Asplenium trichomanes (Maidenhair Spleenwort)

Overview

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Maidenhair spleenwort. <em>Asplenium trichomanes</em>

Interesting Facts

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Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in English:

Maidenhair Spleenwort, Common Maidenhair

Common Names in French:

Doradille Chevelue

Description

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Family Aspleniaceae

Plants terrestrial , on rock, or rarely epiphytic. Stems erect or nearly erect, rarely long-creeping, scaly . Steles radially symmetric or dorsiventral (with structurally distinct abaxial and adaxial aspects ) dictyosteles. Leaves monomorphic , rarely almost dimorphic with fertile leaves taller and more erect than sterile ones. Petioles with 1 vascular bundle X-shaped in cross section or with 2 vascular bundles back to back and C-shaped. Blades extremely diverse , simple to 4-pinnate, commonly with tiny glandular hairs and a few linear scales , rarely with spreading hairs. Veins free to anastomosing. Sori borne on veins, ± lunate to linear . Indusia usually present, shape conforming to sorus and originating along 1 side of sorus. Sporangia with stalk of 1 row of cells , annulus vertical , interrupted by sporangial stalk. Spores monolete; perispore typically winged , spiny , reticulate , or perforate . Gametophytes surficial , green, cordate.

Genera 1, species ca. 700 (1 genus, 28 species, and 3 nothospecies in the flora ) : worldwide.

Members of this family can usually be identified by the combination of clathrate stem scales and indusiate linear sori. Supporting anatomic characteristics include the two vascular bundles in the petiole that unite distally in the petiole to form an X-shaped petiolar strand , and the single row of cells in the sporangial stalk. The scales consist of cells with dark, thick, radial walls and clear, thin, tangential walls, giving the scales a clathrate (latticelike) appearance reminiscent of lead moldings between plates of stained glass.

As construed here, Aspleniaceae comprise a single, huge, extremely diverse genus, Asplenium . A satisfactory taxonomic division into subgenera or satellite genera has not been possible because of the absence of any significant gaps . Various segregates have been proposed (e.g. , Camptosorus, Phyllitis, Ceterach, Pleurosorus ), but numerous "intergeneric" hybrids occur.

The members of Asplenium are popular with plant evolutionists, field naturalists, and fern gardeners, not only because of the interesting morphology of the plants but also because of their remarkable ability to form spectacular hybrids, often combining dramatically different leaf shapes. In North America, 23 diploid hybrids and allopolyploids have been recorded. At least two of these hybrid combinations occur as both sterile diploids and their fertile allotetraploid derivatives. Only those hybrids that are reproductively competent (through vigorous clone-forming by root proliferations or apogamy, or rarely through sexual reproduction) are treated in the key and fully described below.

Only about two-fifths of the reproductively competent species are believed to be cladistically divergent species; the other three-fifths are of hybrid origin (allopolyploids) . For two of the allotetraploids, sterile diploids of the same parentage are also known. The most unusual allopolyploid phytogeographically is Asplenium adiantum-nigrum, the parents of which are known only in the Old World. These reticulate relationships are summarized in the reticulogram.

Polyploidy is widespread in Asplenium, and the chromosome numbers vary from 2 x to 6 x . Two species, Asplenium trichomanes and A . heterochroum, occur in different levels of polyploidy---2 x and 4 x, and 4 x and 6 x, respectively. The highest chromosome number known for Asplenium in North America is 2 n = 216 (in A . trichomanes-dentatum and the hexaploid form of A . heterochroum ) . The only three apogamous taxa are A . monanthes (3 x ), A . resiliens (3 x ), and A . Ã— heteroresiliens (5 x ) .[1]

Genus Asplenium

Roots fibrous , not proliferous or proliferous and producing tiny plantlets . Stems erect , rarely long-creeping; scales basally attached, clathrate. Petioles not articulate . Blades 1--4-pinnate, of diverse size and shape . Indusia present. x = 36.

Species ca. 700 (28 species, 3 nothosp: worldwide.[2]

Physical Description

Species Asplenium trichomanes

Roots not proliferous. Stems short-creeping, often branched; scales black throughout or with brown borders , lanceolate, 2--5 × 0.2--0.5 mm, margins entire to denticulate . Leaves monomorphic . Petiole reddish brown or blackish brown throughout, lustrous , 1--4(--7) cm, 1/6--1/4 length of blade ; indument absent or of black, linear-lanceolate or filiform scales at base . Blade linear, 1-pinnate, 3--22 × 0.5--1.5 cm, thin, glabrous or sparsely pubescent ; base gradually tapered; apex narrowly acute, not rooting . Rachis reddish brown throughout, lustrous, glabrous or nearly so. Pinnae in 15--35 pairs, oblong to oval ; medial pinnae 2.5--8 × 2.5--4 mm; base broadly cuneate, with or without low, rounded acroscopic auricle ; margins shallowly crenate to serrate or ± entire; apex obtuse . Veins free , evident. Sori 2--4 pairs per pinna, on both basiscopic and acroscopic sides. Spores 64 per sporangium. 2 n = 72, 144. [source]

In North America, as in Europe, Asplenium trichomanes consists of diploid and tetraploid cytotypes , treated here as subspecies . Asplenium trichomanes subsp. trichomanes, the diploid, is found on noncalcareous rocks. In the southwestern United States it occurs at high elevations . Asplenium trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens, the tetraploid, grows on calcareous substrates and has a more northern distribution (R. C. Moran 1982). Triploid hybrids are known between the diploids and tetraploids (R. C. Moran 1982; W. H. Wagner Jr. and F. S. Wagner 1966). [source]

Habit: Forb/herb

Flowers: Bloom Period: n/a • Flower Color: inconspicuous, none

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 6-12" tall.

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,028 meters (0 to 13,215 feet).[3]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 6-9" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 7.8

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Partial to Full Shade.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Moniliformopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997, Nom. Nud.
        Class: Polypodiopsida () - Cronquist et al.
        Order: Polypodiales () - Link
        Family: Aspleniaceae () - Newman - Spleenwort Family
        Genus: Asplenium () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - Spleenwort [Greek splen, spleen; thought by Dioscorides to be useful for treating spleen diseases]
        Specific epithet: trichomanes - L. - Bristle fern [Greek thrix, hair, and manes, cup, alluding to the hairlike receptacle extending from the cuplike involucre]
        Botanical name: - Asplenium trichomanes L.

Notes

Publishing author : L. Publication : Sp. Pl. 2: 1080 1753 [1 May 1753]

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Asplenium

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 165 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

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Notes

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Contributors

Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 11, 2007:

Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Botany registration database by Danish botanists
UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
University of Washington Burke Museum, Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2644565
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-17364
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 5194646
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17565720-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 5594
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 17364
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 17052890
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PPASP021K0
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: ASTRT
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 22200

Footnotes

Wagner, Warren H. Jr., Robbin C. Moran, and Charles R. Werth "Aspleniaceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Warren H. Wagner Jr., Robbin C. Moran, Charles R. Werth "Asplenium". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 198.080 meters (649.869 feet), Standard Deviation = 249.990 based on 17,505 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Asplenium trichomanes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Aspleniaceae

Genus Asplenium

Physical Description

Species Asplenium trichomanes

Size/Age/Growth

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Asplenium

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes