Brassica juncea (Chinese Mustard)

Overview

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Interesting Facts

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Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in Chinese:

Jie Cai

Common Names in English:

Chinese Mustard, India Mustard, Indian Mustard, Mustard Greens, Oriental Mustard

Common Names in Spanish:

Mostaza India

Description

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Genus Brassica

Herbs annual , biennial, or perennial , rarely subshrubs or shrubs , often glaucous. Trichomes absent or simple . Stems erect or ascending , simple or branched, leafy or rarely leafless. Basal leaves petiolate , rosulate or not, simple, entire, dentate , lyrate-pinnatifid, or pinnatisect . Cauline leaves petiolate or sessile, base cuneate, attenuate, auriculate , sagittate , or amplexicaul , margin entire, dentate, or lobed . Racemes ebracteate , elongated in fruit. Fruiting pedicels ascending, divaricate , or reflexed . Sepals ovate or oblong , erect, ascending, or rarely spreading , base of lateral pair saccate or not. Petals yellow, rarely white or pink; blade obovate , spatulate , or rarely oblanceolate , apex obtuse or emarginate ; claw distinct , subequaling or longer than sepals. Stamens 6, tetradynamous ; anthers ovate or oblong, obtuse at apex. Nectar glands 4, median and lateral, rarely 2 and lateral. Ovules 4-50 per ovary. Fruit dehiscent siliques, linear or rarely oblong, terete , 4-angled, or latiseptate , sessile or shortly stipitate , segmented ; valvular segment dehiscent , 4-46-seeded, longer than terminal segment, smooth or torulose , valves with a prominent midvein and obscure lateral veins; terminal segment seedless or 1(-3) -seeded; replum rounded ; septum complete , translucent or opaque , veinless or with a distinct midvein; style obsolete or distinct; stigma capitate, entire or 2-lobed. Seeds uniseriate or rarely biseriate , wingless, globose or rarely oblong, plump or rarely slightly flattened; seed coat reticulate , mucilaginous or not when wetted; cotyledons conduplicate .

About 40 species: primarily in the Mediterranean region, especially SW Europe and NW Africa; six species in China.

Brassica includes the most important vegetables and oilseed plants of the Brassicaceae, and China is the center where human selection has created numerous cultivars, more so than elsewhere in the world. Most of these were described by Liberty H. Bailey as species based primarily on minor differences in leaf morphology. In fact, Bailey (Gent. Herb. 1: 53-108. 1922; 2: 211-267. 1930; 4: 319-330. 1940) recognized 25 crop species of Brassica (including two presently assigned to Sinapis and ten as "new"), of which 23 species names clearly belong to only six species (nos. 1-5 of the present account, plus B . carinata A. Braun) . Critical study of all of Bailey's types by one of the present authors (Al-Shehbaz), along with comprehensive cytological, crossing, and molecular studies conducted by numerous researchers over the past several decades, reveal that all of Bailey's "species and infraspecific taxa" clearly belong to four species: B. juncea (2n = 36), B. napus (2n = 38), B. oleracea (2n = 18), and B. rapa (2n = 20) .

Cultivated forms (or taxa) with the same chromosome number are indistinguishable in fruit, seed, and flower characters, and they interbreed freely and produce fully fertile offspring. Furthermore, such forms often lose their identity outside of cultivation and become basically indistinguishable from the weedy forms of the species to which they belong. Because the Chinese Brassica are maintained only in cultivation as distinct crops and have well-established Chinese names , they have been recognized in most of Chinese floras as distinct species. However, they are best treated as varieties, just as the numerous and morphologically far more diversified forms of B. oleracea are recognized worldwide (see below) . As many as 18 species of Brassica have been recognized in China, but the easternmost native range of the genus hardly reaches C Asia. On the basis of the enormous array of cultivated infraspecific taxa of B. juncea and B. rapa in China, it is evident that these two species have been domesticated there for thousands of years.[1]

