Interesting Facts
Common Names
Click on the language to view common names.
Common Names in Chinese:
Han Que Mai
Common Names in English:
Bronco Grass, Broncograss, Cheat Grass, Cheat Grass Bromus Tectorum, Cheatgrass, Cheatgrass Brome, Downy Brome, Downy Broome, Downy Chess, Drooping Brome, Early Chess, June Grass, Military Chess, Military Grass, Mormon Oats, Selnder Chess, Thatch Bromegrass, Wild Oats
Common Names in French:
Brome Des Toits
Common Names in German:
Dach-Trespe, Dachtrespe
Common Names in Italian:
Forasacco Dei Tetti
Common Names in Nepalese:
Juke
Common Names in Portuguese:
Bromo-Felpudo, Bromo-Pendente, Capim-Cevadinha
Common Names in Spanish:
Bromo Velloso, Espiguilla Colgante
Description
Family Poaceae
Annual
or perennial
herbs, or tall woody bamboos
. Flowering stems (culms
) jointed
, internodes hollow or solid; branches arising singly from nodes and subtended by a leaf sheath
and 2-keeled prophyll, often fascicled in bamboos. Leaves arranged alternately in 2 ranks
, differentiated into sheath, blade
, and an adaxial
erect
appendage
at sheath/blade junction (ligule) ; leaf sheath surrounding and supporting culm-internode, split to base
or infrequently tubular
with partially or completely fused margins
, modified with reduced blade in bamboos (culm sheaths) ; leaf blades divergent, usually long, narrow and flat, but varying from inrolled
and filiform
to ovate
, veins parallel, sometimes with cross-connecting veinlets
(especially in bamboos) ; ligule membranous or a line
of hairs
. Inflorescence terminal
or axillary
, an open, contracted
, or spikelike panicle, or composed of lax
to spikelike racemes
arranged along an elongate
central axis, or digitate, paired
, or occasionally solitary; axillary inflorescences often many, subtended by spatheoles
(specialized bladeless leaf sheaths) and gathered into a leafy compound
panicle; spikelets
often aggregated into complex
clusters
in bamboos. Spikelets composed of distichous bracts arranged along a slender axis (rachilla) ; typically 2 lowest bracts (glumes
) empty, subtending
1 to many florets
; glumes often poorly differentiated from accompanying bracts in bamboos. Florets composed of 2 opposing bracts enclosing a single small flower, outer bract (lemma) clasping
the more delicate, usually 2-keeled inner bract (palea) ; base of floret often with thickened prolongation articulated with rachilla (callus) ; lemma often with apical or dorsal bristle
(awn
), glumes also sometimes awned
. Flowers bisexual
or unisexual
; lodicules (small scales
representing perianth) 2, rarely 3 or absent, 3 to many in bamboos, hyaline
or fleshy
; stamens 3 rarely 1, 2, 6, or more in some bamboos, hypogynous, filaments
capillary
, anthers
versatile; ovary 1-celled, styles (1 or) 2(rarely 3), free
or united
at base, topped by feathery stigmas, exserted from sides or apex of floret. Fruit normally a dry indehiscent caryopsis with thin pericarp firmly adherent
to seed, pericarp rarely free, fleshy in some bamboos; embryo small or large; hilum
punctate
to linear
.
About 700 genera and 11,000 species: widely distributed in all regions of the world.[1]
Genus Bromus
Annuals
or perennials
. Culms
erect
, tufted
or with rhizomes. Leaf sheaths
closed
; leaf blades
linear
, usually flat; ligules membranous. Panicles spreading
or contracted
, branches scabrid
or pubescent
, elongated or arched. Spikelets
large, with 3 to many florets
, upper florets often sterile
; rachilla disarticulating
above glumes
and between florets, scabrid or shortly hairy
; glumes unequal or subequal
, shorter than spikelet, lanceolate or nearly ovate
, (1-) 5-7-veined, apex acute or long acuminate or aristiform
; floret callus glabrous
or both sides thinly hairy; lemmas rounded
on back or compressed
to keel, 5-9(-11) -veined, herbaceous or nearly leathery, margins
often membranous, apex entire or 2-toothed; awn
terminal
or arising from lemma between teeth slightly under apex, rarely awnless or 3-awned; palea narrow, usually shorter than lemma, keels ciliate
or scabrid. Lodicules 2. Stamens 3. Ovary apex with appendage
; styles 2, arising from lower front of appendage. Caryopsis oblong
, apex hairy, adaxial
surface sulcate
. Chromosomes large, x = 7, 2n = 14, 28, 42, 56, 70.
About 150 species: temperate regions
, mainly in the N hemisphere, also on mountains in the tropics; 55 species (eight endemic, at least three introduced
) in China.[2]
Physical Description
Species Bromus tectorum
Annual . Culms erect , 20-60 cm tall, 3- or 4-noded. Leaf sheaths pubescent ; leaf blades 5-20 cm, 2-4 mm wide, pubescent; ligule 1.5-2 mm. Panicle spreading , 8-15 cm, secund ; branches 3-5 at lower nodes, slender, mostly curved , scabrid , pubescent, each bearing 1-8 slightly nodding spikelets . Spikelets 10-35(-50) mm; florets 4-8; rachilla internodes 2-3 mm; glumes narrowly lanceolate, margins membranous, lower glume 8-15 mm, 1-3-veined, upper glume 11-17 mm, 3-7-veined, apex acute, obtuse , or shortly aristiform ; lemmas 9-22 mm, 1-1.5 mm wide in side view , 5-7-veined, scabrid or pubescent, margins thinly membranous, shiny, apex acuminate, acute, or obtuse, 2-toothed, awned from sinus , awn 12-25(-40) mm, slender, straight; palea shorter than or subequal to lemma, keels ciliate . Stamens 3; anthers 0.5-2 mm. Fl. and fr. May-Sep. [source]
Habit: Graminoid
Flowers:
Bloom Period:
Grassy places, dry slopes
, river
beaches, dry sandy places, wastelands,
roadsides; 100-3400(-4200) m
[3].
Size/Age/Growth
Size: 18-24" tall.
Habitat
Grassy places, dry slopes , river beaches, dry sandy places, wastelands, roadsides; 100-3400(-4200) m [3].
Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,632 meters (0 to 11,916 feet).[4]
Biology
Reproduction
Duration: Annual
Growth
Soil: Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 6.5
Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade.
Temperature: Cold Hardiness: Not Applicable (map)
Taxonomy
- Domain:
Eukaryota
(
)
- Whittaker & Margulis,1978
- eukaryotes
- Kingdom:
Plantae
(
)
- Haeckel, 1866
- Plants
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
(
)
- Cavalier-Smith, 1981
- Phylum:
Tracheophyta
(
)
- Sinnott, 1935 Ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998
- Vascular Plants
- Subphylum:
Euphyllophytina
(
)
- Infraphylum:
Radiatopses
(
)
- Kenrick & Crane, 1997
- Class:
Liliopsida
(
)
- Scopoli, 1760
- Subclass:
Commelinidae
(
)
- Takhtajan, 1967
- Superorder:
Poanae
(
)
- (Small, 1903) Takhtajan, 1997 Ex Reveal & Doweld, 1999
- Superorder:
Poanae
(
- Subclass:
Commelinidae
(
- Class:
Liliopsida
(
- Infraphylum:
Radiatopses
(
- Subphylum:
Euphyllophytina
(
- Phylum:
Tracheophyta
(
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
(
- Kingdom:
Plantae
(
Unambiguous Synonyms
- Anisantha tectorum (L.) Nevski
- Bromus tectorum var. glabratus Spenner
- Bromus tectorum var. hirsutus Regel
- Bromus tectorum var. nudus Klett & Richter
Notes
Name
Status: Accepted Name
. Latest taxonomic
scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000
Place of publication
: Sp.
