Bixa orellana

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Evergreen shrub from tropical America with attractive pink or white flowers. The prickly fruits contain 50 or so seeds with a scarlet, waxy covering that yields a bright yellow dye.

Source of commercial annatto. Originates in the lowlands of S.America. Stands in Guiana along rivers , but maybe v. long cultivated. Ecuadorian Siona Indians cultivate 3 forms of B .orellana. (Outside America, dried capsicum had similar roles). Probably originally domesticated for body paint, against evil, for war, and against insects. Good for lipstick etc. Use for Cloth, Dyes may have arisen later. It is also used as a medicine against epilepsy, fever and VD, and as a chocolate additive in Mexico. Smith et al. (1992) state that, like sweet potato, it was in the Pacific area before the Europeans: Marquesas inhabitants knew about it when first missionaries arrived. Maybe Portuguese took It to eg Timor and Moluccas and thence. Or Peruvian or Polynesian travellers may have dispersed it. However, Burkill (1935) stated that the Spanish took it to the Philippines, and thence it went to the Moluccas. Hindus use it as a dye in their Holi festical, but this use is farily recent; in 1808 its use was said to be 'rapidly spreading over Bengal'. Its use in Europe and USA was replaced by Red Dye no. 3 until that was implicated in cancer and banned. Bixin, identified in 1825, is used to color butter, cheese, chocolate, and still not synthesised.

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Bixaceae

Shrubs or small trees . Young branches and leaves with peltate scales . Leaves alternate; stipules small, sheathing bud, fugacious ; petiole swollen at base and apex; leaf blade simple , palmately veined. Inflorescence a terminal panicle. Flowers bisexual , actinomorphic . Sepals 5, free , imbricate, with basal, abaxial glands , fugacious. Petals 5, imbricate, large and conspicuous . Stamens many, free or slightly united at base; anthers oblong , with 2 inverted , U-shaped thecae, dehiscing by short, apical slits on bend . Ovary superior, 1-loculed; ovules many on 2 parietal placentas; style slender; stigmas 2-lobed. Fruit a capsule, loculicidally 2-valved, usually spiny . Seeds many; testa red, slightly fleshy ; embryo large; cotyledons broad, incurved at apex; endosperm copious .

One genus and five species: native to tropical America; one species widely cultivated in tropical regions , including China.

Molecular data suggest that the genus Diegodendron Capuron, endemic to Madagascar, is related to Bixa and could be included within the Bixaceae.[1]

Genus Bixa

Morphological characters and geographic distribution are the same as those of the family .[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Cultivated, tolerant of poor soils but intolerant of shade[3].

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 10-12' apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.6 • Maximum pH: 7.8

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 11. (map)

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Orellana Orellana

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Sp. pl. 1:512. 1753

Name verified on 20-May-1992 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 27-Jan-1997

Similar Species

Members of the genus Bixa

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 16 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

B. acuminata · B. americana · B. arborea · B. excelsa · B. katangensis · B. odorata · B. orellana (Arnotto Dye Plant) · B. orellana var. leiocarpa · B. orleana · B. platicarpa · B. platycarpa · B. purpurea · B. sphaerocarpa · B. tinctaria · B. upatensis · B. urucurana

More Info

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Further Reading

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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• "Bixa orellana". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 71. Published by Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 17, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 26 providers.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 26, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 17, 2007:

• Australian National Herbarium
• , Australian National Herbarium
• Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Bishop Museum Natural History Specimen Data
• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
• Botanical Research Institute of Texas, Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program
• Comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad, Banco Nacional de Germoplasma Vegetal, México
• Comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad, Herbario del Instituto de Ecología, A.C., México
• Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Virtual Herbarium Darwin Core format
• GBIF-Spain, Jardín Botánico de Córdoba: Herbarium COA
• Herbarium of the University of Aarhus, The AAU Herbarium Database
• Herbier de la Guyane, Herbier de la Guyane
• Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad
• , Biodiversidad de Costa Rica
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• National Herbarium of New South Wales, NSW herbarium collection
• National Herbarium of New South Wales, Plants of Papua New Guinea
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
• SysTax, Herbarium Universitat Ulm
• SysTax, SysTax
• Taiwan Biodiversity Information Facility, Magnoliophyta
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2648084
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-22251
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13741697
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:51930-3
• GRIN Nomen Number: 7249
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 22251
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 51930-3
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDBIX02010
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: BIOR
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 25313

Footnotes

1. Qiner Yang & Michael G. Gilbert "Bixaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 71. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. "Bixa". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 71. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. "Bixa orellana". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 71. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]

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