Artemisia vulgaris (Common Wormwood)

Overview

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Interesting Facts

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Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in Albanian:

Pelin I Zi

Common Names in Arabic:

Habaq Al-Rahi, Habaq Ar-Rahi, حبق الراعي, حَبَق الرَّاعِي

Common Names in Catalan:

Artemisa Vulgar

Common Names in Chinese:

Ye Ai (Cantonese)

Common Names in Croatian:

Crni Pelin, Obični Pelin, Obini Pelin

Common Names in Czech:

Černobýl, Pelyněk černobýl

Common Names in Danish:

Almindelig Gråbynke, Bynke, Grå Bynke, Gråbynke, Uægte Malurt, Vild Malurt

Common Names in Dutch:

Alsemsoort, Bijvoet, Gewone Bijvoet

Common Names in English:

Common Wormwood, Common Mugwort, Felon Herb, Felon-Herb, Green-Ginger, Mugwort, Sailors Tobacco, St John´s Plant, Wegwood, Wild Wormwood

Common Names in Esperanto:

Artemizio

Common Names in Estonian:

Harilik Puju

Common Names in Finnish:

Pujo

Common Names in French:

Armoise, Armoise Citronnelle, Armoise Commune, Armoise Vulgaire, Ceinture De Saint-Jean

Common Names in German:

Beifuß, Beifuß, Echter Beifuß, Gemeiner Beifuß, Gewöhnlicher Beifuß

Common Names in Greek, Modern:

Artemisia, Αρτεμισία

Common Names in Hebrew:

Artimisia, ארטימיסיה

Common Names in Hungarian:

Anyafű, Fekete üröm, Mátrafű, Taplóüröm

Common Names in Italian:

Amarella, Artemisia, Assenzio Selvatico

Common Names in Japanese:

Arutemishia, Ma-Gu-Wa--To, Maguwato, Nishi-Yomogi, O-U-Si-(yu)-U-Yo-Mo-Gi, Oshu-Yomogi, oushuu Yomogi, Yomogi, オウシュウヨモギ, マグワート

Common Names in Kazakh:

Ermen Jwsan, Ermen žusan, Ермен жусан

Common Names in Korean:

Meo-Geu-Weo-Teu, Meo-Geu-Wi-Teu, Meoguweotu, Meoguwitu, Moguwotu, Ssug, Ssuk, Suk, 머그워트, 머그위트, 쑥

Common Names in Lao:

Nat

Common Names in Latvian:

Vībotne

Common Names in Norwegian:

Burot

Common Names in Persian:

Berendjasef, Brnğasf, برنجاسف

Common Names in Polish:

Bylica, Bylica Pospolita

Common Names in Portuguese:

Artemísia, Artemísia

Common Names in Romanian:

Pelin Negru, Pelinarița, Pelinaș

Common Names in Russian:

Černobyl'nik, Chernobylnik, Polyn Obyknovennaja, Polyn Obyknovennaya, Polyn´ Obyknovennaia, Polyn' Obyknovennaâ, полын обыкновенная, Полынь обыкновенная, Чернобыльник

Common Names in Sanskrit:

Nagadamani

Common Names in Scottish Gaelic:

Liath Lus

Common Names in Slovak:

Palina Obyčajná

Common Names in Slovenian:

Navadni Pelin

Common Names in Spanish:

Artemisa, Artemisia, Hierba De San Juan, Sisim

Common Names in Swedish:

Gråbo, Gråbo

Common Names in Thai:

Kot Chulaalamphuaua, โกฏจุฬาลำพา

Common Names in Turkish:

Adi Pelin, Ayvadana, Çil Baş, Misk Otu, Sıtma Otu, Yavşan Otu

Common Names in Ukrainian:

Chornobyl, Čornobil', Polin Zvičajnij, Polyn Zvychajnyj, Полин звичайний, Чорнобиль

Common Names in Vietnamese:

Ngải Cứu, Thuốc Cứu

Description

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Family Compositae

The largest family of flowering plants , the Compositae (Asteraceae), comprising about 1,100 genera and more than 20,000 species and characterized by many small flowers arranged in a head looking like a single flower and subtended by an involucre of bracts. A head may consist of both ray flowers and disk flowers, as in the sunflower, of disk flowers only, as in the burdock, or of ray flowers only, as in the dandelion.

Genus Artemisia

Annuals , biennials, perennials , subshrubs , or shrubs , 3-350 cm (usually, rarely not, aromatic ) . Stems 1-10+, usually erect , usually branched, glabrous or hairy (hairs basi- or medifixed ) . Leaves basal or basal and cauline; alternate; petiolate or sessile; blades filiform , linear , lanceolate, ovate , elliptic , oblong , oblanceolate , obovate , cuneate, flabellate , or spatulate , usually pinnately and/or palmately lobed , sometimes apically ± 3-lobed or -toothed, or entire, faces glabrous or hairy (hairs multicelled and filled with aromatic terpenoids and/or 1-celled and hollow, dolabriform , T-shaped) . Heads usually discoid , sometimes disciform (subradiate in A. bigelovii), in relatively broad, paniculiform arrays, or in relatively narrow, racemiform or spiciform arrays. Involucres campanulate , globose , ovoid , or turbinate , 1.5-8 mm diam. Phyllaries persistent , 2-20+ in 4-7 series, distinct , (usually green to whitish green, rarely stramineous ) ovate to lanceolate, unequal, margins and apices (usually green or white, rarely dark brown or black) ± scarious (abaxial faces glabrous or hairy) . Receptacles flat, convex , or conic (glabrous or hairy), epaleate (except paleate in A. palmeri) . Ray florets 0 (peripheral pistillate florets in disciform heads usually 1-20, their corollas filiform; corollas of 1-3 pistillate florets in heads of A. bigelovii sometimes ± 2-lobed, weakly raylike) . Disc florets 2-20(-30+), bisexual and fertile , or functionally staminate ; corollas (glabrous or ± hirtellous) usually pale yellow, rarely red, tubes ± cylindric , throats subglobose or funnelform , lobes 5, ± deltate. Cypselae (brown) fusiform , ribs 0 (and faces finely striate ) or 2-5, faces glabrous or hairy (not villous ), often gland-dotted (pericarps sometimes with myxogenic cells , without resin sacs ; embryo sac development monosporic) ; pappi usually 0 (coroniform in A. californica and A. papposa, sometimes on outer in A. rothrockii) . x = 9.

Species ca. 350-500, mostly Northern Hemisphere (North America, Eurasia ), some in South America and Africa.

As circumscribed here, there are five subgenera in Artemisia; four are represented in the flora area. Etymologies of the common names used for Artemisia species provide glimpses of their uses and demonstrate the rich diversity within the genus. The common name mugwort is from the Old English mucgwyrt, mucg meaning midge, and refers to the use of Old World herbaceous species in repelling flies and midges. Artemisia was called Motherwort in nineteenth century Maine (as an indication of the high esteem for this otherwise rather pedestrian plant), and in the herbal by R. Banckes (1525) : "This herb helpeth a woman to conceyve a chylde, and clenseth the mother, and maketh a woman to have her flowers." Early settlers in North America brought European plants of A. dracunculus, A. vulgaris, A. absinthium, and A. abrotanum into their herb gardens for seasoning and medicinal uses; they would also have learned about aboriginal uses of Artemisia species native to North America, uses that included fertility rites (sagebrush in western North America) and antihelminthics (wormwoods of grasslands and mountain habitats ) . Immigrants used A. annua (sweet Annie) in potpourris and later recognized its utility as an anti-malarial drug, a use that was well known in oriental medicine. Bulwand is the local name used for herbaceous wormwoods in Scotland, and green-ginger and Sailors tobacco are local names in England (T. Coffey 1993) . Use of the names sagewort and sagebrush in North America arise from the familiar aroma of culinary sage, Salvia officinalis (Lamiaceae) . Because true sages (Salvia) and sagewort/sagebrushes (Artemisia) are in separate families, the chemical similarities are an example of convergent evolution. The intense aroma and bitter taste of the plants from terpenoids and sesquiterpene lactones discourages herbivory and undoubtedly has contributed to the remarkable evolutionary success (measured by abundance as well as diversity) of species in this genus. Members of Artemisia are wind-pollinated and their heads and florets are exceptionally small (even for composites ) and, consequently, difficult to examine and assess. Nevertheless, the sexual constitution of floral heads is important in recognition of subgenera. Plant habits and ornamentations of receptacles have also figured in arriving at subgeneric circumscriptions; additional characteristics are enumerated in the descriptions . Artemisia has a well-deserved reputation for being taxonomically difficult. The number of subgenera varies from four to five in modern treatments, and the number of taxa recognized at the species or subspecific levels varies between 250 and 500 (K . Bremer and C. J. Humphries 1993; H. M. Hall and F. E. Clements 1923; Y. R. Ling 1982, 1995; P. P. Poljakov 1961; M. Torrell et al. 1999) . In this treatment, I recognize four native subgenera; subg. Seriphidium is endemic to Asia. In the flora area, the greatest diversity occurs in subg. Artemisia. Subgenus Absinthium can be segregated on the basis of hairs on the receptacle; it may be not phylogenetically distinct (L. E. Watson et al. 2002; J. Valles and E. D. McArthur 2001) . Subgenus Dracunculus is clearly distinguished by molecular differences, and subg. Tridentatae is well defined with the exception of A. pygmaea. This treatment is based on extensive fieldwork, review of recent research, and examination of thousands of specimens; taxonomic circumscriptions remain controversial. Molecular analyses have helped define subgenera but have not clarified relationships between closely related species. The morphologic characters useful in distinguishing species tend to be variable and are often hard to assess (i.e. , the sexuality of microscopic florets) . Users of the keys will meet with frustrations; descriptions of subgenera and illustrations will help in defining the major groupings of species. The subgenera are arranged in approximate phylogenetic order ; species are arranged alphabetically within the subgenera. Molecular studies define subg. Dracunculus as a major clade that is ancestral to the majority of Artemisia. The subgenera Absinthium, Tridentatae, and Artemisia can be classified as clades; they are weakly supported by molecular evidence.[1]

Physical Description

Species Artemisia vulgaris

Perennials , (40-) 60-190 cm, sometimes faintly aromatic (rhizomes coarse ). Stems relatively numerous , erect , brownish to reddish brown, simple proximally, branched distally (angularly ribbed ), sparsely hairy or glabrous . Leaves basal (petiolate ) and cauline (sessile), uniformly green or bicolor; blades broadly lanceolate, ovate , or linear , (2-) 3-10(-12) × 1.8-8 cm (proximal reduced and entire, distal pinnately dissected , lobes to 20 mm wide), faces pubescent or glabrescent (abaxial ) or glabrous (adaxial ). Heads in compact , paniculiform or racemiform arrays (10-) 20-30(-40) × (5-) 7-15(-20) cm. Involucres ovoid to campanulate , 2-3(-4) mm. Phyllaries lanceolate, hairy or glabrescent. Florets : pistillate 7-10; bisexual (5-) 8-20; corollas yellowish to reddish brown, 1.5-3 mm, glabrous (style branches arched-curved, truncate , ciliate ). Cypselae ellipsoid , 0.5-1(-1.2) mm, glabrous, sometimes resinous . 2n = 18, 36, 40, 54. [source]

Grown as a medicinal plant, most commonly as a vermifuge, Artemisia vulgaris is widely established in eastern North America and is often weedy in disturbed sites. Populational differences in morphologic forms are reflected in size of flowering heads , degree of dissection of leaves, and overall color of plants (from pale to dark green), suggesting multiple introductions that may date back to the first visits by Europeans. It is tempting to recognize the different forms as subspecies and varieties; the array of variation in the field is bewildering. If genetically distinct forms exist in native populations, the differences appear to have been blurred by introgression among the various introductions in North America. A case could be made for recognizing var. kamtschatica in Alaska based on its larger heads and shorter growth form ; apparent introgression with populations that extend across Canada confounds that taxonomic segregation . [source]

Habit: Subshrub , Forb/herb

Flowers: Bloom Period: June, July, August. • Flower Color: inconspicuous, none

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 24-36" tall.

Habitat

Sandy or loamy soils, forested areas, coastal strands , roadsides; 0-500 m [2].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,052 meters (0 to 13,294 feet).[3]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 24-36" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.6 • Maximum pH: 8.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade.

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: High

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Subclass: Asteridae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Campanulanae () - Takhtajan Ex Reveal, 1992
        Family: Compositae () - Giseke, 1792, nom. cons., nom. alt.
        Subfamily: Asteroideae ()
        Tribe: Anthemideae ()
        Subtribe: Artemisiinae ()
        Genus: Artemisia () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - Felon-herb, mugwort, sagebrush, sailor'-tobacco, wormwood, armoise, herbe Saint-Jean [Greek Artemis, goddess of the hunt and namesake of Artemisia, Queen of Anatolia]
        Specific epithet: vulgaris - L.
        Form: mi. Taiwan shokubutsu mokuroku. Taihoku,
        Botanical name: - Artemisia vulgaris L.

Synonyms

A. vulgaris var. glabra Ledebour • A. vulgaris var. kamtschatica Besser • Artemisia opulenta Pampanini

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Comment: Data Providers: CONABIO, Caribbean Checklist , African Flowering Plants Database , SANBI, New Zealand Plant Name Database, Flora of Japan, Flora Malesiana, IPNI, Govaerts World Compositae Checklist A-G, Tropicos, Euro+Med, Colombia, Vietnam Flora. GCC LSID: urn :lsid:compositae.org:names:E982E2D5-0F9F-4AA2-B048-65F13E88CE6E

Last scrutiny: 21-Aug-09

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Artemisia

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 186 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

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Notes

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Contributors

"Artemisia vulgaris". in Flora of North America Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 503, 522, 533, 534. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
GCC: Global Compositae Checklist. Release date: November 18, 2009
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed January 22, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 26, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 16, 2007:

Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Botany registration database by Danish botanists
The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx River Bioblitz
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Herbarium of Oskarshamn
UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
UK National Biodiversity Network, Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets
University of Alaska Museum of the North, University of Alaska Museum of the North Herbarium

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 1
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Ast-7178
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4395043
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:180284-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 4190
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 35505
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDAST0S1V0
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: ARVUS ARVU
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 22872

Footnotes

Leila M. Shultz "Artemisia". in Flora of North America Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 6, 26, 53, 398, 486, 487, 498, 503, 504, 50. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
"Artemisia vulgaris". in Flora of North America Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 503, 522, 533, 534. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. ... [back]
Mean = 150.360 meters (493.307 feet), Standard Deviation = 352.040 based on 1,214 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Artemisia vulgaris

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Compositae

Genus Artemisia

Physical Description

Species Artemisia vulgaris

Size/Age/Growth

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Artemisia

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes