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• Interesting Facts
• Taxonomy
• Physical Description
• Distribution
• Habitat
• Reproduction
• Growth
• Similar Species
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Overview:

Tree from India and Maylasia with warty fruit up to 2 feet long and weighing up to 76 pounds.

Interesting Facts:

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms:

1. Artocarpus integer auct.
2. Artocarpus integrifolius L. f.
3. Artocarpus integrifolius auct.

Notes:

Publishing author: L.f. Publication: Suppl. 412.

Name Status: Accepted Name. Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication: Encycl. 3:209. 1789 "heterophylla"

Name verified on 19-Apr-2004 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 02-Nov-2006

Physical Description

Family Moraceae:

Trees, shrubs, vines, or rarely herbs, frequently with milky or watery latex, sometimes spiny. Stipules present, frequently caducous. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite; petiole often present and well-defined; leaf blade simple, sometimes with cystoliths, margin entire or palmately lobed, venation pinnate or palmate. Inflorescences axillary, frequently paired, racemose, spicate, capitate, or rarely cymose, sometimes a fig or syconium with flowers completely enclosed within a hollow receptacle. Flowers unisexual (plants monoecious or dioecious), small to very small. Calyx lobes (1 or) 2-4(-8), free or connate, imbricate or valvate. Corolla absent. Male flowers: stamens as many as and opposite to calyx lobes (except in Artocarpus), straight or inflexed in bud; anthers 1- or 2-loculed, crescent-shaped to top-shaped; pistillode (rudimentary sterile pistil) often present. Female flowers: calyx lobes usually 4; ovary superior, semi-inferior, or inferior, 1(or 2) -loculed; ovules 1 per locule, anatropous or campylotropous; style branches 1 or 2; stigmas usually filiform. Fruit usually a drupe, rarely an achene, enveloped by an enlarged calyx and/or immersed in a fleshy receptacle, often joined into a syncarp. Seed solitary; endosperm present or absent.

Between 37 and 43 genera and 1100–1400 species: widespread in tropical and subtropical areas, less common in temperate areas; nine genera and 144 species (26 endemic, five introduced) in China.

Economically, the most important species are those of Morus and Maclura associated with the production of silk. Some species in Broussonetia, Maclura, and Morus are important for paper making; some species in Artocarpus, Ficus, and Morus have edible fruit; and some species of Artocarpus and Broussonetia are used for furniture or timber.^[1]

Genus Artocarpus:

Trees, evergreen or deciduous, with latex; monoecious. Stipules free, intrapetiolar or lateral, amplexicaul or not. Leaves spirally arranged or distichous; leaf blade simple to pinnatifid, rarely pinnate, leathery, margin entire. Inflorescences sometimes borne on main branches or trunk, unisexual, capitate, many-flowered. Male flowers: free, surrounded by peltate to clavate interfloral bracts; calyx tubular, slightly 2-lobed or 2-4-lobed; lobes imbricate or valvate; stamen 1, straight in bud, slightly to conspicuously exserted from calyx; anthers globose to oblong, 2-loculed; pistillode absent. Female flowers: at least partially adnate to each other and/or to interfloral bracts; calyx tubular, basally thin walled, apically thick walled and either completely fused or not; ovary free; style central or ± lateral; stigmas 1 or 2, equal or unequal. Flowers and bracts fused laterally to form a syncarp. Syncarp fleshy throughout or at least at basal portions of calyx, sometimes very large, flowers and bracts fused at their tips to form an areolate surface or free and forming variously shaped processes on surface. Seed without endosperm; cotyledons fleshy, equal or unequal.

About 50 species: tropical and subtropical Asia, Pacific Islands; 14 species (five endemic, two introduced) in China.

Some species are important for their edible fruit (most notably Artocarpus communis, breadfruit), and/or timber.^[2]

Species Artocarpus heterophyllus:

Trees 10-20 m tall, d.b.h. 30-50 cm, evergreen. Mature trees with tubular roots. Bark blackish brown, thick. Branchlets furrowed to smooth, 2-6 mm thick, glabrous. Stipules amplexicaul, ovate, 1.5-8 cm, with or without bent pubescence, caducous, scar annular and conspicuous. Leaves spirally arranged; petiole 1-3 cm; leaf blade elliptic to obovate, 7-15(or more) × 3-7 cm, lobed on new growth of young trees, leathery, abaxially pale green and with scattered globose to ellipsoid resin cells, adaxially dark green, glabrous, and shiny, base cuneate, margin of mature leaves entire, apex blunt to acuminate; midvein abaxially conspicuously prominent, secondary veins 6-8 on each side of midvein; leaves on mature trees entire. Inflorescences on old stems or brachyblasts. Male inflorescences axillary on apical branchlet, sometimes axillary on axillary brachyblasts, cylindric to conic-ellipsoid, 2-7 cm, many-flowered but some sterile; peduncle 1-5 cm. Female inflorescences with a globose fleshy rachis. Male flowers: calyx tubular, apically 2-lobed, 1-1.5 mm, pubescent; filament straight in bud; anther ellipsoid. Female flowers: calyx tubular, apically lobed; ovary 1-celled. Fruiting syncarp pale yellow when young, yellowish brown when mature, ellipsoid, globose, or irregularly shaped, 30-100 × 25-50 cm, with stiff hexagonal tubercles and thick hairs. Drupes narrowly elliptic, ca. 3 × 1.5-2 cm. Fl. Feb-Mar. [source]

Habit: Tree

Flowers: Bloom Period: blooms repeatedly • Flower Color: inconspicuous, none

Images:

Distribution

Range and Population

Caribbean

Native: .

Habitat

Cultivated. Low elevations.^[3].

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 12-15' apart.

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Similar Species

Members of the genus Artocarpus:

There are approximately 227 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them: A. longifolius adpressus · A. melinoxylus brevipedunculatus · A. teysmannii subglabrus · A. acuminatissimus · A. africanus · A. albobrunneus · A. altilis (Breadfruit) · A. altilis var. non-seminiferus · A. altilis var. seminiferus · A. altilus · A. altissima · A. altissimus · A. angustifolius · A. anisophylla · A. anisophyllus · A. anisophyllus var. sessilifolius · A. annulatus · A. antiarifolius · A. asperulus · A. atilis · A. benghalensis · A. bicolor · A. bifarius · A. biformis · A. biocolor · A. blancoi · A. blumei · A. borneensis · A. bracteatus · A. brasiliensis · A. brevipedunculatus · A. brevisericea · A. brevisericeus · A. brunneifolia · A. brunneifolius · A. calophyllus · A. camansi · A. canaranus · A. cannoni · A. cerifera · A. chama · A. chaplasha · A. clementis · A. corneri · A. cumingiana · A. cumingianus · A. cuspidatus · A. dadah · A. dadak · A. dasyphylla · A. dasyphyllus · A. denisonianus · A. dimorphophyllus · A. dubia · A. eberhardtii · A. echinatus · A. elastica · A. elasticus (Artocarpus) · A. elmeri · A. elongatus · A. erythrocarpus · A. excelsus · A. exculpta · A. ficifolia · A. ficifolius · A. finlaysonianus · A. foeniformis · A. forbesii · A. fretissi · A. fretissii · A. frutescens · A. fulvicortex · A. glaucescens · A. glaucus · A. gomeziana · A. gomezianus · A. gongshanensis · A. griffithii · A. hainanensis · A. heterophylla · A. heterophyllus (Jaca) · A. hirsuta · A. hirsutissimus · A. hirsutus (Hirsute Artocarpus) · A. hispidus · A. horridus · A. humilis · A. hypargyraeus (Kwai Muk) · A. hypargyrea · A. hypargyreus · A. hypoargyrea · A. incisifolius · A. incisus · A. inconstantissimus · A. indica · A. indicus · A. integer (Chempedak) · A. integra · A. integrifolia (Jack Fruit) · A. involucratus

Bibliography

• Berg, C. C. 2001. Moreae, Arocarpeae, and Dorstenia (Moraceae) with introductions to the family and Ficus and with additions and corrections to Flora Neotropica Monograph 7. In: Organization for Flora Neotropica, ed., Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 83:143.
• Boutelje, J. B. 1980. Encyclopedia of world timbers, names and technical literature. (Ency WTimber)
• Chang Siushih, Wu Chengyih & Cao Ziyu. 1998. Moroideae. In: Chang Siushih & Wu Chengyih, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 23(1): 1219.
• Dassanayake, M. D. & F. R. Fosberg, eds. 1980–. A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon. (F Ceylon)
• Encke, F. et al. 1993. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 14. Auflage. (Zander ed14)
• Hackett, C. & J. Carolane. 1982. Edible Horticultural Crops. (Edible HC)
• Jarrett, F. M. 1959. Studies in Artocarpus and allied genera, III. A revision of Artocarpus subgenus Artocarpus. J. Arnold Arbor. 40:119–121.
• Kunkel, G. 1984. Plants for human consumption. (L Edible Pl)
• Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2. (Food Feed Crops US)
• Nicolson, D. H. et al. 1988. An interpretation of Van Rheede's Hortus Malabaricus. Regnum Veg. 119:182.
• Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) - on-line resource. (Pl Names)
• Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants. (Dict Rehm)
• Rosengarten, F. 1984. The book of edible nuts. (Edible Nuts)
• Smith, A. C. 1979–1991. Flora vitiensis nova. (F Viti)
• Terrell, E. E. et al. 1986. Agric. Handb. no. 505. (AH 505)
• Verheij, E. W. M. & R. E. Coronel, eds. 1991. Edible fruits and nuts. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA). (Pl Res SEAs) 2:86.
• Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994–. Flora of China (English edition). (F ChinaEng)
• Yaacob, O. & S. Subhadrabandhu. 1995. The production of economic fruits in South-East Asia. (PrEcFr)

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Notes

Contributors:

• "Artocarpus heterophyllus". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 31. Published by Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 17, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 6 providers.
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Jan 19, 2007.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 26, 2008)

Data Sources:

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 17, 2007:

• Australian National Herbarium
• , Australian National Herbarium
• Herbarium of the University of Aarhus, The AAU Herbarium Database
• Herbier de la Guyane, Herbier de la Guyane
• Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad
• , Biodiversidad de Costa Rica
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden

Identifiers:

• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 184183
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13729686
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:850389-1
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: ARIN18
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 23010

Footnotes:

1. Zhengyi Wu, Zhe-Kun Zhou & Michael G. Gilbert "Moraceae". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 21. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
2. "Artocarpus". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 30. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
3. "Artocarpus heterophyllus". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 31. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.