pl. 1:77. 1753
Name verified on 07-Apr-2003 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 20-Nov-2007
Similar Species
Members of the genus Bromus
ZipcodeZoo has pages for 688 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:
B. abolinii · B. abortiflorus · B. adjaricus · B. adoensis · B. aegyptiacus · B. affinis · B. agrestis · B. alaicus · B. albidus · B. aleutensis (Aleutian Brome) · B. alopecuroides · B. alopecuros (Roadside Brome) · B. alopecuros caroli-henrici (Weedy Brome) · B. alopecuros subsp. biaristulatus · B. alopecurus · B. alpestris · B. altissimus · B. ambigens · B. ambiguus · B. anatolicus · B. andinus · B. andringitrensis · B. anduennensis · B. angrenicus · B. angustatus · B. angustifolius · B. angustissimus · B. anomalus (Nodding Bromegrass) · B. anomolus · B. antarcticus · B. aquaticus · B. araucanus · B. arcticus · B. arcticus subsp. ornans · B. arduennensis · B. arenaceus · B. arenarius (Australian Brome) · B. arenarius var. macrostachya · B. argypheus · B. aristatus · B. arizonicus (Arizona Brome) · B. armenus · B. arrhenatheroides · B. arundinaceus · B. arvensis (Field Bromegrass) · B. asper · B. asperipes · B. asperrimus · B. atlanticus · B. attenuatus · B. atticus · B. auleticus · B. auriculatus · B. australis · B. avenaceus · B. avenaeformis · B. avenoides · B. badensis · B. balsiensis · B. barbatoides · B. barbatus · B. barcensis · B. barobalianus · B. benekeni · B. benekenii · B. benekkenii (Brome) · B. benekkenii 'Denver Botanic Garden' · B. berterianus (Bromus Trinii E. Desv.) · B. berteroanus · B. berteroanus var. berteroanus · B. bertolae · B. bicuspis · B. bidentatus · B. biebersteinii (Bieberstein Brome) · B. bifidus · B. bikfayensis · B. billotii · B. bohemicus · B. bolivianus · B. bonariensis · B. bonassorum · B. boraei · B. borianus · B. brachyantheca · B. brachyanthera · B. brachyanthera brachyanthera · B. brachyanthera var. brachyanthera · B. brachyphyllus · B. brachystachys · B. brauni · B. breviaristatus · B. brevis · B. brevisetus · B. britannicus · B. brizaeformis · B. brizaformis · B. briziformis (Rattlesnake Brome Grass) · B. brizioides · B. brizoides · B. bromoides
More Info
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Further Reading
- Flora of Glacier National Park, Montana, by Paul C. Standley. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1921. ENG url p. 292.
- A Homeowner's Guide to Cheatgrass (PDF | 126 KB) University of Nevada - Reno. Cooperative Extension. Identification/Description; Illustrations; Introduction History; Impacts; Controls
- Acedo, C. & F. Llamas. 1999. The genus Bromus L. (Poaceae) in the Iberian Peninsula. Phanerog. Monogr. 22:196–207.
- Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. Helsinki, Societas. ENG url p. 12, p. 203, p. 441, p. 91.
- Allgemeine botanische Zeitschrift für Systematik, Floristik, Pflanzengeographie etc. Karlsruhe: J.J. Reiff, 1895-1928. GER url p. 12, p. 140, p. 141, p. 15, p. 154, p. 162, p. 20, p. 31, p. 31, p. 35, p. 86, p. 88, p. 90.
- An illustrated flora of the Pacific States: Washington, Oregon, and California. Stanford University, Stanford University Press, 1923-[60] ENG url p. 234.
- An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British possessions, from Newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the 102d meridian, by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Ho New York, C. Scribner's Sons, 1913. ENG url p. 274.
- Anales de la Sociedad Espańola de Historia Natural. Madrid: La Sociedad, ENG url p. 122, p. 149, p. 151, p. 169, p. 239, p. 302, p. 414.
- Anglo-russkii biologicheskii slovar' / [avtory, I. N. Afanas'eva et al.; spetsial'nye nauch. redaktory, O. I. Chibisova i L. A. Koziar]. Moskva: Russkii iazyk, 1979. ENG url p. 130.
- Annales des sciences d'observation. Paris. url p. 416.
- Annals and magazine of natural history: including zoology, botany and geology London. url p. 292.
- Annotated list of the ferns and flowering plants of New York state, by Homer D. House. Albany, The University of the state of New York, 1924. ENG url p. 123.
- Archiv für Naturgeschichte. Berlin: Nicolai, 1835- GER url p. 324, p. 336.
- Atti della Societtaliana di scienze naturali e del Museo civico di storia naturale di Milano. Milano: 1896- ITA url p. 236.
- Aufzählung der in Ungarn und Slavonien bisher beobachteten Gefässpflanzen: nebst einer pflanzengeografischen Uebersicht / von August Neilreich. Wien: W. Braumüller, 1866. GER url p. 102.
- Beiträge zur Flora von Croatien und Dalmatien. Dresden, Buchdr. A. Schönfeld, 1896. GER url p. 30.
- Berichte der Schweizerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft = Bulletin de la Socit botanique Suisse. [Zrich]: Die Gesellschaft, 1891-1981. FRE url p. 110.
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- Bio-ecology, by Frederic E. Clements and Victor E. Shelford New York, J. Wiley & Sons, inc.;1939. ENG url p. 293.
- Boletín de la Sociedad Espańola de Historia Natural. Madrid: Estab. tip. de Fortenet, 1901-1937. SPA url p. 563, p. 95.
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- Boulos, L. 1995. Flora of Egypt checklist. (L Egypt)
- Bref och skrifvelser af och till Carl von Linné med understöd af Svenska staten utgifna af Upsala universitet. Stockholm, Aktiebolaget Ljus, 1907-1922. SWE url p. 258.
- Brigham Young University science bulletin. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University, [1955-1976] ENG url p. 100, p. 11, p. 13, p. 15, p. 19, p. 40.
- Bromus tectorum Pulling Together Initiative. Texasinvasives.org. Taxonomy; Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Dispersion; Controls; Special Note: References
- Bromus tectorum (Cheatgrass, Downy Brome) Nature Conservancy. Global Invasive Species Initiative. Identification/Description; Photographs; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Dispersion; Controls; Special Note: Element Stewardship Abstract with excellent set of references
- Bromus tectorum (grass) - ISSG Global Invasive Species Database World Conservation Union. Invasive Species Specialist Group. Taxonomy; Identification/Description; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Controls
- Bromus tectorum - An Assessment of Exotic Plant Species of Rocky Mountain National Park DOI. Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center. Impacts; Habitat; Distribution; Controls; Special Note: References
- Bromus tectorum - Comprehensive Report NatureServe Explorer. Taxonomy; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Special Note: References
- Bromus tectorum - Fire Effects Information System (FEIS) USDA. Forest Service. Rocky Mountain Research Station. Fire Sciences Laboratory. Taxonomy; Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Controls; Special Note: References
- Bromus tectorum - Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) USDA. ARS. National Genetic Resources Program. Taxonomy; Legal Aspects
- Bromus tectorum - Invasive Plant Atlas of New England (IPANE) University of Connecticut. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Taxonomy; Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Distribution; Dispersion; Controls
- Bromus tectorum - Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands Book (2000) California Invasive Plant Council. Identification/Description; Photographs; Illustrations; Introduction History; Impacts; Distribution; Controls
- Bromus tectorum - Species Abstracts of Highly Disruptive Exotic Plants at at Scotts Bluff National Monument (Nebraska) DOI. Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center. Taxonomy; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Controls; Special Note: References
- Bromus tectorum Article Citation Search - AGRICOLA Database USDA. National Agricultural Library. Research; Special Note: NAL Catalog Search (resources)
- Bromus tectorum Discover Life. Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Dispersion; Controls
- Bromus tectorum Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Taxonomy
- Bromus tectorum L. (Cheatgrass) - Noxious and Nuisance Plant Management Information System (PMIS) United States Army Corps of Engineers. Engineer Research and Development Center. Environmental Laboratory. Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Impacts; Distribution
- Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. ENG url p. 355.
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Notes
Contributors
- Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
- Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed April 6, 2007.
- "Bromus tectorum". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 373, 380, 382. Published by Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 16, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 5 providers.
- National Invasive Species Information Center, National Agricultural Library, United States Department of Agriculture. Web Site. Accessed May 3, 2008.
- USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 25, 2008)
Data Sources
Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 15, 2007:
- Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, GEO Biodiversity Day
- Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Herbarium Willing
- Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
- Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
- Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
- The Swedish Museum of Natural History
- , Botany
- The Swedish Museum of Natural History
- , Lund Botanical Museum
- USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
- University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
- University of Alaska Museum of the North, University of Alaska Museum of the North Herbarium
- University of Washington Burke Museum, Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium
- Utah Valley State College
- , Utah Valley State College Herbarium
Identifiers
- Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2660817
- Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-40524
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13742256
- Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:75256-3
- GRIN Nomen Number: 7880
- Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 40524
- Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PMPOA151H2
- U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: BRTEN
- Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 21499
Footnotes
- Shou-liang Chen, De-Zhu Li, Guanghua Zhu, Zhenlan Wu, Sheng-lian Lu, Liang Liu, Zheng-ping Wang, Bi-xing Sun, Zheng-de Zhu, Nianhe Xia, Liang-zhi Jia, Zhenhua Guo, Wenli Chen, Xiang Chen, Yang Guangyao, Sylvia M. Phillips, Chris Stapleton, Robert J. Soreng, Susan G. Aiken, Nikolai N. Tzvelev, Paul M. Peterson, Stephen A. Renvoize, Marina V. Olonova & Klaus Ammann "Poaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 22. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
- Liang Liu, Guanghua Zhu & Klaus Ammann "Bromus". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 370, 371. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
- "Bromus tectorum". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 373, 380, 382. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
- Mean = 508.170 meters (1,667.224 feet), Standard Deviation = 595.480 based on 1,768 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