Physical Description

Species Brassica juncea

Herbs annual , (20-) 30-100(-180) cm tall, pubescent or rarely glabrous , glaucous or not, sometimes with fleshy taproots . Stems erect , branched above. Basal and lowermost cauline leaves long petiolate ; petiole (1-) 2-8(-15) cm; leaf blade ovate , oblong , or lanceolate in outline, (4-) 6-30(-80) × 1.5-15(-28) cm, lyrate-pinnatifid or pinnatisect ; terminal lobe ovate, repand , dentate , or incised; lateral lobes 1-3 on each side of midvein , much smaller than terminal lobe, crisped incised, dentate, repand, or entire. Upper cauline leaves petiolate or subsessile , oblanceolate , oblong, lanceolate, or linear , to 10 × 5 cm, base cuneate to attenuate, margin entire or repand, rarely dentate. Fruiting pedicels straight, divaricate , (0.5-) 0.8-1.5(-2) cm. Sepals oblong, (3.5-) 4-6(-7) × 1-1.7 mm, spreading . Petals yellow, (6.5-) 8-11(-13) × 5-7.5 mm, ovate or obovate , apex rounded or emarginate ; claw 3-6 mm. Filaments 4-7 mm; anthers oblong, 1.5-2 mm. Fruit linear, (2-) 3-5(-6) cm × 3-4(-5) mm, terete or slightly 4-angled, sessile, divaricate or ascending ; valvular segment (1.5-) 2-4.5 cm, 6-15(-20) -seeded per locule; valves with a prominent midvein, slightly torulose ; terminal segment conical, (4-) 5-10(-15) mm, seedless; style often obsolete . Seeds dark to light brown or gray, globose , 1-1.7 mm in diam., minutely reticulate . Fl. Mar-Jun, fr. Apr-Jul. 2n = 36*. [source]

Variation in the basal leaf morphology of Brassica juncea is tremendous, and minor variants have been recognized at specific, subspecific, and varietal ranks . All these "taxa" have 2n = 36, and they can be readily crossed and produce fully fertile offspring. Seven varieties and three species were recognized in FRPS. Of these, only three major types are recognized here as varieties. Brassica juncea var. megarrhiza and B . napiformis represent one taxon (var. napiformis), while B. juncea var. tumida is quite distinct in leaf morphology. Both varieties are recognized here. The other varieties, which are based solely on the type of leaf margin, are reduced to the synonymy of var. juncea. These include var. gracilis (margin doubly serrate or incised), var. multisecta (margin with linear or filiform lobes), var. foliosa (margin sinuate-dentate), var. crispifolia (margin sharply dentate or incised), and var. multiceps (margin unlobed, slightly incised, or irregularly doubly serrate). Brassica integrifolia was described from European plants of B. juncea that became naturalized in St . Croix, an island in the Caribbean Sea. It is said to differ from B. juncea in having undivided leaves and smaller fruit, but these alleged differences are unrealistic, and B. integrifolia does not merit any taxonomic status. [source]

Flowers: Bloom Period: June. • Flower Color: yellow

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 12-18" tall.

Habitat

Fields , waste places, roadsides. Cultivated throughout China, sometimes naturalized especially in SW China [widely cultivated and naturalized elsewhere][2].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,840 meters (0 to 15,879 feet).[3]

Biology

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Growth

Culture: Space 6-9" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.6 • Maximum pH: 8.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade.

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Rosidae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Ranunculanae () - Takhtajan Ex Reveal, 1992
        Order: Brassicales () - Bromhead, 1838
        Family: Cruciferae () - A.L. de Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons., nom. alt.
        Tribe: Brassiceae ()
        Genus: Brassica () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - Mustard
        Specific epithet: juncea - (L.) Czern.
        Form: oshi Sawoda. Taihoku, Formosa: Agricultur
        Botanical name: - Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.

Synonyms

Brassica integrifolia (Vahl) Schulz • Brassica integrifolia Rupr. • Brassica japonica Thunb. • Brassica juncea var. crispifolia Bailey • Brassica juncea var. japonica (Thunb.) Bailey • Brassica willdenowii Boiss. • Sinapis juncea L.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 2009

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Brassica

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 1258 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

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Notes

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Contributors

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 21, 2007:

Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
Bundesamt für Naturschutz / Zentralstelle für Phytodiversität Deutschland, Bundesamt fuer Naturschutz / Zentralstelle fuer Phytodiversitaet Deutschland
Centre for Genetic Resources, The Netherlands, CGN-PGR
Herbier de la Guyane, Herbier de la Guyane
Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plants, Field notes, Oslo
Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Botany
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Herbarium of Oskarshamn
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Plants
UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
Utah Valley State College
, Utah Valley State College Herbarium

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 1
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Mus-658
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4490920
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:72224-3
GRIN Nomen Number: 7654
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 23059
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 60442521
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDBRA0C050
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: SIJU2
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 25876

Footnotes

"Brassica". in Flora of China Vol. 8 Page 16. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
"Brassica juncea". in Flora of China Vol. 8 Page 20. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 212.960 meters (698.688 feet), Standard Deviation = 350.930 based on 1,539 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Brassica juncea

Overview

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Common Names

Description

Genus Brassica

Physical Description

Species Brassica juncea

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Habitat

Biology

Growth

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Members of the genus Brassica

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Footnotes