Artemisia absinthium (Absinth)

Overview

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Absinth wormwood. <em>Artemisia absinthium</em>

Interesting Facts

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Artemisia absinthium provides the flavoring as well as the psychoactive ingredient for absinthe liquor, a beverage that is illegal in some markets. Known as a powerful neurotoxin , absinthe in large quantities is addictive as well as deadly. The species is popular in the horticultural trade. Prized by gardeners for its gracefully scalloped leaves and gray-green foliage , it creates an attractive and winter-hardy flower border . [source]

Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in Chinese:

Ou Zhou Ai (Taiwan), yang Ai

Common Names in Croatian:

Bijeli Pelin, Gorski Pelin

Common Names in Danish:

Havemalurt, Malurt

Common Names in Dutch:

Absint, Alsem

Common Names in English:

Absinth, Absinth Sagewort, Absinth Wormwood, Absinthe, Absinthe Wormwood, Absinthium, Common Sagewort, Common Wormwood, Insipid Absinth, Mugwort, Wormwood

Common Names in Finnish:

Koiruoho, Mali

Common Names in French:

Absinthe, Armoise Absinthe, Armoise Amère, Grande Absinthe

Common Names in German:

Absinth, Echter Wermut, Wermut

Common Names in Italian:

Assenzio Romano, Assenzio Vero

Common Names in Norwegian:

Malurt

Common Names in Polish:

Piolun

Common Names in Portuguese:

Absinto, Losna

Common Names in Russian:

Polyn´ Gor´kaia (Polyn Gor´kaja)

Common Names in Spanish:

Absintio, Ajenjo, Ajenjo Mayor

Common Names in Swedish:

äkta Malört, Malört

Common Names in Vietnamese:

Cây Ngi Ng, Ngi áp Xanh, Ngi Ng

Description

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Family Compositae

The largest family of flowering plants , the Compositae (Asteraceae), comprising about 1,100 genera and more than 20,000 species and characterized by many small flowers arranged in a head looking like a single flower and subtended by an involucre of bracts. A head may consist of both ray flowers and disk flowers, as in the sunflower, of disk flowers only, as in the burdock, or of ray flowers only, as in the dandelion.

Genus Artemisia

Annuals , biennials, perennials , subshrubs , or shrubs , 3-350 cm (usually, rarely not, aromatic ) . Stems 1-10+, usually erect , usually branched, glabrous or hairy (hairs basi- or medifixed ) . Leaves basal or basal and cauline; alternate; petiolate or sessile; blades filiform , linear , lanceolate, ovate , elliptic , oblong , oblanceolate , obovate , cuneate, flabellate , or spatulate , usually pinnately and/or palmately lobed , sometimes apically ± 3-lobed or -toothed, or entire, faces glabrous or hairy (hairs multicelled and filled with aromatic terpenoids and/or 1-celled and hollow, dolabriform , T-shaped) . Heads usually discoid , sometimes disciform (subradiate in A. bigelovii), in relatively broad, paniculiform arrays, or in relatively narrow, racemiform or spiciform arrays. Involucres campanulate , globose , ovoid , or turbinate , 1.5-8 mm diam. Phyllaries persistent , 2-20+ in 4-7 series, distinct , (usually green to whitish green, rarely stramineous ) ovate to lanceolate, unequal, margins and apices (usually green or white, rarely dark brown or black) ± scarious (abaxial faces glabrous or hairy) . Receptacles flat, convex , or conic (glabrous or hairy), epaleate (except paleate in A. palmeri) . Ray florets 0 (peripheral pistillate florets in disciform heads usually 1-20, their corollas filiform; corollas of 1-3 pistillate florets in heads of A. bigelovii sometimes ± 2-lobed, weakly raylike) . Disc florets 2-20(-30+), bisexual and fertile , or functionally staminate ; corollas (glabrous or ± hirtellous) usually pale yellow, rarely red, tubes ± cylindric , throats subglobose or funnelform , lobes 5, ± deltate. Cypselae (brown) fusiform , ribs 0 (and faces finely striate ) or 2-5, faces glabrous or hairy (not villous ), often gland-dotted (pericarps sometimes with myxogenic cells , without resin sacs ; embryo sac development monosporic) ; pappi usually 0 (coroniform in A. californica and A. papposa, sometimes on outer in A. rothrockii) . x = 9.

Species ca. 350-500, mostly Northern Hemisphere (North America, Eurasia ), some in South America and Africa.

As circumscribed here, there are five subgenera in Artemisia; four are represented in the flora area. Etymologies of the common names used for Artemisia species provide glimpses of their uses and demonstrate the rich diversity within the genus. The common name mugwort is from the Old English mucgwyrt, mucg meaning midge, and refers to the use of Old World herbaceous species in repelling flies and midges. Artemisia was called Motherwort in nineteenth century Maine (as an indication of the high esteem for this otherwise rather pedestrian plant), and in the herbal by R. Banckes (1525) : "This herb helpeth a woman to conceyve a chylde, and clenseth the mother, and maketh a woman to have her flowers." Early settlers in North America brought European plants of A. dracunculus, A. vulgaris, A. absinthium, and A. abrotanum into their herb gardens for seasoning and medicinal uses; they would also have learned about aboriginal uses of Artemisia species native to North America, uses that included fertility rites (sagebrush in western North America) and antihelminthics (wormwoods of grasslands and mountain habitats ) . Immigrants used A. annua (sweet Annie) in potpourris and later recognized its utility as an anti-malarial drug, a use that was well known in oriental medicine. Bulwand is the local name used for herbaceous wormwoods in Scotland, and green-ginger and Sailors tobacco are local names in England (T. Coffey 1993) . Use of the names sagewort and sagebrush in North America arise from the familiar aroma of culinary sage, Salvia officinalis (Lamiaceae) . Because true sages (Salvia) and sagewort/sagebrushes (Artemisia) are in separate families, the chemical similarities are an example of convergent evolution. The intense aroma and bitter taste of the plants from terpenoids and sesquiterpene lactones discourages herbivory and undoubtedly has contributed to the remarkable evolutionary success (measured by abundance as well as diversity) of species in this genus. Members of Artemisia are wind-pollinated and their heads and florets are exceptionally small (even for composites ) and, consequently, difficult to examine and assess. Nevertheless, the sexual constitution of floral heads is important in recognition of subgenera. Plant habits and ornamentations of receptacles have also figured in arriving at subgeneric circumscriptions; additional characteristics are enumerated in the descriptions . Artemisia has a well-deserved reputation for being taxonomically difficult. The number of subgenera varies from four to five in modern treatments, and the number of taxa recognized at the species or subspecific levels varies between 250 and 500 (K . Bremer and C. J. Humphries 1993; H. M. Hall and F. E. Clements 1923; Y. R. Ling 1982, 1995; P. P. Poljakov 1961; M. Torrell et al. 1999) . In this treatment, I recognize four native subgenera; subg. Seriphidium is endemic to Asia. In the flora area, the greatest diversity occurs in subg. Artemisia. Subgenus Absinthium can be segregated on the basis of hairs on the receptacle; it may be not phylogenetically distinct (L. E. Watson et al. 2002; J. Valles and E. D. McArthur 2001) . Subgenus Dracunculus is clearly distinguished by molecular differences, and subg. Tridentatae is well defined with the exception of A. pygmaea. This treatment is based on extensive fieldwork, review of recent research, and examination of thousands of specimens; taxonomic circumscriptions remain controversial. Molecular analyses have helped define subgenera but have not clarified relationships between closely related species. The morphologic characters useful in distinguishing species tend to be variable and are often hard to assess (i.e. , the sexuality of microscopic florets) . Users of the keys will meet with frustrations; descriptions of subgenera and illustrations will help in defining the major groupings of species. The subgenera are arranged in approximate phylogenetic order ; species are arranged alphabetically within the subgenera. Molecular studies define subg. Dracunculus as a major clade that is ancestral to the majority of Artemisia. The subgenera Absinthium, Tridentatae, and Artemisia can be classified as clades; they are weakly supported by molecular evidence.[1]

