Brassica napus (Canadian Turnip)

Interesting Facts

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Brassica napus is one of the most important sources of seed vegetable oil . The seed oil is also used in the manufacture of lubricants, grease, lacquers, varnishes, soap, resins, nylon, plastics, insect repellents, stabilizers, and pharmaceuticals. The green parts and fleshy roots are eaten as vegetables. Two varieties are recognized, and both are cultivated in China. [source]

Common Names

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Common Names in English:

Canadian Turnip, Canola, Oil Seed Rape, Rape, Rutabaga, Swede, Swedish Turnip, Turnip, Yellow Turnip

Description

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Genus Brassica

Herbs annual , biennial, or perennial , rarely subshrubs or shrubs , often glaucous. Trichomes absent or simple . Stems erect or ascending , simple or branched, leafy or rarely leafless. Basal leaves petiolate , rosulate or not, simple, entire, dentate , lyrate-pinnatifid, or pinnatisect . Cauline leaves petiolate or sessile, base cuneate, attenuate, auriculate , sagittate , or amplexicaul , margin entire, dentate, or lobed . Racemes ebracteate , elongated in fruit. Fruiting pedicels ascending, divaricate , or reflexed . Sepals ovate or oblong , erect, ascending, or rarely spreading , base of lateral pair saccate or not. Petals yellow, rarely white or pink; blade obovate , spatulate , or rarely oblanceolate , apex obtuse or emarginate ; claw distinct , subequaling or longer than sepals. Stamens 6, tetradynamous ; anthers ovate or oblong, obtuse at apex. Nectar glands 4, median and lateral, rarely 2 and lateral. Ovules 4-50 per ovary. Fruit dehiscent siliques, linear or rarely oblong, terete , 4-angled, or latiseptate , sessile or shortly stipitate , segmented ; valvular segment dehiscent , 4-46-seeded, longer than terminal segment, smooth or torulose , valves with a prominent midvein and obscure lateral veins; terminal segment seedless or 1(-3) -seeded; replum rounded ; septum complete , translucent or opaque , veinless or with a distinct midvein; style obsolete or distinct; stigma capitate, entire or 2-lobed. Seeds uniseriate or rarely biseriate , wingless, globose or rarely oblong, plump or rarely slightly flattened; seed coat reticulate , mucilaginous or not when wetted; cotyledons conduplicate .

About 40 species: primarily in the Mediterranean region, especially SW Europe and NW Africa; six species in China.

Brassica includes the most important vegetables and oilseed plants of the Brassicaceae, and China is the center where human selection has created numerous cultivars, more so than elsewhere in the world. Most of these were described by Liberty H. Bailey as species based primarily on minor differences in leaf morphology. In fact, Bailey (Gent. Herb. 1: 53-108. 1922; 2: 211-267. 1930; 4: 319-330. 1940) recognized 25 crop species of Brassica (including two presently assigned to Sinapis and ten as "new"), of which 23 species names clearly belong to only six species (nos. 1-5 of the present account, plus B . carinata A. Braun) . Critical study of all of Bailey's types by one of the present authors (Al-Shehbaz), along with comprehensive cytological, crossing, and molecular studies conducted by numerous researchers over the past several decades, reveal that all of Bailey's "species and infraspecific taxa" clearly belong to four species: B. juncea (2n = 36), B. napus (2n = 38), B. oleracea (2n = 18), and B. rapa (2n = 20) .

Cultivated forms (or taxa) with the same chromosome number are indistinguishable in fruit, seed, and flower characters, and they interbreed freely and produce fully fertile offspring. Furthermore, such forms often lose their identity outside of cultivation and become basically indistinguishable from the weedy forms of the species to which they belong. Because the Chinese Brassica are maintained only in cultivation as distinct crops and have well-established Chinese names , they have been recognized in most of Chinese floras as distinct species. However, they are best treated as varieties, just as the numerous and morphologically far more diversified forms of B. oleracea are recognized worldwide (see below) . As many as 18 species of Brassica have been recognized in China, but the easternmost native range of the genus hardly reaches C Asia. On the basis of the enormous array of cultivated infraspecific taxa of B. juncea and B. rapa in China, it is evident that these two species have been domesticated there for thousands of years.[1]

Physical Description

Species Brassica napus

Herbs annual or biennial, 30-150 cm tall, glabrous or basally sparsely hirsute , often glaucous, with or without fleshy taproots . Stems erect , branched above. Basal and lowermost cauline leaves long petiolate ; petiole to 15 cm; leaf blade ovate , oblong , or lanceolate in outline, 5-25(-40) × 2-7(-10) cm, pinnately lobed or lyrate, sometimes undivided; terminal lobes ovate, dentate , repand , or entire; lateral lobes 1-6 on each side of midvein , much smaller than terminal one, entire, repand, or dentate, sometimes absent. Upper cauline leaves sessile, lanceolate, ovate, or oblong, to 8 × 3.5 cm, base amplexicaul , auriculate , margin entire or repand. Fruiting pedicels straight, divaricate , (1-) 1.2-2.3(-3) cm. Sepals oblong, (5-) 6-10 × 1.5-2.5 mm, ascending or rarely suberect. Petals bright or pale yellow, (0.9-) 1-1.6(-1.8) cm × (5-) 6-9(-10) mm, broadly obovate , apex rounded ; claw 5-9 mm. Filaments (5-) 7-10 mm; anthers oblong, 1.5-2.5 mm. Fruit linear , (3.5-) 5-9.5(-11) cm × (2.5-) 3.5-5 mm, terete or slightly 4-angled, sessile, divaricate or ascending; valvular segment (3-) 4-8.5(-9.5) cm, 12-20(-30) -seeded per locule; valves with a prominent midvein, slightly torulose or smooth ; terminal segment conical, (0.5-) 0.9-1.6 cm, seedless or 1-seeded; style often obsolete . Seeds dark brown or blackish, globose , (1.2-) 1.5-2.5(-3) mm in diam., minutely reticulate . Fl. Mar-Jun, fr. Apr-Jul. 2n = 38*. [source]

Native to Europe but not known in the wild, it perhaps evolved in the 16th Century as an allotetraploid derived from Brassica oleracea and B . rapa. [source]

Habit: Forb/herb • Growth Form: Single Crown • Shape and Orientation: Erect

Flowers: Bloom Period: January, February, March, December. • Flower Color: yellow • Flower Conspicuous: Yes

Seeds: Seed per Pound: 156960 • Seed Spread Rate: Moderate • Seedling Vigor: High • Fruit/Seed Abundance: High • Fruit/Seed Color: Black • Fruit/Seed Conspicuous: No • Cold Stratification Required: No

Foliage: Foliage Color: Dark Green • Foliage Porosity Summer: Dense • Foliage Porosity Winter: Dense • Foliage Texture: Coarse • Fall Conspicuous: Yes • Leaf Retention: No

Size/Age/Growth

Active Growth Period: Fall , Winter and Spring • Growth Rate: Rapid • After Harvest Regrowth Rate: Slow • Mature Height (feet): 4.0 • Size: 12-18" tall. • Vegetative Spread Rate: None • Lifespan: Lifespan

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,653 meters (0 to 15,266 feet).[2]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Annual , Biennial • Coppice Potential: No • Progagated by Bulbs: No • Propagated by Bare Root: No • Propagated by Container: No • Propagated by Corms: No • Propagated by Cuttings: No • Propagated by Seed: Yes • Propagated by Sod: No • Propagated by Sprigs: No • Propagated by Tubers: No • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: Summer • Fruit/Seed Period End: Summer • Fruit/Seed Persistence: No

Growth

Culture: Space 9-12" apart.

Soil: Adapted to Medium Textured: Adapted to Medium Textured Soils • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: No • Anaerobic Tolerance: None • Salinity Tolerance: None • CaCO3 Tolerance: None • Minimum pH: 6.0 • Maximum pH: 7.2 • Fertility Requirement: Medium

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun . • Shade Tolerance: Intolerant

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: Low • Minimum Precipitation: 40 • Maximum Precipitation: 80 • Moisture Use: Medium

Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): 17 • Minimum Frost Free Days: 130

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Rosidae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Ranunculanae () - Takhtajan Ex Reveal, 1992
        Order: Brassicales () - Bromhead, 1838
        Family: Cruciferae () - A.L. de Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons., nom. alt.
        Tribe: Brassiceae ()
        Genus: Brassica () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - Mustard
        Specific epithet: napus - L.
        Botanical name: - Brassica napus L.

Synonyms

Brassica campestris napus Duthie & Fuller • Brassica napobrassica (L.) P. Mill. • Brassica napus var. napobrassica (L.) Reichenb.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 2009

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Brassica

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 1258 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

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Yearbook of agriculture. WashingtonU.S. Govt. Print. Off. url p. 199, p. 200, p. 630.
Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture. Washington: G.P.O., 1895-1923. url p. 199, p. 200.
[Collected reprints]. [1902-52] url , p. 121.
[Publications on plant pathology from Wisconsin Experiment Station Research bulletins, collected by H.S. Jackson.] [Madison, Wis.][1911-33] url p. 76.

Notes

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Contributors

Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 15, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 11, 2007:

GBIF-Spain, Departamento de Biolog. Veg. II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid: MAF
Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
University of Washington Burke Museum, Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 1
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Mus-666
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 2706391
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:924090-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 7661
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 23060
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 279419-1
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDBRA0C060
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: BRNA
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 25879

Footnotes

"Brassica". in Flora of China Vol. 8 Page 16. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 115.300 meters (378.281 feet), Standard Deviation = 177.850 based on 6,372 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Brassica napus

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Genus Brassica

Physical Description

Species Brassica napus

Size/Age/Growth

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Brassica

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes