Azolla caroliniana

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

Description

Family Azollaceae

Plants aquatic , floating on placid water, occasionally stranded, subsisting on mud ; plants heterosporous (producing 2 kinds of spores), leptosporangiate , proliferous by axillary fragmentation . Roots translucent to brown, lax , singular [in bundles] without branches, emerging at stem branch points ; root hairs to 1 cm, emerging from root cap . Stems usually not green, with extensive subdichotomous branching, prostrate and reniform or polyreniform, or nearly erect . Leaves sessile, alternate, often imbricate, in 2 ranks along upper side of stem, 0.6--2 mm wide; each leaf with 2 lobes ; upper (emersed ) lobe greenish or reddish and photosynthetic, with narrow colorless margin , several cells thick, bearing colony of blue-green algae ( Anabaena ) in ovoid cavity at base of lower side; lower lobe often floating or immersed , slightly larger than upper lobe, mostly not green (often colorless and translucent), 1 cell thick except at base, ± cup-shaped. Sporocarps in pairs [tetrads ] at base of lateral branches, members of pair of same sex or of different sexes. Megasporocarps containing 1 megasporangium that produces 1 functional megaspore. Megaspore spheric, 0.2--0.6 mm, topped with dark, conic, slightly narrower structure (indusium) covering 3 [9] floats and a blue-green algal colony. Microsporocarps globose , apically umbonate , 10--27µm diam., containing to 130 microsporangia; microsporangia containing 32 or 64 microspores 3 µm diam., aggregated into 3--10 masses covered with arrowlike barbs [glabrous or with needlelike hairs on 1 side].

Genus 1, species ca. 7 (3 species in the flora ) : worldwide, tropical to temperate regions .

Azollaceae has been included in Salviniaceae , but the relationship is not close.[1]

Genus Azolla

Roots 3--5 cm. Stems prostrate , 1--3 cm, or nearly erect , 3--5 cm, hairs absent. Leaves with 1(--2) -celled hairs on upper surface of upper lobe . Sporocarps in pairs. Megasporocarp megaspore with 3 floats . Microsporocarp masses entirely covered with arrowlike barbs . x = 22.

Species ca. 7: tropical to temperate regions .

Azolla is divided into sect. Azolla and sect. Rhizosperma (Meyen) Mettenius, which are sometimes recognized as subgenera . New World species belong to sect. Azolla and differ from sect. Rhizosperma by having 3 floats per megasporocarp (fig. 25.1), subdichotomous branching, and straight barbs on microsporangial masses (rather than 9 floats per megasporocarp, pinnate branching, and needlelike hairs or hairs absent on microsporangial masses). The genus was more diverse in past geologic ages: 30 species are known from the Cretaceous (J. W. Hall 1974).

The species of Azolla are difficult taxonomically because (1) about 80% of the specimens lack sori, which are necessary for identification, and (2) the characteristics needed to identify the species are difficult to observe. A scanning electron microscope is needed to see sculpturing of the megaspores, and a light microscope is needed to see the number of cells per hair on the upper leaf lobe. (These hairs are best seen in profile on mature leaves; at least 40× magnification is needed.)

Previous workers emphasized the number of septae (internal partitions) in the barbs on the microsporangial masses as a primary differentiating characteristic among species of Azolla (e.g. , H. K . Svensen 1944). This character is not constant, however, either within a species or within an individual (R. K. Godfrey et al. 1961; L. V. Hill and B . Gopal 1967; K. Seto and T. Nasu 1975). Because nearly all floristic work in North America since the 1940s has been based on Svenson's synoptic treatment, the identity of most specimens is questionable, and therefore ranges are imprecisely known.

The maps for this treatment are tentative. For the most part, I have noted occurrences only in those states or regions from which specimens have been identified using characteristics given in this key . Literature that attributes a particular species of Azolla to a particular state or province must be questioned because the specimens were presumably identified using the inconsistent glochidial characteristics given by H. K. Svenson (1944). More work is needed to determine the distribution of Azolla species in North America.

Agriculturally, Azolla is famous for its symbiosis with the nitrogen-fixing Anabaena azollae Strasburger, a cyanobacterium (blue-green alga ) found at the stem apices, beneath indusia, and in cavities of the upper leaf lobes. Because the plants fix nitrogen, they are often used as a green fertilizer or mixed with livestock feed as a nutritional supplement. Azolla pinnata has been cultivated for many centuries in rice paddies of northern Vietnam and southeastern China, where it acts as a fertilizer after it decomposes.

Azolla is the most frequently studied genus of ferns in the world because of its economic importance. The three North American species are naturalized in Europe and South Africa, and they have been introduced into Hawaii for horticulture and into Asia for agriculture. All species have been studied for agricultural uses in rice-producing areas.

Azolla is usually found in stagnant or slow-moving water of ponds , lakes , marshes, swamps , and streams . Plants turn reddish when under stress, such as from poor nutrition, salinity , or high temperatures . Sporulation needs further investigation.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,939 meters (0 to 9,642 feet).[3]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Annual

Growth

Culture: Space 3-6" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 4.5 • Maximum pH: .1

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Sp. pl. 5(1):541. 1810

Name verified on 11-Dec-1995 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 06-Aug-2002

Similar Species

Members of the genus Azolla

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 48 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

A. africana · A. arbuscula · A. aspera · A. barbata · A. bonariensis · A. capricornica · A. caroliana · A. caroliniana (Carolina Mosquito Fern) · A. conspicua · A. cretacea · A. cristata · A. decomposita · A. densa · A. filculoides · A. filiculoides (Pacific Mosquito Fern) · A. filiculoides intermedia · A. filiculoides var. rubra · A. geneseana · A. guineensis · A. imbricata · A. imbricata var. prolifera · A. imbricata var. sempervirens · A. interglacialica · A. japonica · A. magellanica · A. mexicana (Mexican Mosquito-Fern) · A. microphyla · A. microphylla · A. montana · A. nikitinii · A. nilotica · A. pinnata (Feathered Mosquitofern) · A. pinnata subsp. africana · A. pinnata subsp. asiatica · A. pinnata var. pinnata · A. portoricensis · A. primaeva · A. prisca · A. pseudopinnata · A. rubra · A. schopfii · A. squamosa · A. stanleyi · A. tegeliensis · A. telegiensis · A. teschiana · A. tomentosa · A. ventricosa

More Info

• Search for Pictures: images.google.com
• Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
• Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
• Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

Further Reading

• A contribution to the knowledge of the flora of southeastern Minnesota. [Boston, Heliotype Print. Co.]1900. ENG url p. 355, p. 368, p. 371.
• A guide and key to the aquatic plants of the Southeastern United States, by Don E. Eyles and Lynne Robertson, Jr. With original drawings by Garnet W. Jex. Washington, U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1963. ENG url p. 141.
• Abhandlungen der Naturhistorischen Gesellschaft zu Nrnberg. Nrnberg: Conrad Geiger, 1852- GER url p. 926.
• Agricultural news. Bridgetown, Barbados, Bowen & sons;1902-22. ENG url p. 107.
• An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British possessions, from Newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the 102d meridian, by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Ho New York, C. Scribner's Sons, 1913. ENG url p. 38.
• Annales de la science agronomique franaise et trangre. Paris: Berger-Levrault1884-1930. FRE url p. 390.
• Annali di botanica. Roma, Tipografia F. Failli [etc.] ITA url p. 473, p. 511, p. 523.
• Annotated list of the ferns and flowering plants of New York state, by Homer D. House. Albany, The University of the state of New York, 1924. ENG url p. 32.
• Annuaire du Conservatoire et du jardin botaniques de Genve. Genve: Georg & Cie, 1897-1919/1922. FRE url p. 113, p. 296.
• Aquatic and wetland plants of southwestern United States, by Donovan S. Correll and Helen B. Correll. [Washington]Environmental Protection Agency; [For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off.]1972. ENG url p. 59, p. 60.
• Archiv f©r die naturwissenschaftliche Landesdurchforschung von B©hmen / herausgegeben von den Beiden Comit©s f©r die Landesdurchforschung. Prag: Commissions-Verlag von F. ¿ivn©, 1869-1915. GER url p. 224.
• Biologisches Zentralblatt. Leipzig [etc.]VEB Georg Thieme [etc.] GER url p. 226.
• Boggan, J. et al. 1997. Checklist of the plants of the Guianas, ed. 2. (L Guianas ed2)
• Botanique cryptogamique pharmaco-mdicale: programme raisonn d'un cours profess l'Ecole suprieure de pharmacie de Paris. Paris, Doin, 1883. FRE url p. 38, p. 473.
• Botanisches Zentralblatt; referierendes Organ für das Gesamtgebiet der Botanik. Jena [etc.]G. Fischer [etc.] GER url p. 1502, p. 156, p. 204, p. 224, p. 225, p. 305, p. 327.
• Breedlove, D. E., ed. 1981–. Flora of Chiapas. (F Chiapas)
• Brigham Young University science bulletin. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University, [1955-1976] ENG url p. 25.
• Bulletin de l'Acadmie internationale de gographie botanique. Le Mans: Impr. Edmond Monnoyer, 1899-1910. FRE url p. 196.
• Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission. Washington, The Commission, Govt. Print. Off. ENG url p. 452.
• Bullettino. Florence. ITA url p. 150, p. 158, p. 18.
• Catalogue of scientific papers, 1800-1900. Compiled by the Royal Society of London. London, C.J. Clay and Sons, 1867-1902 [etc.] Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1914-25. ENG url p. 20, p. 777.
• Chloris platensis argentina / por Cristóbal M. Hicken. Buenos Aires: J.A. Alsina, 1910. SPA url p. 18.
• Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana. (F Mesoamer)
• Denkschriften der Kniglich-Baierischen Botanischen Gesellschaft in Regensburg. Regensburg: In Commission der Montag- und Weissischen Buchh., 1815- GER url p. 18.
• Deutsche botanische Monatsschrift. [Sondershausen: Verlag der Redaktion, 1883-1912]. GER url p. 60.
• Die Bryophyten meiner zweiten Reise durch Bolivia. 1916 Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbart, 1916. GER url p. 312.
• Dr. L. Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweiz Leipzig: E. Kummer, 1884-1966. GER url p. 596, p. 598, p. 893.
• Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage. (Zander ed13)
• Entomological news. [Philadelphia]American Entomological Society, 1925- ENG url p. 294.
• Experiment station record. Washington: G.P.O., 1889-1946. ENG url p. 827.
• FNA Editorial Committee. 1993–. Flora of North America. (F NAmer)
• Ferns and fern allies of Guatemala. Robert G. Stolze. Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, 1983. ENG url p. 10, p. 8.
• Flora Peoriana; the vegetation in the climate of middle Illinois. Peoria, Ill., J. W. Franks, 1887. ENG url p. 65, p. 79.
• Flora of Indiana, by Charles C. Deam. Indianapolis, Wm. B. Burford printing co., contractor for state printing and binding, 1940. ENG url p. 59.
• Flora of New Mexico / by E.O. Wooton and Paul C. Standley. Washington: G.P.O., 1915. ENG url p. 27.
• Flora of the Lancetilla Valley, Honduras, by Paul C. Standley. Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History, 1931. ENG url p. 83.
• Flora of the Rocky Mountains and adjacent plains: Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and neighboring parts of Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, and British Columbia / by P. A. Rydberg. New York: Rydberg, 1917. ENG url p. 1051.
• Flora of the state of Washington. By Charles V. Piper. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1906. ENG url p. 84.
• Flora padovana; ossia, Prospetto floristico e fitogeografico delle piante vascolari indigene inselvatichite o largamente coltivate crescenti nella provincia di Padova; con notizie storico-bibliografiche sulle fonti d Padova, Prem. Soc. coop. tip., 1909-1914. ITA url p. 126, p. 680, p. 93.
• Gartenflora. Erlangen: F. Enke, 1852-1940. GER url p. 27.
• Goldfish varieties and tropical aquarium fishes; a complete guide to aquaria and related subjects, by William T. Innes. Philadelphia, Innes[c1917] ENG url p. 192.
• Great Basin naturalist memoirs. [Provo, Utah]Brigham Young University, 1976-1992. ENG url p. 83.
• Handbuch der systematischen botanik, mit besonderer berücksichtigung der arzneipflanzen. Bd. 1. Leipzig, H. Haessel, 1879. GER url p. 598, p. 599.
• Handbuch der tropenkrankheiten / unter mitwirkung von prof. dr. A. Baelz, prof. dr. P. Bassett-Smith, dr. P. van Brero, [u.a.] hrsg. von prof. dr. Carl Mense, 2. aufl. Leipzig: J. A. Barth, 1913-23. GER url p. 141.
• Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening. (Dict Gard)
• International catalogue of scientific literature. London: Published for the International Council by the Royal Society of London, 1902-1919. ENG url p. 182, p. 191, p. 883.
• Introduction to cytology, by Lester W. Sharp New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, inc., 1934. ENG url p. 138.
• Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten. Hamburg: Lucas Gr & Sillem, 1884- GER url p. 55.
• Jahrbücher für wissenschaftliche Botanik. Berlin:G. Borntraeger, 1858-1944. GER url p. 695.
• Journal de botanique. Paris, Bureau de journaux. FRE url p. 130, p. 38, p. 42.
• Journal of botany, British and foreign. London: Robert Hardwicke, 1863-1942. ENG url p. 210, p. 211, p. 212, p. 269, p. 270.
• Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society. Oxford [etc.]Royal Microscopical Society. ENG url p. 201, p. 203, p. 331, p. 363, p. 50, p. 520.
• Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. Washington [etc., Washington Academy of Sciences] ENG url p. 238.
• Just's botanischer jahresbericht. Systematisch geordnetes repertorium der botanischen literatur aller länder. Berlin, Gebr. Borntraeger, 1874-98; GER url p. 1052, p. 1060, p. 1235, p. 1256, p. 1329, p. 1361, p. 1363, p. 1516, p. 187, p. 201, p. 254, p. 268, p. 28, p. 301, p. 320, p. 329, p. 331, p. 353, p. 360, p. 365, p. 380, p. 40, p. 44, p. 461, p. 464, p. 464, p. 470, p. 493, p. 522, p. 534, p. 559, p. 561, p. 562, p. 573, p. 579, p. 604, p. 65, p. 706, p. 75, p. 762, p. 814, p. 830, p. 866, p. 928, p. 933, p. 965.
• Key to the Rocky Mountain flora; Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and parts of Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, and British Columbia. New York, 1919. ENG url p. 283.
• La Cellule. Lierre, Belgium [etc.]Van In [etc.] FRE url p. 261, p. 316, p. 336, p. 451, p. 461.
• Le Monde des plantes. Le Mans: Impr. Edmond Monnoyer, 1891-1898. FRE url p. 100.
• Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third. (Hortus 3)
• Mickel, J. T. & A. R. Smith. 2004. The pteridophytes of Mexico. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 88:1-1054. (Ferns Mexico) [= A. filiculoides Lam.].
• Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau: wöchentliche Berichte über die Fortschritte auf dem Gesammtgebiete der Naturwissenschaften. Braunschweig: Druck und verlag von Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, 1886- GER url p. 410.
• Naturwissenschaftliche Wochenschrift. Jena [etc.]G. Fischer [etc.] GER url p. 260, p. 438, p. 496.
• Nederlandsch kruidkundig archief. Leyden: S. en J. Luchtmans, 1846-1951. DUT url p. 113, p. 143, p. 268, p. 339, p. 423, p. 44.
• Nuova flora analitica d'Italia, contenente la descrizione delle piante vascolari indigene inselvatichite e largamente coltivate in Italia, del dott. Adriano Fiori. Firenze, Tipografia di M. Ricci, 1923-29. ITA url p. 36.
• Outlines of classification and special morphology of plants, by K. Goebel. A new ed. of Sachs' Text-book of botany, book II, authorized English translation by Henry E. F. Garnsey; rev. by Isaac Bayley Balfour. With 407 woodcuts. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1887. ENG url p. 235, p. 237, p. 239.
• Physiologische pflanzenanatomie / von dr. G. Haberlandt. Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 1904. GER url p. 230, p. 413.
• Plant life of Alabama: an account of the distribution, modes of association, and adaptations of the flora of Alabama, together with a systematic catalogue of the plants growing in the state / by Charles Mohr. Montgomery, Ala.: Brown Printing Co., 1901. ENG url p. 125.
• Plant morphology. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1953. ENG url p. 301.
• Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Boston: Metcalf and Co., 1846-1958 ENG url p. 115, p. 225.
• Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] ENG url p. 645, p. 919.
• Pteridophyta of Peru. Rolla M. Tryon, Robert G. Stolze; with the collaboration of: R. James Hickey, Benjamin Øllgaard. Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, 1994. ENG url p. 10.
• Radford, A. E. et al. 1964. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. (F Carolin)
• Scientific survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands / New York Academy of Sciences. New York, N.Y.: The Academy, 1919- url p. 508.
• Scoggan, H. J. 1978–1979. The flora of Canada, 4 vol. (F Canada)
• Slocum, P. D. & P. Robinson. 1996. Water gardening. 63.
• Smitinand, T. & K. Larsen, eds. 1970–. Flora of Thailand. (F Thailand)
• Species and varieties, their origin by mutation; lectures delivered at the University of California by Hugo De Vries ed. by Daniel Trembly Mac Dougal Chicago, The Open court publishing company;1905. ENG url p. 241, p. 830.
• Species and varieties: their origin by mutation / lectures delivered at the University of California by Hugo DeVries; edited by Daniel Trembly MacDougal. Chicago: The Open Court; 1906, c1904. ENG url p. 239, p. 828.
• Steyermark, J. A. et al., eds. 1995–. Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana. (F VenGuay)
• Symbolae Antillanae, seu, Fundamenta florae Indiae Occidentalis / edidit Ignatius Urban. Berolini: Fratres Borntraeger, 1898-1928. GER url p. 698.
• Textbook of theoretical botany, by R. C. McLean and W. R. Ivimey-Cook. London, Longmans, Green[1951- ENG url p. 1050, p. 547.
• The Great Basin naturalist. Provo, Utah, M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University. ENG url p. 84.
• The Irish naturalist. Dublin: Eason & Son, Ltd., 1892- ENG url p. 206, p. 318.
• The Ohio journal of science. [Columbus, Ohio, The Ohio State University and the Ohio Academy of Science] ENG url p. 296, p. 297, p. 421.
• The Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science. Des moines, Iowa: The Academy, [1889-1987] ENG url p. 314, p. 421.
• The complete aquarium book; the care and breeding of goldfish and tropical fishes, by William T. Innes New York, Halcyon house[c1936] ENG url p. 56.
• The faunal connections between Europe and North America. New York, Wiley[1957] ENG url p. 212, p. 241, p. 342.
• Tierbau und tierleben in ihrem zusammenhang betrachtet von dr. Richard Hesse und dr. Franz Doflein. Leipzig, und BerlinB. G. Teubner, 1910-14. GER url p. 28.
• Tulane studies in zoology and botany. New Orleans: Tulane University, [1968- ENG url p. 113.
• Tulane studies in zoology. New Orleans, Tulane University. ENG url p. 17.
• Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora europaea. (F Eur)
• Untersuchungen aus dem Botanischen Institut zu Tbingen. Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 1881-1888. GER url p. 147, p. 198, p. 240, p. 245, p. 249, p. 256, p. 258, p. 289, p. 330.
• Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Mikroskopie und mikroskopische Technik. Stuttgart [etc.]S. Hirzel [etc.] GER url p. 543.
• Zoe:a biological journal. 1 1890 San Diego, Calif. [etc.]Zoe Publishing Co. ENG url p. 100, p. 383.
• Zoologischer Anzeiger. Jena, VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag. GER url p. 122, p. 16.
• Christensen, C. 1938. Azollaceae. In: F. Verdoorn, ed. 1938. Manual of Pteridology. The Hague. P. 550.
• Reed, C. F. 1954. Index Marsileata et Salviniata. Bol. Soc. Brot., ser. 2a, 28: 1--61.
• Hall, J. W. 1974. Cretaceous Salviniaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 61: 354--367.
• Lumpkin, T. A. and D. L. Plucknett. 1982b. Botany and ecology. In: T. A. Lumpkin and D. L. Plucknett, eds. 1982. Azolla as a Green Manure: Use and Management in Crop Production. Boulder. Pp. 15--38.
• Moore, A. W. 1969. Azolla: Biology and agronomic significance. Bot. Rev. (Lancaster) 35: 17--35.
• Svenson, H. K. 1944. The New World species of Azolla. Amer. Fern J. 34: 69--84.
• Van Hove, C., T. de Waha Baillonville, H. F. Diara, P. Godard, Y. Mai Kodomi, and N. Sanginga. 1987. Azolla collection and selection. In: International Rice Research Institute. 1987. Azolla Utilization. Proceedings of the Workshop on Azolla Use. Fuzhou, Fujian, China, 31 March--5 April 1985. Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines. Pp. 77--87.
• Zimmerman, W. J., T. A. Lumpkin, and I. Watanabe. 1989. Classification of Azolla spp., section Azolla. Euphytica 43: 223--232.

Notes

Contributors

• "Azolla caroliniana". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 16, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 11 providers.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 25, 2008)

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2645023
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-18008
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13728602
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17056910-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 102986
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 18008
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 17056910
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PPAZO01010
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: AZCA
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 21422

Footnotes

1. Thomas A. Lumpkin "Azollaceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Thomas A. Lumpkin "Azolla". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 194.980 meters (639.698 feet), Standard Deviation = 409.560 based on 378 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2009 the BayScience Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.