Bidens bipinnata (Spanish Needles)

Overview

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Spanishneedles. <em>Bidens bipinnata</em>

Interesting Facts

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The seeds of this flower have two sharp, barbed points used for catching onto clothing or animals' fur. They can be annoying to get in your socks!

Common Names

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Common Names in English:

Spanish Needles, Spanish-Needles

Description

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Family Compositae

The largest family of flowering plants , the Compositae (Asteraceae), comprising about 1,100 genera and more than 20,000 species and characterized by many small flowers arranged in a head looking like a single flower and subtended by an involucre of bracts. A head may consist of both ray flowers and disk flowers, as in the sunflower, of disk flowers only, as in the burdock, or of ray flowers only, as in the dandelion.

Tribe Heliantheae

The Heliantheae are a tribe of closely related genera of the sunflower family that can be readily recognized due to the association of a receptacular bract or chaff scale with each disk floret in the head . The heads usually include bisexual , actinomorphic disk florets with tubular corollas that have 4 or 5 distal lobes and also peripheral zygomorphic female or sometimes sterile florets with strap-shaped corollas that have 3 or fewer distal teeth. However, the ray flowers are sometimes absent and the heads are then discoid , containing only bisexual florets with tubular corollas. The pappus is absent or more commonly ranges from scales to stiff bristles . -- Gerald Carr.

Genus Bidens

Annuals or perennials [shrubs , vines ], 5400 cm. Stems usually 1, usually erect , (terete or 4-angled, often striate or sulcate ) branched distally or ± throughout. Leaves usually cauline; usually opposite, rarely whorled , distal sometimes alternate; petiolate or sessile; blades simple , compound (leaflets petiolulate ), or 13+-pinnatisect or -pinnately lobed (submerged leaves multifid in B . beckii, an aquatic ), ultimate margins entire, dentate , laciniate , serrate, or toothed , faces usually glabrous , sometimes hirtellous, hispidulous , pilosulous, puberulent , scabrellous, or strigillose . Heads usually radiate or discoid , sometimes ± disciform , usually in corymbiform arrays, sometimes in 2s or 3s or borne singly. Calyculi of (3) 513(21+) erect to spreading or reflexed , ± herbaceous (sometimes foliaceous ) bractlets or bracts (sometimes surpassing phyllaries). Involucres mostly hemispheric or campanulate to cylindric , (1) 412(25+) mm diam. Phyllaries persistent , mostly (4) 821(30+) in ± 2 series, usually distinct , sometimes connate 0.050.1 their lengths , mostly oblong or ovate to lance-oblong, chartaceous to membranous or scarious (usually striate with brownish nerves , margins usually hyaline ). Receptacles flat or slightly convex , paleate; paleae usually falling, (usually stramineous , sometimes yellow to orange, with darker striae) ± flat to slightly navicular . Ray florets usually 121+ (often 3, 5, 8, or 13), sometimes 0, usually neuter , sometimes styliferous and sterile ; corollas usually yellow, sometimes white or pinkish. Disc florets (5) 1260(150+), bisexual , fertile ; corollas usually yellow to orange, sometimes whitish [purplish], tubes shorter than throats , lobes (3) 5, ± deltate (staminal filaments glabrous; style-branch appendages deltate or lanceolate to subulate ). Cypselae usually obcompressed to flat, unequally 34-angled, and cuneate to oblanceolate or obovate , sometimes (all or inner) ± equally 4-angled and linear-fusiform, rarely subterete, margins (± corky-winged in B. aristosa, B. cernua, and B. polylepis) usually retrorsely, sometimes patently or antrorsely, barbed or ciliate , apices sometimes attenuate, not beaked [beaked], faces smooth , striate, or ± tuberculate , glabrous or hairy , each sometimes with 2 grooves ; pappi 0, or persistent, of (1) 24(8) usually retrorsely, sometimes antrorsely, barbellate or ciliate, rarely smooth, awns . x = 13.

Species 150-250+: widespread, especially in subtropical , tropical , and warm-temperate North America and South America.

Within species of Bidens, leaves may be simple, 1-pinnately compound, or 1-3-pinnatisect or -pinnately or -ternately lobed. For compound leaves, leaflets are described; for leaves mostly 1-pinnately lobed, primary lobes are described; for leaves 2-3-pinnatisect or -pinnately lobed, the ultimate lobes are described. Involucres in Bidens species are subtended by more or less herbaceous (sometimes foliaceous) bractlets or bracts; collectively, they constitute calyculi and they often well surpass the phyllaries. Together, phyllaries constitute involucres. In keys and descriptions here, shapes , heights , and diameters given for involucres are for involucres at flowering; involucres are sometimes notably larger in fruit. In some Bidens species, the outer and inner cypselae are obcompressed (unequally 3-4-angled) to flat, are mostly cuneate to obovate or nearly linear (broadest at or near apices), and are more or less similar except for sizes (outer smaller) ; in other species, the outer cypselae are obcompressed to flat and obovate to cuneate or linear and the inner are more or less equally 4-angled (in cross section ) and linear-fusiform (thickest near their middles and more or less attenuate toward their tips ).[1]

Physical Description

Species Bidens bipinnata

Annuals , (15-) 30-100(-150+) cm. Leaves: petioles 20-50 mm; blades rounded-deltate to ovate or lanceolate overall, (20-) 30-70+ × (20-) 30-60+ mm, (1-) 2(-3) -pinnatisect, ultimate lobes obovate or lanceolate, 15-45+ × 10-25+ mm, bases truncate to cuneate, ultimate margins entire, sometimes ciliolate , apices rounded to acute or attenuate, faces usually glabrous , sometimes hirtellous. Heads usually borne singly, sometimes in ± corymbiform arrays. Peduncles (10-) 20-50(-100) mm. Calyculi of (7-) 8(-10) linear bractlets 3-5 mm, ± appressed , margins ciliate , abaxial faces usually glabrous. Involucres ± campanulate , 5-7 × 3-4(-5) mm. Phyllaries 8-12, lanceolate to linear, 4-6 mm. Ray florets 0 or 3-5+; laminae yellowish or whitish, 1-2(-3) mm. Disc florets 10-20(-30+) ; corollas yellowish to whitish, 2-3 mm. Cypselae red-brown, outer weakly obcompressed , 7-15 mm, inner ± 4-angled, linear to linear-fusiform, 12-18 mm, margins not ciliate, apices ± attenuate, faces 2-grooved, often tuberculate-hispidulous; pappi of (2-) 3-4, erect to divergent, retrorsely barbed awns 2-4 mm. 2n = 24, 72. [source]

Habit: Forb/herb

Flowers: Flower Color: yellow

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 12-18" tall.

Habitat

Fields , forests , disturbed , wettish sites; 10-1800 m. Bidens bipinnata is probably native in eastern Asia and introduced in South America, Europe, Asia, and Pacific Islands [2].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,793 meters (0 to 9,163 feet).[3]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Annual

Growth

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full sun .

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Asteridae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Campanulanae () - Takhtajan Ex Reveal, 1992
        Order: Asterales () - Lindley, 1833
        Family: Compositae () - Giseke, 1792, nom. cons., nom. alt.
        Subfamily: Asteroideae ()
        Tribe: Heliantheae ()
        Subtribe: Coreopsidinae ()
        Genus: Bidens () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - Beggar-ticks [Latin bis, two, and dens, tooth, alluding to 2-awned pappi of the original species]
        Specific epithet: bipinnata - L.
        Form: for a flora of the island, based on a study of the
        Botanical name: - Bidens bipinnata L.

Synonyms

Bidens bipinnata var. biternatoides Sherff

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Comment: Data Providers: Biological Diversity of the Guiana Shield , African Flowering Plants Database , SANBI, New Zealand Plant Name Database, Flora of Japan, Flora Malesiana, Flora of Korea, Flora of Taiwan, Govaerts World Compositae Checklist A-G, IPNI, Panama . GCC LSID: urn :lsid:compositae.org:names:8FC853F9-5A29-43B7-AC53-D897BE3135DF

Last scrutiny: 15-Oct-09

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Bidens

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 90 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

More Info

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Notes

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Contributors

Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 12, 2007:

Australian National Herbarium
, Australian National Herbarium
Bundesamt für Naturschutz / Zentralstelle für Phytodiversität Deutschland, Bundesamt fuer Naturschutz / Zentralstelle fuer Phytodiversitaet Deutschland
GBIF-Spain, Real Jardin Botanico
, Vascular Plant Herbarium
Herbarium of the University of Aarhus, The AAU Herbarium Database
Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad
, Biodiversidad de Costa Rica
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
National Institute of Genetics, ROIS, Herbarium Specimens of Museum of Nature and Human Activities, Hyogo Pref., Japan
National Science Museum of Korea, National Science Museum of Korea Plant
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum
UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2665783
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Ast-4183
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4490920
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:50096-3
GRIN Nomen Number: 104072
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 500993
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDAST18090
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: BIBIB
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 25259

Footnotes

John L. Strother, Ronald R. Weedon "Bidens". in Flora of North America Vol. 21 Page 184, 185, 205, 206. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
"Bidens bipinnata". in Flora of North America Vol. 21 Page 204, 207, 210, 211. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 256.970 meters (843.077 feet), Standard Deviation = 277.370 based on 1,885 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Bidens bipinnata

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Compositae

Tribe Heliantheae

Genus Bidens

Physical Description

Species Bidens bipinnata

Size/Age/Growth

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Bidens

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes