Bromus ciliatus

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

Description

Family Poaceae

Annual or perennial herbs, or tall woody bamboos . Flowering stems (culms ) jointed , internodes hollow or solid; branches arising singly from nodes and subtended by a leaf sheath and 2-keeled prophyll, often fascicled in bamboos. Leaves arranged alternately in 2 ranks , differentiated into sheath, blade , and an adaxial erect appendage at sheath/blade junction (ligule) ; leaf sheath surrounding and supporting culm-internode, split to base or infrequently tubular with partially or completely fused margins , modified with reduced blade in bamboos (culm sheaths) ; leaf blades divergent, usually long, narrow and flat, but varying from inrolled and filiform to ovate , veins parallel, sometimes with cross-connecting veinlets (especially in bamboos) ; ligule membranous or a line of hairs . Inflorescence terminal or axillary , an open, contracted , or spikelike panicle, or composed of lax to spikelike racemes arranged along an elongate central axis, or digitate, paired , or occasionally solitary; axillary inflorescences often many, subtended by spatheoles (specialized bladeless leaf sheaths) and gathered into a leafy compound panicle; spikelets often aggregated into complex clusters in bamboos. Spikelets composed of distichous bracts arranged along a slender axis (rachilla) ; typically 2 lowest bracts (glumes ) empty, subtending 1 to many florets ; glumes often poorly differentiated from accompanying bracts in bamboos. Florets composed of 2 opposing bracts enclosing a single small flower, outer bract (lemma) clasping the more delicate, usually 2-keeled inner bract (palea) ; base of floret often with thickened prolongation articulated with rachilla (callus) ; lemma often with apical or dorsal bristle (awn ), glumes also sometimes awned . Flowers bisexual or unisexual ; lodicules (small scales representing perianth) 2, rarely 3 or absent, 3 to many in bamboos, hyaline or fleshy ; stamens 3 rarely 1, 2, 6, or more in some bamboos, hypogynous, filaments capillary , anthers versatile; ovary 1-celled, styles (1 or) 2(rarely 3), free or united at base, topped by feathery stigmas, exserted from sides or apex of floret. Fruit normally a dry indehiscent caryopsis with thin pericarp firmly adherent to seed, pericarp rarely free, fleshy in some bamboos; embryo small or large; hilum punctate to linear .

About 700 genera and 11,000 species: widely distributed in all regions of the world.[1]

Genus Bromus

Annuals or perennials . Culms erect , tufted or with rhizomes. Leaf sheaths closed ; leaf blades linear , usually flat; ligules membranous. Panicles spreading or contracted , branches scabrid or pubescent , elongated or arched. Spikelets large, with 3 to many florets , upper florets often sterile ; rachilla disarticulating above glumes and between florets, scabrid or shortly hairy ; glumes unequal or subequal , shorter than spikelet, lanceolate or nearly ovate , (1-) 5-7-veined, apex acute or long acuminate or aristiform ; floret callus glabrous or both sides thinly hairy; lemmas rounded on back or compressed to keel, 5-9(-11) -veined, herbaceous or nearly leathery, margins often membranous, apex entire or 2-toothed; awn terminal or arising from lemma between teeth slightly under apex, rarely awnless or 3-awned; palea narrow, usually shorter than lemma, keels ciliate or scabrid. Lodicules 2. Stamens 3. Ovary apex with appendage ; styles 2, arising from lower front of appendage. Caryopsis oblong , apex hairy, adaxial surface sulcate . Chromosomes large, x = 7, 2n = 14, 28, 42, 56, 70.

About 150 species: temperate regions , mainly in the N hemisphere, also on mountains in the tropics; 55 species (eight endemic, at least three introduced ) in China.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Mid-elevation mountains, low-elevation wet forested places, meadows [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,632 meters (0 to 11,916 feet).[4]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial • Coppice Potential: No • Progagated by Bulbs: No • Propagated by Bare Root: No • Propagated by Container: No • Propagated by Corms: No • Propagated by Cuttings: No • Propagated by Seed: Yes • Propagated by Sod: No • Propagated by Sprigs: No • Propagated by Tubers: No • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: Spring • Fruit/Seed Period End: Summer • Fruit/Seed Persistence: No

Growth

Soil: Adapted to Medium Textured: Adapted to Medium Textured Soils • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: Yes • Anaerobic Tolerance: Low • Salinity Tolerance: Low • CaCO3 Tolerance: Medium • Minimum pH: 5.5 • Maximum pH: 7.5 • Fertility Requirement: Low

Sunlight: Shade Tolerance: Tolerant

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: Low • Minimum Precipitation: 12 • Maximum Precipitation: 40 • Moisture Use: Medium

Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): -3 • Minimum Frost Free Days: 175

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. B. yezoensis Ohwi
2. Bromopsis canadensis (Michaux) Holub
3. Bromopsis ciliata (L.) Holub
4. Bromus cana-densis Michaux
5. Bromus hookeri L. var. ciliatus (L.) E. Fourn.
6. Bromus inermis Leyss. var. ciliata (L.) Trautv.
7. Bromus purgans L. var. ciliatus (L.) Kuntze
8. Forasaccus ciliatus (L.) Lunell
9. Zerna yezoensis (Ohwi) Sugimoto.

Notes

An accepted name in the RHS Horticultural Database.

Name Status: Accepted Name. Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Sp. pl. 1:76. 1753

Name verified on 28-Sep-1999 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 20-Nov-2007

Similar Species

Members of the genus Bromus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 688 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

B. abolinii · B. abortiflorus · B. adjaricus · B. adoensis · B. aegyptiacus · B. affinis · B. agrestis · B. alaicus · B. albidus · B. aleutensis (Aleutian Brome) · B. alopecuroides · B. alopecuros (Roadside Brome) · B. alopecuros caroli-henrici (Weedy Brome) · B. alopecuros subsp. biaristulatus · B. alopecurus · B. alpestris · B. altissimus · B. ambigens · B. ambiguus · B. anatolicus · B. andinus · B. andringitrensis · B. anduennensis · B. angrenicus · B. angustatus · B. angustifolius · B. angustissimus · B. anomalus (Nodding Bromegrass) · B. anomolus · B. antarcticus · B. aquaticus · B. araucanus · B. arcticus · B. arcticus subsp. ornans · B. arduennensis · B. arenaceus · B. arenarius (Australian Brome) · B. arenarius var. macrostachya · B. argypheus · B. aristatus · B. arizonicus (Arizona Brome) · B. armenus · B. arrhenatheroides · B. arundinaceus · B. arvensis (Field Bromegrass) · B. asper · B. asperipes · B. asperrimus · B. atlanticus · B. attenuatus · B. atticus · B. auleticus · B. auriculatus · B. australis · B. avenaceus · B. avenaeformis · B. avenoides · B. badensis · B. balsiensis · B. barbatoides · B. barbatus · B. barcensis · B. barobalianus · B. benekeni · B. benekenii · B. benekkenii (Brome) · B. benekkenii 'Denver Botanic Garden' · B. berterianus (Bromus Trinii E. Desv.) · B. berteroanus · B. berteroanus var. berteroanus · B. bertolae · B. bicuspis · B. bidentatus · B. biebersteinii (Bieberstein Brome) · B. bifidus · B. bikfayensis · B. billotii · B. bohemicus · B. bolivianus · B. bonariensis · B. bonassorum · B. boraei · B. borianus · B. brachyantheca · B. brachyanthera · B. brachyanthera brachyanthera · B. brachyanthera var. brachyanthera · B. brachyphyllus · B. brachystachys · B. brauni · B. breviaristatus · B. brevis · B. brevisetus · B. britannicus · B. brizaeformis · B. brizaformis · B. briziformis (Rattlesnake Brome Grass) · B. brizioides · B. brizoides · B. bromoides

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Further Reading

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• A provisional list of the parasitic fungi of Wisconsin. [Madison, 1914] ENG url p. 904, p. 917, p. 928.
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• Chen Shouliang, Jin Yuexing, Zhuang Tide, Fang Wenzhe, Sheng Guoying, Liu Liang, Wu Zhenlan, Lu Shenglian, Sun Bisin, Hu Zhihao, Wang Song, Sun Xiangzhong, Wang Huiqin, Yang Xilin, Wang Chaopin, Li Binggui & Wen Shaobin. 1990. Gramineae (Poaceae) (4). In: Chen Shouliang, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 10(1):1401
• Chen Shouliang, Zhuang Tide, Fang Wenzhe, Sheng Guoying, Jin Yuexing, Liu Liang, Sun Bisin, Hu Zhihao & Wang Song. 1997. Gramineae (Poaceae) (5). In: Chen Shouliang, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 10(2): 1301
• Liu Liang, Zhu Taiping, Chen Wenli, Wu Zhenlan & Lu Shenglian. Gramineae (Poaceae) (2). In: Liu Liang, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 9(2): 1405
• Lu Sheng-lian, Sun Yong-hua, Liu Shang-wu, Yang Yong-chang, Wu Zhen-lan, Kuo Pen-chao, Yang Hsi-ling, Wang Chao-pin & Tsui Nai-ran. 1987. Gramineae (3). In: Kuo Pen-chao, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 9(3): 1329
• Wang Zhengping, Ye Guanghan, Yang Yaling, Yu Zehua, Hu Chenhua, Geng Bojie, Feng Xuelin, Jia Liangzhi, Xia Nianhe, Li Dezhu, Zhang Weiping, Xue Jiru, Zhu Zhengde, Zhao Qiseng, Chen Shouliang, Sheng Guoying, Chen Shaoyun, Yao Changyu, Lu Jionglin, Sun Jiliang, Lin Wantao, Yi Tongpei, Zhao Huiru, Wen Taihui & Dai Qihui. 1996. Gramineae (Poaceae) (1).

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed April 6, 2007.
• "Bromus ciliatus". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 372, 376. Published by Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed June 22, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 26, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 17, 2007:

• Berkeley Natural History Museums, University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
• Canadian Museum of Nature, Canadian Museum of Nature Herbarium
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, The Deaver Herbarium, Northern Arizona University
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
• University of Alaska Museum of the North, University of Alaska Museum of the North Herbarium
• University of Washington Burke Museum, Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium
• Utah State University, USU-UTC Specimen Database
• Utah Valley State College
• , Utah Valley State College Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2660796
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-40496
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13753290
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:291396-2
• GRIN Nomen Number: 7786
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 40496
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PMPOA15210
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: BRRIP BRCI
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 24095

Footnotes

1. Shou-liang Chen, De-Zhu Li, Guanghua Zhu, Zhenlan Wu, Sheng-lian Lu, Liang Liu, Zheng-ping Wang, Bi-xing Sun, Zheng-de Zhu, Nianhe Xia, Liang-zhi Jia, Zhenhua Guo, Wenli Chen, Xiang Chen, Yang Guangyao, Sylvia M. Phillips, Chris Stapleton, Robert J. Soreng, Susan G. Aiken, Nikolai N. Tzvelev, Paul M. Peterson, Stephen A. Renvoize, Marina V. Olonova & Klaus Ammann "Poaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 22. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Liang Liu, Guanghua Zhu & Klaus Ammann "Bromus". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 370, 371. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. "Bromus ciliatus". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 372, 376. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
4. Mean = 936.340 meters (3,071.982 feet), Standard Deviation = 835.850 based on 773 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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