Bidens laevis (Burmarigold)

Interesting Facts

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Common Names

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Common Names in English:

Burmarigold, Smooth Beggartick, Smooth Beggarticks, Smooth Bidens, Smooth Bur-Marigold

Description

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Family Compositae

The largest family of flowering plants , the Compositae (Asteraceae), comprising about 1,100 genera and more than 20,000 species and characterized by many small flowers arranged in a head looking like a single flower and subtended by an involucre of bracts. A head may consist of both ray flowers and disk flowers, as in the sunflower, of disk flowers only, as in the burdock, or of ray flowers only, as in the dandelion.

Tribe Heliantheae

The Heliantheae are a tribe of closely related genera of the sunflower family that can be readily recognized due to the association of a receptacular bract or chaff scale with each disk floret in the head . The heads usually include bisexual , actinomorphic disk florets with tubular corollas that have 4 or 5 distal lobes and also peripheral zygomorphic female or sometimes sterile florets with strap-shaped corollas that have 3 or fewer distal teeth. However, the ray flowers are sometimes absent and the heads are then discoid , containing only bisexual florets with tubular corollas. The pappus is absent or more commonly ranges from scales to stiff bristles . -- Gerald Carr.

Genus Bidens

Annuals or perennials [shrubs , vines ], 5400 cm. Stems usually 1, usually erect , (terete or 4-angled, often striate or sulcate ) branched distally or ± throughout. Leaves usually cauline; usually opposite, rarely whorled , distal sometimes alternate; petiolate or sessile; blades simple , compound (leaflets petiolulate ), or 13+-pinnatisect or -pinnately lobed (submerged leaves multifid in B . beckii, an aquatic ), ultimate margins entire, dentate , laciniate , serrate, or toothed , faces usually glabrous , sometimes hirtellous, hispidulous , pilosulous, puberulent , scabrellous, or strigillose . Heads usually radiate or discoid , sometimes ± disciform , usually in corymbiform arrays, sometimes in 2s or 3s or borne singly. Calyculi of (3) 513(21+) erect to spreading or reflexed , ± herbaceous (sometimes foliaceous ) bractlets or bracts (sometimes surpassing phyllaries). Involucres mostly hemispheric or campanulate to cylindric , (1) 412(25+) mm diam. Phyllaries persistent , mostly (4) 821(30+) in ± 2 series, usually distinct , sometimes connate 0.050.1 their lengths , mostly oblong or ovate to lance-oblong, chartaceous to membranous or scarious (usually striate with brownish nerves , margins usually hyaline ). Receptacles flat or slightly convex , paleate; paleae usually falling, (usually stramineous , sometimes yellow to orange, with darker striae) ± flat to slightly navicular . Ray florets usually 121+ (often 3, 5, 8, or 13), sometimes 0, usually neuter , sometimes styliferous and sterile ; corollas usually yellow, sometimes white or pinkish. Disc florets (5) 1260(150+), bisexual , fertile ; corollas usually yellow to orange, sometimes whitish [purplish], tubes shorter than throats , lobes (3) 5, ± deltate (staminal filaments glabrous; style-branch appendages deltate or lanceolate to subulate ). Cypselae usually obcompressed to flat, unequally 34-angled, and cuneate to oblanceolate or obovate , sometimes (all or inner) ± equally 4-angled and linear-fusiform, rarely subterete, margins (± corky-winged in B. aristosa, B. cernua, and B. polylepis) usually retrorsely, sometimes patently or antrorsely, barbed or ciliate , apices sometimes attenuate, not beaked [beaked], faces smooth , striate, or ± tuberculate , glabrous or hairy , each sometimes with 2 grooves ; pappi 0, or persistent, of (1) 24(8) usually retrorsely, sometimes antrorsely, barbellate or ciliate, rarely smooth, awns . x = 13.

Species 150-250+: widespread, especially in subtropical , tropical , and warm-temperate North America and South America.

Within species of Bidens, leaves may be simple, 1-pinnately compound, or 1-3-pinnatisect or -pinnately or -ternately lobed. For compound leaves, leaflets are described; for leaves mostly 1-pinnately lobed, primary lobes are described; for leaves 2-3-pinnatisect or -pinnately lobed, the ultimate lobes are described. Involucres in Bidens species are subtended by more or less herbaceous (sometimes foliaceous) bractlets or bracts; collectively, they constitute calyculi and they often well surpass the phyllaries. Together, phyllaries constitute involucres. In keys and descriptions here, shapes , heights , and diameters given for involucres are for involucres at flowering; involucres are sometimes notably larger in fruit. In some Bidens species, the outer and inner cypselae are obcompressed (unequally 3-4-angled) to flat, are mostly cuneate to obovate or nearly linear (broadest at or near apices), and are more or less similar except for sizes (outer smaller) ; in other species, the outer cypselae are obcompressed to flat and obovate to cuneate or linear and the inner are more or less equally 4-angled (in cross section ) and linear-fusiform (thickest near their middles and more or less attenuate toward their tips ).[1]

Physical Description

Species Bidens laevis

Annuals (sometimes persisting), (10-) 20-60(-120+) cm. Leaves (sometimes in 3s or 4s) sessile; blades obovate or elliptic to lanceolate or linear , (20-) 50-100(-160+) × (5-) 10-25(-40+) mm, bases cuneate to rounded , margins usually coarsely dentate to serrate, sometimes ciliate , apices acute to acuminate, faces glabrous . Heads (erect at flowering, sometimes nodding in fruit) borne singly or in open, ± corymbiform arrays. Peduncles (10-) 20-60 mm. Calyculi of 5-7(-9+) erect or spreading to reflexed , oblanceolate or lanceolate to linear, often foliaceous bractlets or bracts (6-) 10-12(-20+) mm, margins usually ciliate, abaxial faces glabrous or bases hispidulous . Involucres turbinate to hemispheric or broader, (4-) 6-8(-10+) × 8-12+ mm. Phyllaries 8-12, ovate or obovate to lance-oblong, (4-) 6-8(-10+) mm (tips often orange to purplish, as are tips of paleae). Ray florets usually 7-8, rarely 0; laminae orange-yellow, (10-) 15-25(-30) mm. Disc florets (25-) 60-100(-150+) ; corollas yellow to orange-yellow, 3-6.5 mm. Cypselae blackish, red-brown, or stramineous , obcompressed , flattened or unequally 3-4-angled, ± cuneate, outer 6-8 mm, inner 8-10 mm, margins retrorsely ciliate or barbed , apices ± truncate to convex , faces ± 1-nerved, ± striate , glabrous; pappi of 2-4 ± erect, retrorsely barbed awns 3-5 mm. 2n = 22, 24. [source]

Bidens laevis and B . cernua are similar in gross appearance ; specimens of one are sometimes misidentified as the other. Perhaps they represent extremes of a single species. [source]

Habit: Deciduous.

Flowers: Bloom Period: July, August, September. • Flower Color: yellow

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 36-48" tall.

Habitat

Meadows, marshes, and margins of pools , streams , estuaries; 0-2800 m [2].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,653 meters (0 to 15,266 feet).[3]

Biology

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Growth

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Partial to Full Shade.

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Asteridae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Campanulanae () - Takhtajan Ex Reveal, 1992
        Order: Asterales () - Lindley, 1833
        Family: Compositae () - Giseke, 1792, nom. cons., nom. alt.
        Subfamily: Asteroideae ()
        Tribe: Heliantheae ()
        Subtribe: Coreopsidinae ()
        Genus: Bidens () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - Beggar-ticks [Latin bis, two, and dens, tooth, alluding to 2-awned pappi of the original species]
        Specific epithet: laevis - (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.
        Botanical name: - Bidens laevis (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.

Synonyms

B. helianthoides Kunth • B. nashii Small • B. quadriaristata de Candolle • Bidens chrysanthemoides Michaux • Bidens elegans Greene • Bidens nashii Small • Helianthus laevis L. • Helianthus laevis Linnaeus

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Comment: Data Providers: CONABIO, Caribbean Checklist , New Zealand Plant Name Database, Govaerts World Compositae Checklist A-G, IPNI, Tropicos, Euro+Med, Colombia, LCR Editor. GCC LSID: urn :lsid:compositae.org:names:2941C88A-F669-45F2-A7A4-ABEB02415820

Last scrutiny: 17-Nov-09

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Bidens

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 90 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

More Info

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Notes

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Contributors

Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 21, 2007:

Berkeley Natural History Museums, University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
Comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad, Herbario del Instituto de Ecología, A.C., México
Herbarium of the University of Aarhus, The AAU Herbarium Database
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, The Deaver Herbarium, Northern Arizona University
USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2657371
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Ast-207
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13748473
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:185005-1
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 35711
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDAST180Y0
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: HELA19
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 24268

Footnotes

John L. Strother, Ronald R. Weedon "Bidens". in Flora of North America Vol. 21 Page 184, 185, 205, 206. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
"Bidens laevis". in Flora of North America Vol. 21 Page 208, 215. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 305.030 meters (1,000.755 feet), Standard Deviation = 736.370 based on 300 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Bidens laevis

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Compositae

Tribe Heliantheae

Genus Bidens

Physical Description

Species Bidens laevis

Size/Age/Growth

Habitat

Biology

Growth

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Bidens

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes