-toothed; awn terminal or arising from lemma between teeth slightly under apex, rarely awnless or 3-awned; palea narrow, usually shorter than lemma, keels ciliate or scabrid. Lodicules 2. Stamens 3. Ovary apex with appendage ; styles 2, arising from lower front of appendage. Caryopsis oblong , apex hairy, adaxial surface sulcate . Chromosomes large, x = 7, 2n = 14, 28, 42, 56, 70.

About 150 species: temperate regions , mainly in the N hemisphere, also on mountains in the tropics; 55 species (eight endemic, at least three introduced ) in China.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Grassy places, dry slopes , river beaches, dry sandy places, wastelands, roadsides; 100-3400(-4200) m [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,632 meters (0 to 11,916 feet).[4]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Annual

Growth

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 6.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: Not Applicable (map)

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Anisantha tectorum (L.) Nevski
2. Bromus tectorum var. glabratus Spenner
3. Bromus tectorum var. hirsutus Regel
4. Bromus tectorum var. nudus Klett & Richter

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Sp. pl. 1:77. 1753

Name verified on 07-Apr-2003 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 20-Nov-2007

Similar Species

Members of the genus Bromus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 688 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

B. abolinii · B. abortiflorus · B. adjaricus · B. adoensis · B. aegyptiacus · B. affinis · B. agrestis · B. alaicus · B. albidus · B. aleutensis (Aleutian Brome) · B. alopecuroides · B. alopecuros (Roadside Brome) · B. alopecuros caroli-henrici (Weedy Brome) · B. alopecuros subsp. biaristulatus · B. alopecurus · B. alpestris · B. altissimus · B. ambigens · B. ambiguus · B. anatolicus · B. andinus · B. andringitrensis · B. anduennensis · B. angrenicus · B. angustatus · B. angustifolius · B. angustissimus · B. anomalus (Nodding Bromegrass) · B. anomolus · B. antarcticus · B. aquaticus · B. araucanus · B. arcticus · B. arcticus subsp. ornans · B. arduennensis · B. arenaceus · B. arenarius (Australian Brome) · B. arenarius var. macrostachya · B. argypheus · B. aristatus · B. arizonicus (Arizona Brome) · B. armenus · B. arrhenatheroides · B. arundinaceus · B. arvensis (Field Bromegrass) · B. asper · B. asperipes · B. asperrimus · B. atlanticus · B. attenuatus · B. atticus · B. auleticus · B. auriculatus · B. australis · B. avenaceus · B. avenaeformis · B. avenoides · B. badensis · B. balsiensis · B. barbatoides · B. barbatus · B. barcensis · B. barobalianus · B. benekeni · B. benekenii · B. benekkenii (Brome) · B. benekkenii 'Denver Botanic Garden' · B. berterianus (Bromus Trinii E. Desv.) · B. berteroanus · B. berteroanus var. berteroanus · B. bertolae · B. bicuspis · B. bidentatus · B. biebersteinii (Bieberstein Brome) · B. bifidus · B. bikfayensis · B. billotii · B. bohemicus · B. bolivianus · B. bonariensis · B. bonassorum · B. boraei · B. borianus · B. brachyantheca · B. brachyanthera · B. brachyanthera brachyanthera · B. brachyanthera var. brachyanthera · B. brachyphyllus · B. brachystachys · B. brauni · B. breviaristatus · B. brevis · B. brevisetus · B. britannicus · B. brizaeformis · B. brizaformis · B. briziformis (Rattlesnake Brome Grass) · B. brizioides · B. brizoides · B. bromoides

More Info

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Further Reading

• Flora of Glacier National Park, Montana, by Paul C. Standley. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1921. ENG url p. 292.
• A Homeowner's Guide to Cheatgrass (PDF | 126 KB) University of Nevada - Reno. Cooperative Extension. Identification/Description; Illustrations; Introduction History; Impacts; Controls
• Acedo, C. & F. Llamas. 1999. The genus Bromus L. (Poaceae) in the Iberian Peninsula. Phanerog. Monogr. 22:196–207.
• Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. Helsinki, Societas. ENG url p. 12, p. 203, p. 441, p. 91.
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• An illustrated flora of the Pacific States: Washington, Oregon, and California. Stanford University, Stanford University Press, 1923-[60] ENG url p. 234.
• An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British possessions, from Newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the 102d meridian, by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Ho New York, C. Scribner's Sons, 1913. ENG url p. 274.
• Anales de la Sociedad Espa�ola de Historia Natural. Madrid: La Sociedad, ENG url p. 122, p. 149, p. 151, p. 169, p. 239, p. 302, p. 414.
• Anglo-russkii biologicheskii slovar' / [avtory, I. N. Afanas'eva et al.; spetsial'nye nauch. redaktory, O. I. Chibisova i L. A. Koziar]. Moskva: Russkii iazyk, 1979. ENG url p. 130.
• Annales des sciences d'observation. Paris. url p. 416.
• Annals and magazine of natural history: including zoology, botany and geology London. url p. 292.
• Annotated list of the ferns and flowering plants of New York state, by Homer D. House. Albany, The University of the state of New York, 1924. ENG url p. 123.
• Archiv f�r Naturgeschichte. Berlin: Nicolai, 1835- GER url p. 324, p. 336.
• Atti della Societtaliana di scienze naturali e del Museo civico di storia naturale di Milano. Milano: 1896- ITA url p. 236.
• Aufz�hlung der in Ungarn und Slavonien bisher beobachteten Gef�sspflanzen: nebst einer pflanzengeografischen Uebersicht / von August Neilreich. Wien: W. Braum�ller, 1866. GER url p. 102.
• Beitr�ge zur Flora von Croatien und Dalmatien. Dresden, Buchdr. A. Sch�nfeld, 1896. GER url p. 30.
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• Brigham Young University science bulletin. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University, [1955-1976] ENG url p. 100, p. 11, p. 13, p. 15, p. 19, p. 40.
• Bromus tectorum Pulling Together Initiative. Texasinvasives.org. Taxonomy; Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Dispersion; Controls; Special Note: References
• Bromus tectorum (Cheatgrass, Downy Brome) Nature Conservancy. Global Invasive Species Initiative. Identification/Description; Photographs; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Dispersion; Controls; Special Note: Element Stewardship Abstract with excellent set of references
• Bromus tectorum (grass) - ISSG Global Invasive Species Database World Conservation Union. Invasive Species Specialist Group. Taxonomy; Identification/Description; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Controls
• Bromus tectorum - An Assessment of Exotic Plant Species of Rocky Mountain National Park DOI. Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center. Impacts; Habitat; Distribution; Controls; Special Note: References
• Bromus tectorum - Comprehensive Report NatureServe Explorer. Taxonomy; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Special Note: References
• Bromus tectorum - Fire Effects Information System (FEIS) USDA. Forest Service. Rocky Mountain Research Station. Fire Sciences Laboratory. Taxonomy; Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Controls; Special Note: References
• Bromus tectorum - Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) USDA. ARS. National Genetic Resources Program. Taxonomy; Legal Aspects
• Bromus tectorum - Invasive Plant Atlas of New England (IPANE) University of Connecticut. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Taxonomy; Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Distribution; Dispersion; Controls
• Bromus tectorum - Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands Book (2000) California Invasive Plant Council. Identification/Description; Photographs; Illustrations; Introduction History; Impacts; Distribution; Controls
• Bromus tectorum - Species Abstracts of Highly Disruptive Exotic Plants at at Scotts Bluff National Monument (Nebraska) DOI. Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center. Taxonomy; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Controls; Special Note: References
• Bromus tectorum Article Citation Search - AGRICOLA Database USDA. National Agricultural Library. Research; Special Note: NAL Catalog Search (resources)
• Bromus tectorum Discover Life. Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Dispersion; Controls
• Bromus tectorum Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Taxonomy
• Bromus tectorum L. (Cheatgrass) - Noxious and Nuisance Plant Management Information System (PMIS) United States Army Corps of Engineers. Engineer Research and Development Center. Environmental Laboratory. Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Impacts; Distribution
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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed April 6, 2007.
• "Bromus tectorum". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 373, 380, 382. Published by Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 16, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 5 providers.
• National Invasive Species Information Center, National Agricultural Library, United States Department of Agriculture. Web Site. Accessed May 3, 2008.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 25, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 15, 2007:

• Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, GEO Biodiversity Day
• Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Herbarium Willing
• Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Botany
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Lund Botanical Museum
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
• University of Alaska Museum of the North, University of Alaska Museum of the North Herbarium
• University of Washington Burke Museum, Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium
• Utah Valley State College
• , Utah Valley State College Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2660817
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-40524
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13742256
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:75256-3
• GRIN Nomen Number: 7880
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 40524
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PMPOA151H2
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: BRTEN
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 21499

Footnotes

1. Shou-liang Chen, De-Zhu Li, Guanghua Zhu, Zhenlan Wu, Sheng-lian Lu, Liang Liu, Zheng-ping Wang, Bi-xing Sun, Zheng-de Zhu, Nianhe Xia, Liang-zhi Jia, Zhenhua Guo, Wenli Chen, Xiang Chen, Yang Guangyao, Sylvia M. Phillips, Chris Stapleton, Robert J. Soreng, Susan G. Aiken, Nikolai N. Tzvelev, Paul M. Peterson, Stephen A. Renvoize, Marina V. Olonova & Klaus Ammann "Poaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 22. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Liang Liu, Guanghua Zhu & Klaus Ammann "Bromus". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 370, 371. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. "Bromus tectorum". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 373, 380, 382. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
4. Mean = 508.170 meters (1,667.224 feet), Standard Deviation = 595.480 based on 1,768 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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