Physical Description

Species Artemisia absinthium

Perennials , 40-60(-100) cm (mat-forming), aromatic . Stems gray-green (sometimes woody proximally), densely canescent to glabrescent (hairs appressed ). Leaves deciduous, gray-green; blades broadly ovate , 3-8 × 1-4 cm, mostly pinnately lobed (basal 2-3-pinnatifid, lobes obovate ), faces densely canescent. Heads (nodding ) in open (diffusely branched), paniculiform arrays 10-20(-35) × (2-) 10-13(-15) cm. Involucres broadly ovoid , 2-3 × 3-5 mm. Phyllaries gray-green, densely sericeous . Florets : pistillate 9-20; bisexual 30-50; corollas 1-2 mm, glandular . Cypselae (± cylindric , slightly curved , obscurely nerved), ± 0.5 mm, glabrous (shiny). 2n = 18. [source]

Habit: Subshrub , Shrub , Forb/herb

Flowers: Bloom Period: July, August. • Flower Color: chartreuseyellow-green, inconspicuous, none

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 24-36" tall.

Habitat

Widely cultivated, persisting from plantings , disturbed areas; 0-1000 m [2].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,653 meters (0 to 15,266 feet).[3]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 18-24" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.6 • Maximum pH: 8.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: High

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Asteridae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Campanulanae () - Takhtajan Ex Reveal, 1992
        Order: Asterales () - Lindley, 1833
        Family: Compositae () - Giseke, 1792, nom. cons., nom. alt.
        Subfamily: Asteroideae ()
        Tribe: Anthemideae ()
        Subtribe: Artemisiinae ()
        Genus: Artemisia () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - Felon-herb, mugwort, sagebrush, sailor'-tobacco, wormwood, armoise, herbe Saint-Jean [Greek Artemis, goddess of the hunt and namesake of Artemisia, Queen of Anatolia]
        Specific epithet: absinthium - L.
        Botanical name: - Artemisia absinthium L.

Synonyms

Annona hexapetala L. F. • Annona uncinata Lam. • Artabotrys odoratissimus R. Br. • Artabotrys uncatus (Lour.) Baill. • Artabotrys uncinatus (Lam.) Merr. • Artemisia (Mill.) Darijma Subsect. Absinthium • Artemisia (Mill.) Less. Subgen. Absinthium • Artemisia (Mill.) Y. R. Ling Ser. Absinthium • Unona uncinata (Lam.) Dunal • Uvaria esculenta Roxb. Ex Rottl. • Uvaria odoratissima Roxb. • Uvaria uncata Lour.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Comment: Data Providers: CONABIO, Caribbean Checklist , African Flowering Plants Database , SANBI, New Zealand Plant Name Database, Flora Malesiana, Govaerts World Compositae Checklist A-G, IPNI, Flora of China Checklist, Tropicos, Euro+Med, Colombia, Vietnam Flora. GCC LSID: urn :lsid:compositae.org:names:AE97CE9A-B6F9-442A-87E6-8F29A9074155

Last scrutiny: 13-Nov-09

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Artemisia

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 186 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

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Notes

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Contributors

Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 16, 2007:

Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plants, Field notes, Oslo
Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Botany registration database by Danish botanists
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Botany
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Herbarium of Oskarshamn
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Lund Botanical Museum
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Plants
UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2657292
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Ast-613
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4395043
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:179151-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 4274
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 35445
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDAST0S020
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: ARABI3
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 22746

Footnotes

Leila M. Shultz "Artemisia". in Flora of North America Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 6, 26, 53, 398, 486, 487, 498, 503, 504, 50. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
"Artemisia absinthium". in Flora of North America Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 503, 519. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 149.980 meters (492.060 feet), Standard Deviation = 302.070 based on 4,790 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Artemisia absinthium

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Compositae

Genus Artemisia

Physical Description

Species Artemisia absinthium

Size/Age/Growth

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Artemisia

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes