Asplenium platyneuron (Ebony Spleenwort)

Overview

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Ebony spleenwort. <em>Asplenium platyneuron</em>

Interesting Facts

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Asplenium platyneuron is remarkable in that it occurs in southern Africa as well as in North America. No other North American fern has this distribution. Asplenium platyneuron is an ecological generalist and is particularly characteristic of disturbed woodlands. This species is migrating northward on the northern portions of its range in the upper Great Lake states (W. H. Wagner Jr. and D. M. Johnson 1981). [source]

Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in English:

Ebony Spleenwort

Common Names in French:

Doradille , Doradille ébène

Description

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Family Aspleniaceae

Plants terrestrial , on rock, or rarely epiphytic. Stems erect or nearly erect, rarely long-creeping, scaly . Steles radially symmetric or dorsiventral (with structurally distinct abaxial and adaxial aspects ) dictyosteles. Leaves monomorphic , rarely almost dimorphic with fertile leaves taller and more erect than sterile ones. Petioles with 1 vascular bundle X-shaped in cross section or with 2 vascular bundles back to back and C-shaped. Blades extremely diverse , simple to 4-pinnate, commonly with tiny glandular hairs and a few linear scales , rarely with spreading hairs. Veins free to anastomosing. Sori borne on veins, ± lunate to linear . Indusia usually present, shape conforming to sorus and originating along 1 side of sorus. Sporangia with stalk of 1 row of cells , annulus vertical , interrupted by sporangial stalk. Spores monolete; perispore typically winged , spiny , reticulate , or perforate . Gametophytes surficial , green, cordate.

Genera 1, species ca. 700 (1 genus, 28 species, and 3 nothospecies in the flora ) : worldwide.

Members of this family can usually be identified by the combination of clathrate stem scales and indusiate linear sori. Supporting anatomic characteristics include the two vascular bundles in the petiole that unite distally in the petiole to form an X-shaped petiolar strand , and the single row of cells in the sporangial stalk. The scales consist of cells with dark, thick, radial walls and clear, thin, tangential walls, giving the scales a clathrate (latticelike) appearance reminiscent of lead moldings between plates of stained glass.

As construed here, Aspleniaceae comprise a single, huge, extremely diverse genus, Asplenium . A satisfactory taxonomic division into subgenera or satellite genera has not been possible because of the absence of any significant gaps . Various segregates have been proposed (e.g. , Camptosorus, Phyllitis, Ceterach, Pleurosorus ), but numerous "intergeneric" hybrids occur.

The members of Asplenium are popular with plant evolutionists, field naturalists, and fern gardeners, not only because of the interesting morphology of the plants but also because of their remarkable ability to form spectacular hybrids, often combining dramatically different leaf shapes. In North America, 23 diploid hybrids and allopolyploids have been recorded. At least two of these hybrid combinations occur as both sterile diploids and their fertile allotetraploid derivatives. Only those hybrids that are reproductively competent (through vigorous clone-forming by root proliferations or apogamy, or rarely through sexual reproduction) are treated in the key and fully described below.

Only about two-fifths of the reproductively competent species are believed to be cladistically divergent species; the other three-fifths are of hybrid origin (allopolyploids) . For two of the allotetraploids, sterile diploids of the same parentage are also known. The most unusual allopolyploid phytogeographically is Asplenium adiantum-nigrum, the parents of which are known only in the Old World. These reticulate relationships are summarized in the reticulogram.

Polyploidy is widespread in Asplenium, and the chromosome numbers vary from 2 x to 6 x . Two species, Asplenium trichomanes and A . heterochroum, occur in different levels of polyploidy---2 x and 4 x, and 4 x and 6 x, respectively. The highest chromosome number known for Asplenium in North America is 2 n = 216 (in A . trichomanes-dentatum and the hexaploid form of A . heterochroum ) . The only three apogamous taxa are A . monanthes (3 x ), A . resiliens (3 x ), and A . Ã— heteroresiliens (5 x ) .[1]

Genus Asplenium

Roots fibrous , not proliferous or proliferous and producing tiny plantlets . Stems erect , rarely long-creeping; scales basally attached, clathrate. Petioles not articulate . Blades 1--4-pinnate, of diverse size and shape . Indusia present. x = 36.

Species ca. 700 (28 species, 3 nothosp: worldwide.[2]

Physical Description

Species Asplenium platyneuron

Roots not proliferous. Stems short-creeping, unbranched; scales dark brown to black throughout, narrowly linear-deltate, 2--4 × 0.3--0.6 mm, margins entire. Leaves ± dimorphic ; fertile leaves taller and more erect than sterile leaves. Petiole reddish brown throughout, lustrous , 1--10 cm, 1/4--1/3 length of blade ; indument of dark brown to black, filiform scales at base . Blade lustrous, linear to narrowly oblanceolate , 1-pinnate throughout, 4--50 × 2--5(--7) cm, thin, glabrous , or occasionally sparsely pubescent ; base gradually tapered; apex acute, not rooting . Rachis reddish or purplish brown throughout, lustrous, glabrous. Pinnae in 15--45 pairs, oblong to quadrangular ; medial pinnae 1--2.5 × 0.3--0.5 cm; base with conspicuous acroscopic and sometimes basiscopic auricle , this overlapping rachis; margins crenate to serrulate , sometimes more deeply incised in robust specimens; apex acute to obtuse . Veins free , evident. Sori 1--12 pairs per pinna, on both basiscopic and acroscopic sides. Spores 64 per sporangium. 2 n = 72. [source]

The combining author for Asplenium platyneuron is often given as Oakes ex D. C. Eaton; see D. B . Lellinger (1981) for justification of the authorship employed here. [source]

Proliferous buds on the lowest pinnae allow formation of clumps with stems at several layers in the litter . Asplenium platyneuron hybridizes with A. rhizophyllum, A. trichomanes (producing A. × virginicum Maxon), A. pinnatifidum, A. ruta-muraria (producing A. × morganii W. H. Wagner & F. S. Wagner), A. bradleyi, and A. montanum (producing sterile A. bradleyi ). [source]

Habit: Forb/herb

Flowers: Bloom Period: n/a • Flower Color: inconspicuous, none

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 6-12" tall.

Habitat

Forest floor or on rocks, often invading masonry and disturbed soils; 0--1300 m [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 1,870 meters (0 to 6,135 feet).[4]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 9-12" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 8.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Partial to Full Shade.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Moniliformopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997, Nom. Nud.
        Class: Polypodiopsida () - Cronquist et al.
        Order: Polypodiales () - Link
        Family: Aspleniaceae () - Newman - Spleenwort Family
        Genus: Asplenium () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - Spleenwort [Greek splen, spleen; thought by Dioscorides to be useful for treating spleen diseases]
        Specific epithet: platyneuron - (L.) B.S.P.
        Botanical name: - Asplenium platyneuron (L.) B.S.P.

Synonyms

A. platyneuron var. incisum (E. C. Howe) Robinson • Acrostichum platyneuron Linnaeus • Asplenium platyneuron var. bacculum-rubrum (Fernald) Fernald

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Asplenium

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 165 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

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The standard cyclopedia of horticulture; a discussion, for the amateur, and the professional and commercial grower, of the kinds, characteristics and methods of cultivation of the species of plants grown in the regions of the United States a Illustrated with colored plates, four thousand engravings in the text, and ninety-six full-page cuts. New York, Macmillan, 1919 [c1914] url p. 1217, p. 3581.
The vegetation of Shackleford Bank / by I.F. Lewis. Raleigh: Edwards & Broughton, 1917. url p. 13.
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Torreya. Burlington, Vt., Torrey Botanical Club, 1901-1945. url p. 109, p. 120, p. 133, p. 140, p. 147, p. 148, p. 153, p. 16, p. 174, p. 229, p. 287, p. 90.
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Wrightia. 1 1949 Richardson, Tex. [etc.]University of Texas at Dallas. url p. 249, p. 253, p. 256.
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Reichstein, T. 1981. Hybrids in European Aspleniaceae (Pteridophyta). Bot. Helv. 91: 89--139.

Notes

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Contributors

"Asplenium platyneuron". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 21, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 4 providers.
Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Jan 19, 2007.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 26, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 21, 2007:

Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2644559
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-17355
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13725594
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17049240-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 401929
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 17355
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 17049240
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PPASP02112 PPASP02110
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: ASPLI ASPL
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 23399

Footnotes

Wagner, Warren H. Jr., Robbin C. Moran, and Charles R. Werth "Aspleniaceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Warren H. Wagner Jr., Robbin C. Moran, Charles R. Werth "Asplenium". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
"Asplenium platyneuron". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 182.500 meters (598.753 feet), Standard Deviation = 156.030 based on 1,100 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Asplenium platyneuron

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Aspleniaceae

Genus Asplenium

Physical Description

Species Asplenium platyneuron

Size/Age/Growth

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Asplenium

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes