Artemisia annua (Annual Wormwood)

Overview

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Annual .

Interesting Facts

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Current research has confirmed traditional Chinese use as a malaria preventive and cure . The active constituent, artemisinin, is more potent than the standard malaria drug treatment, chloroquine.
Other studies indicate an antibiotic effect on fungal skin conditions. Additional uses include alleviation of colds, flu, dysentery, and diarrhea .

Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in English:

Annual Wormwood, Annual Mugwort, Huang Hua Hao, Sweet Annie, Sweet Sagewort, Sweet Wormwood

Common Names in French:

Armoise Annuelle

Common Names in Japanese:

Hosoba-Ninjin, Kuso-Ninjin

Description

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Family Compositae

The largest family of flowering plants , the Compositae (Asteraceae), comprising about 1,100 genera and more than 20,000 species and characterized by many small flowers arranged in a head looking like a single flower and subtended by an involucre of bracts. A head may consist of both ray flowers and disk flowers, as in the sunflower, of disk flowers only, as in the burdock, or of ray flowers only, as in the dandelion.

Genus Artemisia

Annuals , biennials, perennials , subshrubs , or shrubs , 3-350 cm (usually, rarely not, aromatic ) . Stems 1-10+, usually erect , usually branched, glabrous or hairy (hairs basi- or medifixed ) . Leaves basal or basal and cauline; alternate; petiolate or sessile; blades filiform , linear , lanceolate, ovate , elliptic , oblong , oblanceolate , obovate , cuneate, flabellate , or spatulate , usually pinnately and/or palmately lobed , sometimes apically ± 3-lobed or -toothed, or entire, faces glabrous or hairy (hairs multicelled and filled with aromatic terpenoids and/or 1-celled and hollow, dolabriform , T-shaped) . Heads usually discoid , sometimes disciform (subradiate in A. bigelovii), in relatively broad, paniculiform arrays, or in relatively narrow, racemiform or spiciform arrays. Involucres campanulate , globose , ovoid , or turbinate , 1.5-8 mm diam. Phyllaries persistent , 2-20+ in 4-7 series, distinct , (usually green to whitish green, rarely stramineous ) ovate to lanceolate, unequal, margins and apices (usually green or white, rarely dark brown or black) ± scarious (abaxial faces glabrous or hairy) . Receptacles flat, convex , or conic (glabrous or hairy), epaleate (except paleate in A. palmeri) . Ray florets 0 (peripheral pistillate florets in disciform heads usually 1-20, their corollas filiform; corollas of 1-3 pistillate florets in heads of A. bigelovii sometimes ± 2-lobed, weakly raylike) . Disc florets 2-20(-30+), bisexual and fertile , or functionally staminate ; corollas (glabrous or ± hirtellous) usually pale yellow, rarely red, tubes ± cylindric , throats subglobose or funnelform , lobes 5, ± deltate. Cypselae (brown) fusiform , ribs 0 (and faces finely striate ) or 2-5, faces glabrous or hairy (not villous ), often gland-dotted (pericarps sometimes with myxogenic cells , without resin sacs ; embryo sac development monosporic) ; pappi usually 0 (coroniform in A. californica and A. papposa, sometimes on outer in A. rothrockii) . x = 9.

Species ca. 350-500, mostly Northern Hemisphere (North America, Eurasia ), some in South America and Africa.

As circumscribed here, there are five subgenera in Artemisia; four are represented in the flora area. Etymologies of the common names used for Artemisia species provide glimpses of their uses and demonstrate the rich diversity within the genus. The common name mugwort is from the Old English mucgwyrt, mucg meaning midge, and refers to the use of Old World herbaceous species in repelling flies and midges. Artemisia was called Motherwort in nineteenth century Maine (as an indication of the high esteem for this otherwise rather pedestrian plant), and in the herbal by R. Banckes (1525) : "This herb helpeth a woman to conceyve a chylde, and clenseth the mother, and maketh a woman to have her flowers." Early settlers in North America brought European plants of A. dracunculus, A. vulgaris, A. absinthium, and A. abrotanum into their herb gardens for seasoning and medicinal uses; they would also have learned about aboriginal uses of Artemisia species native to North America, uses that included fertility rites (sagebrush in western North America) and antihelminthics (wormwoods of grasslands and mountain habitats ) . Immigrants used A. annua (sweet Annie) in potpourris and later recognized its utility as an anti-malarial drug, a use that was well known in oriental medicine. Bulwand is the local name used for herbaceous wormwoods in Scotland, and green-ginger and Sailors tobacco are local names in England (T. Coffey 1993) . Use of the names sagewort and sagebrush in North America arise from the familiar aroma of culinary sage, Salvia officinalis (Lamiaceae) . Because true sages (Salvia) and sagewort/sagebrushes (Artemisia) are in separate families, the chemical similarities are an example of convergent evolution. The intense aroma and bitter taste of the plants from terpenoids and sesquiterpene lactones discourages herbivory and undoubtedly has contributed to the remarkable evolutionary success (measured by abundance as well as diversity) of species in this genus. Members of Artemisia are wind-pollinated and their heads and florets are exceptionally small (even for composites ) and, consequently, difficult to examine and assess. Nevertheless, the sexual constitution of floral heads is important in recognition of subgenera. Plant habits and ornamentations of receptacles have also figured in arriving at subgeneric circumscriptions; additional characteristics are enumerated in the descriptions . Artemisia has a well-deserved reputation for being taxonomically difficult. The number of subgenera varies from four to five in modern treatments, and the number of taxa recognized at the species or subspecific levels varies between 250 and 500 (K . Bremer and C. J. Humphries 1993; H. M. Hall and F. E. Clements 1923; Y. R. Ling 1982, 1995; P. P. Poljakov 1961; M. Torrell et al. 1999) . In this treatment, I recognize four native subgenera; subg. Seriphidium is endemic to Asia. In the flora area, the greatest diversity occurs in subg. Artemisia. Subgenus Absinthium can be segregated on the basis of hairs on the receptacle; it may be not phylogenetically distinct (L. E. Watson et al. 2002; J. Valles and E. D. McArthur 2001) . Subgenus Dracunculus is clearly distinguished by molecular differences, and subg. Tridentatae is well defined with the exception of A. pygmaea. This treatment is based on extensive fieldwork, review of recent research, and examination of thousands of specimens; taxonomic circumscriptions remain controversial. Molecular analyses have helped define subgenera but have not clarified relationships between closely related species. The morphologic characters useful in distinguishing species tend to be variable and are often hard to assess (i.e. , the sexuality of microscopic florets) . Users of the keys will meet with frustrations; descriptions of subgenera and illustrations will help in defining the major groupings of species. The subgenera are arranged in approximate phylogenetic order ; species are arranged alphabetically within the subgenera. Molecular studies define subg. Dracunculus as a major clade that is ancestral to the majority of Artemisia. The subgenera Absinthium, Tridentatae, and Artemisia can be classified as clades; they are weakly supported by molecular evidence.[1]

Physical Description

Species Artemisia annua

Annuals , 30-200(-300) cm, sweetly aromatic . Stems mostly 1, erect , green, turning to reddish brown with age, simple (smooth or ribbed ), glabrous or sparsely hairy . Leaves cauline, bright green; blades triangular to broadly ovate , 2-5(-10) × 2-4 cm, 2-3-pinnatifid (lobes relatively narrow, ± toothed ), faces glabrous, gland-dotted. Heads (nodding , peduncles 2-5 mm) in open, (diffusely branched, leafy) arrays 15-30(-40) × 10-20 cm. Involucres globose , 1.5-2.5 × 1.5-2.5 mm. Phyllaries (green) lanceolate, glabrous. Florets : pistillate (0-) 10-20; bisexual 18-24; corollas pale yellow (broadly campanulate ), 0.5-1 mm, glabrous. Cypselae oblong (flattened), 0.3-0.8 mm, glabrous. 2n = 18. [source]

Widely cultivated for aromatic oils, Artemisia annua often persists in gardens, becoming naturalized in moist-temperate areas (especially in eastern United States). Reports of naturalization may be exaggerated (reported for Prince Edward Island, but not established ). [source]

The systematic placement of this species appears to align most closely with species of the Eurasian subg. Seriphidium (L. E. Watson et al. 2002). Molecular evidence suggests that the Artemisia annua lineage may be ancestral to woody species in the Old World. [source]

Habit: Forb/herb

Flowers: Bloom Period: June, July, August. • Flower Color: chartreuseyellow-green, inconspicuous, none, yellow

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 4-6' tall.

Habitat

Moist waste areas, sandy soils; 0-2000 m [2].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,038 meters (0 to 6,686 feet).[3]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Annual

Growth

Culture: Space 18-24" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.6 • Maximum pH: 7.8

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: Not Applicable (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Asteridae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Campanulanae () - Takhtajan Ex Reveal, 1992
        Order: Asterales () - Lindley, 1833
        Family: Compositae () - Giseke, 1792, nom. cons., nom. alt.
        Subfamily: Asteroideae ()
        Tribe: Anthemideae ()
        Subtribe: Artemisiinae ()
        Genus: Artemisia () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - Felon-herb, mugwort, sagebrush, sailor'-tobacco, wormwood, armoise, herbe Saint-Jean [Greek Artemis, goddess of the hunt and namesake of Artemisia, Queen of Anatolia]
        Specific epithet: annua - L.
        Form: l literature up to the publication of Icones
        Botanical name: - Artemisia annua L.

Synonyms

Artemisia chamomilla C. Winkler

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Comment: Data Providers: New Zealand Plant Name Database, Flora of Japan, Flora Malesiana, Flora of Korea, Flora of Taiwan, Govaerts World Compositae Checklist A-G, IPNI, Flora of China Checklist, Tropicos, Euro+Med, Vietnam Flora. GCC LSID: urn :lsid:compositae.org:names:ACF568B3-01A6-4D2A-9FDE-49BBD4EB3F94

Last scrutiny: 10-Aug-09

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Artemisia

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 186 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

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Notes

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Contributors

Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 12, 2007:

Bundesamt für Naturschutz / Zentralstelle für Phytodiversität Deutschland, Bundesamt fuer Naturschutz / Zentralstelle fuer Phytodiversitaet Deutschland
Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien
GBIF-Spain, Real Jardin Botanico
, Vascular Plant Herbarium
GBIF-Spain, Universidad de Oviedo. Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas: FCO
International Plant Genetic Resources Institute(IPGRI), EURISCO
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
National Institute of Genetics, ROIS, Herbarium Specimens of Museum of Nature and Human Activities, Hyogo Pref., Japan
The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx River Bioblitz
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Herbarium of Oskarshamn
UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
US National Plant Germplasm System, United States National Plant Germplasm System Collection
USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
inatura - Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn, inatura - Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2657295
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Ast-24772
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13534714
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:179200-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 4275
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 35448
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDAST0S050
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: ARAN3
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 22751

Footnotes

Leila M. Shultz "Artemisia". in Flora of North America Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 6, 26, 53, 398, 486, 487, 498, 503, 504, 50. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
"Artemisia annua". in Flora of North America Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 503, 521, 523. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 197.220 meters (647.047 feet), Standard Deviation = 189.810 based on 765 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Artemisia annua

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Compositae

Genus Artemisia

Physical Description

Species Artemisia annua

Size/Age/Growth

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Artemisia

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Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes