Bidens cernua (Bur Marigold)

Overview

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Nodding beggarticks. <em>Bidens cernua</em> habitat; flower

Interesting Facts

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Bidens cernua is used medicinally to treat urinary-tract infections . [source]

Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in English:

Bur Marigold, Nodding Beggar-Ticks, Nodding Beggartick, Nodding Beggarticks, Nodding Bur Marigold, Nodding Burmarigold, Nodding Burr-Marigold, Small Marigold, Sticktight

Common Names in French:

Bident Penché

Common Names in Romanian:

Iarbă Roşie

Description

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Family Compositae

The largest family of flowering plants , the Compositae (Asteraceae), comprising about 1,100 genera and more than 20,000 species and characterized by many small flowers arranged in a head looking like a single flower and subtended by an involucre of bracts. A head may consist of both ray flowers and disk flowers, as in the sunflower, of disk flowers only, as in the burdock, or of ray flowers only, as in the dandelion.

Tribe Heliantheae

The Heliantheae are a tribe of closely related genera of the sunflower family that can be readily recognized due to the association of a receptacular bract or chaff scale with each disk floret in the head . The heads usually include bisexual , actinomorphic disk florets with tubular corollas that have 4 or 5 distal lobes and also peripheral zygomorphic female or sometimes sterile florets with strap-shaped corollas that have 3 or fewer distal teeth. However, the ray flowers are sometimes absent and the heads are then discoid , containing only bisexual florets with tubular corollas. The pappus is absent or more commonly ranges from scales to stiff bristles . -- Gerald Carr.

Genus Bidens

Annuals or perennials [shrubs , vines ], 5400 cm. Stems usually 1, usually erect , (terete or 4-angled, often striate or sulcate ) branched distally or ± throughout. Leaves usually cauline; usually opposite, rarely whorled , distal sometimes alternate; petiolate or sessile; blades simple , compound (leaflets petiolulate ), or 13+-pinnatisect or -pinnately lobed (submerged leaves multifid in B . beckii, an aquatic ), ultimate margins entire, dentate , laciniate , serrate, or toothed , faces usually glabrous , sometimes hirtellous, hispidulous , pilosulous, puberulent , scabrellous, or strigillose . Heads usually radiate or discoid , sometimes ± disciform , usually in corymbiform arrays, sometimes in 2s or 3s or borne singly. Calyculi of (3) 513(21+) erect to spreading or reflexed , ± herbaceous (sometimes foliaceous ) bractlets or bracts (sometimes surpassing phyllaries). Involucres mostly hemispheric or campanulate to cylindric , (1) 412(25+) mm diam. Phyllaries persistent , mostly (4) 821(30+) in ± 2 series, usually distinct , sometimes connate 0.050.1 their lengths , mostly oblong or ovate to lance-oblong, chartaceous to membranous or scarious (usually striate with brownish nerves , margins usually hyaline ). Receptacles flat or slightly convex , paleate; paleae usually falling, (usually stramineous , sometimes yellow to orange, with darker striae) ± flat to slightly navicular . Ray florets usually 121+ (often 3, 5, 8, or 13), sometimes 0, usually neuter , sometimes styliferous and sterile ; corollas usually yellow, sometimes white or pinkish. Disc florets (5) 1260(150+), bisexual , fertile ; corollas usually yellow to orange, sometimes whitish [purplish], tubes shorter than throats , lobes (3) 5, ± deltate (staminal filaments glabrous; style-branch appendages deltate or lanceolate to subulate ). Cypselae usually obcompressed to flat, unequally 34-angled, and cuneate to oblanceolate or obovate , sometimes (all or inner) ± equally 4-angled and linear-fusiform, rarely subterete, margins (± corky-winged in B. aristosa, B. cernua, and B. polylepis) usually retrorsely, sometimes patently or antrorsely, barbed or ciliate , apices sometimes attenuate, not beaked [beaked], faces smooth , striate, or ± tuberculate , glabrous or hairy , each sometimes with 2 grooves ; pappi 0, or persistent, of (1) 24(8) usually retrorsely, sometimes antrorsely, barbellate or ciliate, rarely smooth, awns . x = 13.

Species 150-250+: widespread, especially in subtropical , tropical , and warm-temperate North America and South America.

Within species of Bidens, leaves may be simple, 1-pinnately compound, or 1-3-pinnatisect or -pinnately or -ternately lobed. For compound leaves, leaflets are described; for leaves mostly 1-pinnately lobed, primary lobes are described; for leaves 2-3-pinnatisect or -pinnately lobed, the ultimate lobes are described. Involucres in Bidens species are subtended by more or less herbaceous (sometimes foliaceous) bractlets or bracts; collectively, they constitute calyculi and they often well surpass the phyllaries. Together, phyllaries constitute involucres. In keys and descriptions here, shapes , heights , and diameters given for involucres are for involucres at flowering; involucres are sometimes notably larger in fruit. In some Bidens species, the outer and inner cypselae are obcompressed (unequally 3-4-angled) to flat, are mostly cuneate to obovate or nearly linear (broadest at or near apices), and are more or less similar except for sizes (outer smaller) ; in other species, the outer cypselae are obcompressed to flat and obovate to cuneate or linear and the inner are more or less equally 4-angled (in cross section ) and linear-fusiform (thickest near their middles and more or less attenuate toward their tips ).[1]

Physical Description

Species Bidens cernua

Annuals , (2-) 20-100(-400+) cm (stems sometimes rooting at proximal nodes). Leaves (rarely in 3s) sessile; blades lance-ovate or oblanceolate to lanceolate or linear , 40-100(-200+) × (2-) 5-25(-45+) mm, bases cuneate to rounded , margins usually coarsely dentate to serrate, sometimes entire, sometimes ciliate , apices acute to acuminate, faces glabrous . Heads (erect or nodding at flowering, usually nodding in fruit) borne singly or in open, ± corymbiform arrays. Peduncles 10-40(-100+) mm. Calyculi of (3-) 5-8(-10) spreading to reflexed , oblong to lance-linear , often ± foliaceous bractlets or bracts (3-) 8-12(-25+) mm, margins usually ciliate, abaxial faces usually glabrous, bases sometimes hispidulous . Involucres ± hemispheric or broader, (3-) 6-10 × (8-) 12-20+ mm. Phyllaries 6-8+, ovate or lance-ovate to lanceolate, 2-10 mm. Ray florets usually 6-8, sometimes 0; laminae orange-yellow, 2-15(-18) mm. Disc florets (10-) 40-100(-150+) ; corollas orange-yellow, 3-4 mm. Cypselae blackish or brown, usually ± flattened, sometimes ± 4-angled, ± cuneate, outer (3-) 5-6+ mm, inner 4-8 mm, margins (± thickened or winged ) retrorsely ciliate, apices ± truncate to convex , faces ± striate , glabrous or tuberculo-strigillose; pappi of (2-) 4, ± erect, retrorsely barbed awns (1-) 2-4 mm. 2n = 24, 48. [source]

Habit: Forb/herb

Flowers: Bloom Period: July, August. • Flower Color: yellow

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 12-18" tall.

Habitat

Swamps , marshes, peat and sedge bogs , flood plains ; 0-2300 m (Ref. 52387).

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,793 meters (0 to 9,163 feet).[2]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Annual

Growth

Culture: Space 9-12" apart.

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Asteridae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Campanulanae () - Takhtajan Ex Reveal, 1992
        Order: Asterales () - Lindley, 1833
        Family: Compositae () - Giseke, 1792, nom. cons., nom. alt.
        Subfamily: Asteroideae ()
        Tribe: Heliantheae ()
        Subtribe: Coreopsidinae ()
        Genus: Bidens () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - Beggar-ticks [Latin bis, two, and dens, tooth, alluding to 2-awned pappi of the original species]
        Specific epithet: cernua - L.
        Botanical name: - Bidens cernua L.

Synonyms

B. cernua var. integra Wiegand • B. cernua var. minima (Hudson) Pursh • B. cernua var. oligodonta Fernald & H. St. John • B. cernua var. radiata de Candolle • B. filamentosa Rydberg • B. glaucescens Greene • B. gracilenta Greene • B. minima Hudson • B. prionophylla Greene • Bidens cernua var. dentata (Nutt.) Boivin • Bidens cernua var. elliptica Wieg. • Bidens cernua var. elliptica Wiegand • Bidens cernua var. integra Wieg. • Bidens cernua var. minima (Huds.) Pursh • Bidens cernua var. oligodonta Fern. & St. John • Bidens cernua var. radiata Dc. • Bidens glaucescens Greene

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Comment: Data Providers: New Zealand Plant Name Database, Flora of Japan, Flora of Korea, Govaerts World Compositae Checklist A-G, IPNI, Flora of China Checklist, Tropicos, Euro+Med, LCR Editor. GCC LSID: urn :lsid:compositae.org:names:610E2E9B-6131-49F5-B9E4-A18EC11CD44D

Last scrutiny: 15-Oct-09

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Bidens

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 90 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

More Info

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First biennial report of the progress of the Geological survey of Michigan, embracing observations on the geology, zoo?logy and botany of the lower peninsula. Made to the governor, December 31, 1860. Lansing, Hosmer & Kerr, printers to the state, 1861. url .
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Flora of Guernsey and the lesser Channel Islands: namely, Alderney, Sark, Herm, Jethou, and the adjacent islets. London, Dulau, 1901. url p. 484.
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Flora of Middlesex; a topographical and historical account of the plants found in the county; with sketches of its physical geography and climate, and of the progress of Middlesex botany during the last three centuries, by Henry Trimen and William T. Thiselton Dyer. With a map. London, Robert Hardwicke, 1869. url p. 152, p. 360.
Flora of Mount Desert Island, Maine: a preliminary catalogue of the plants growing on Mount Desert and the adjacent islands / by Edward L. Rand and John H. Redfield; with a geological introduction by William Morris Davis, and a new map of Mount Desert Island. Cambridge, Mass.: J. Wilson, 1894. url p. 118.
Flora of Mount Desert island, Maine. A preliminary catalogue of the plants growing on Mount Desert and the adjacent islands. By Edward L. Rand and John H. Redfield. With a geological introduction by William Morris Davis, and a new map of Mount Desert island. Cambridge, Mass., J. Wilson and son, 1894. url p. 118.
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Flora of Pennsylvania. Edited with the addition of analytical keys by John Kunkel Small. Boston, Ginn & Co., 1903. url p. 334.
Flora of Plymouth: an account of the flowering plants and ferns found within twelve miles of the town; history of local botanical investigation. London, J. Van Voorst, 1880. url p. 206, p. 23, p. 412.
Flora of Sussex; or a list of the flowering plants & ferns found in the county of Sussex, with localities of the less common species. London, Simpkin [et al.]1907. url p. 64.
Flora of Vermont; a list of the fern and seed plants growing without cultivation. Prepared by Ezra Brainerd, L.R. Jones and W.W. Eggleston, committee for the Vermont botanical club. Burlington, Vt., Free Press Association, 1900. url p. 86.
Flora of Willoughby, Vermont / George G. Kennedy. Boston: [s.n.], 1904. url p. 132.
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Flora of southern British Columbia and Vancouver Island: with many references to Alaska and northern species / by Joseph Kaye Henry. Toronto: W.J. Gage, c1915. url p. 305.
Flora of the Blue Hills, Middlesex Fells, Stony Brook and Beaver Brook reservations, of the Metropolitan Park Commission, Massachusetts. Boston: C.M. Barrows, 1896. url p. 45.
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Flora of the Indiana dunes, a handbook of the flowering plants and ferns of the lake Michigan Coast of Indiana and of the Calumet District, by Donald Culross Peattie. Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History, 1930. url p. 389.
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Flora of the southeastern United States; being descriptions of the seed-plants, ferns and fern-allies growing naturally in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, and in Oklahom by John Kunkel Small. New York, The author, 1913. url p. 1281.
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Geology of Clydesdale and Arran: embracing also the marine zoology and the flora of Arran, with complete list of species, notes on the rarer insects of Arran, and notices of its scenery and antiquities / by James Bryce. London: R. Griffin, 1859. url p. 167.
Grand Rapids flora: a catalogue of the flowering plants and ferns growing without cultivation in the vicinity of Grand Rapids, Michigan. Grand Rapids, Mich., A. Van Dort, 1901. url p. 149.
Great Basin naturalist memoirs. 1987 [Provo, Utah]Brigham Young University, 1976-1992. url p. 159, p. 79.
Hampstead Hill; its structure, materials, and sculpturing. With The flora of Hampstead by Henry T. Wharton; The insect fauna of Hampstead, by F.A. Walker; and The birds of Hampstead, by J. Edmund Harting. LondonRoper and Drowley1889 url p. 76.
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Hortus suburbanus Calcuttensis; A catalogue of the plants which have been cultivated in the Hon. East India Company's botanical garden, Calcutta, and in the Serampore botanical garden. By the late J. O. Voigt, printed under the superintendence of W. Griffith. Calcutta, Bishop's College Press, 1845. url p. 422.
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Sensitive plant surveys in the Big Belt and Elkhorn Mountains, U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Region 1, Helena National Forest, Montana / prepared by Jackie M. Poole and Bonnie L. Heidel; prepared for Helena National Forest. Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1993] url .
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Notes

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Contributors

"Bidens cernua". in Flora of North America Vol. 21 Page 206, 208, 214, 215. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
GCC: Global Compositae Checklist. Release date: November 18, 2009
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 12, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 27 providers.
Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 26, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 12, 2007:

Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2657370
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Ast-4180
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 2730127
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1062866-2
GRIN Nomen Number: 104074
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 35710
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDAST180B0
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: BIGL
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 25093

Footnotes

John L. Strother, Ronald R. Weedon "Bidens". in Flora of North America Vol. 21 Page 184, 185, 205, 206. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 124.790 meters (409.416 feet), Standard Deviation = 196.680 based on 8,345 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Bidens cernua

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Compositae

Tribe Heliantheae

Genus Bidens

Physical Description

Species Bidens cernua

Size/Age/Growth

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Bidens

More Info

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Footnotes