Arrhenatherum elatius

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

Description

Family Poaceae

Annual or perennial herbs, or tall woody bamboos . Flowering stems (culms ) jointed , internodes hollow or solid; branches arising singly from nodes and subtended by a leaf sheath and 2-keeled prophyll, often fascicled in bamboos. Leaves arranged alternately in 2 ranks , differentiated into sheath, blade , and an adaxial erect appendage at sheath/blade junction (ligule) ; leaf sheath surrounding and supporting culm-internode, split to base or infrequently tubular with partially or completely fused margins , modified with reduced blade in bamboos (culm sheaths) ; leaf blades divergent, usually long, narrow and flat, but varying from inrolled and filiform to ovate , veins parallel, sometimes with cross-connecting veinlets (especially in bamboos) ; ligule membranous or a line of hairs . Inflorescence terminal or axillary , an open, contracted , or spikelike panicle, or composed of lax to spikelike racemes arranged along an elongate central axis, or digitate, paired , or occasionally solitary; axillary inflorescences often many, subtended by spatheoles (specialized bladeless leaf sheaths) and gathered into a leafy compound panicle; spikelets often aggregated into complex clusters in bamboos. Spikelets composed of distichous bracts arranged along a slender axis (rachilla) ; typically 2 lowest bracts (glumes ) empty, subtending 1 to many florets ; glumes often poorly differentiated from accompanying bracts in bamboos. Florets composed of 2 opposing bracts enclosing a single small flower, outer bract (lemma) clasping the more delicate, usually 2-keeled inner bract (palea) ; base of floret often with thickened prolongation articulated with rachilla (callus) ; lemma often with apical or dorsal bristle (awn ), glumes also sometimes awned . Flowers bisexual or unisexual ; lodicules (small scales representing perianth) 2, rarely 3 or absent, 3 to many in bamboos, hyaline or fleshy ; stamens 3 rarely 1, 2, 6, or more in some bamboos, hypogynous, filaments capillary , anthers versatile; ovary 1-celled, styles (1 or) 2(rarely 3), free or united at base, topped by feathery stigmas, exserted from sides or apex of floret. Fruit normally a dry indehiscent caryopsis with thin pericarp firmly adherent to seed, pericarp rarely free, fleshy in some bamboos; embryo small or large; hilum punctate to linear .

About 700 genera and 11,000 species: widely distributed in all regions of the world.[1]

Genus Arrhenatherum

Perennial . Culms tall, basal internodes often swollen into globose corms. Leaf blades linear , flat. Inflorescence a moderately dense panicle. Spikelets weakly laterally compressed , florets 2, dimorphic , sometimes with an additional rudiment , lower floret staminate and strongly awned , upper floret bisexual and weakly awned or awnless; rachilla disarticulating above glumes but not between florets, extended beyond terminal floret; glumes unequal, thin, lower glume 1/2 spikelet length or more, 1-veined, upper glume as long as spikelet, 3-veined; lemmas firmly membranous to subleathery, rounded on back, 5-9-veined, apex 2-denticulate; lower lemma awned from near base , awn geniculate with twisted column, exserted from spikelet; upper lemma with a short straight awn or awnless; palea slightly shorter than lemma, keels ciliate . Ovary apex hairy ; hilum linear.

Seven species: SW Asia, Europe, Mediterranean region; one species (introduced ) in China.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,180 meters (0 to 10,433 feet).[3]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial • Coppice Potential: No • Progagated by Bulbs: No • Propagated by Bare Root: No • Propagated by Container: No • Propagated by Corms: No • Propagated by Cuttings: No • Propagated by Seed: Yes • Propagated by Sod: No • Propagated by Sprigs: No • Propagated by Tubers: No • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: Spring • Fruit/Seed Period End: Summer • Fruit/Seed Persistence: Yes

Growth

Soil: Adapted to Medium Textured: Adapted to Medium Textured Soils • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: Yes • Anaerobic Tolerance: None • Salinity Tolerance: Low • CaCO3 Tolerance: High • Minimum pH: 5.3 • Maximum pH: 7.3 • Fertility Requirement: Low

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade. • Shade Tolerance: Tolerant

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: Medium • Minimum Precipitation: 32 • Maximum Precipitation: 45 • Moisture Use: Medium

Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): -43 • Minimum Frost Free Days: 145

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Fl. cech. 17. 1819

Name verified on 06-May-1992 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 20-Nov-2007

Similar Species

Members of the genus Arrhenatherum

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 79 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

A. alatius · A. album · A. album var. erianthum · A. almijarense · A. americanum · A. asperum · A. avenaceum · A. avenaceum var. bulbosum · A. avenaceum var. nodosum · A. baeticum · A. barbatum · A. biaristatum · A. bispanicum · A. bromoides · A. bulbosum · A. calderae · A. capense · A. cechicum · A. compactum · A. delavayi · A. desertorum · A. dodii · A. elatior · A. elatius (False Oat Grass) · A. elatius bulbosum · A. elatius bulbosum var. bulbosum (Tuber Oat Grass) · A. elatius bulbosum 'Variegatum' (Bulbous Oat Grass) · A. elatius sardoum · A. elatius subsp. baeticum · A. elatius subsp. braun-blanquetii · A. elatius subsp. sardoum · A. elatius tuberosum · A. elatius var. bulbosum (Tuber Oatgrass) · A. elatius var. bulbosum 'Variegatum' · A. elatius var. elatius (Tall Oatgrass) · A. elatius var. nodosum · A. elongatum · A. erianthum · A. exserens · A. filifolium · A. galpinii · A. hirtulum · A. hookeri · A. ilievii · A. junghuhnii · A. kotschyi · A. kotschyii · A. lachnanthum · A. leoninum · A. longifolium · A. longum · A. macrostachyum · A. mannii · A. milanjianum · A. montanum · A. mortonianum · A. murcicum · A. natalense · A. nebrodense · A. palaestinum · A. palestinum · A. pallens · A. parlatorei · A. pratense · A. precatorium · A. pubescens · A. puelii · A. riofrioi · A. rivulare · A. rupestre · A. sardoum · A. sedenense · A. setaceum · A. sulcatum · A. thorei · A. tuberosum · A. umbrosum · A. variegatum · A. virescens

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Further Reading

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Notes

Contributors

• "Arrhenatherum elatius". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 322. Published by Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed April 6, 2007.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed February 28, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 43 providers.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 25, 2008)
• USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Plant Characteristics Database. Accessed April 17, 2006.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 28, 2008:

• Arizona State University, International Institute for Species Exploration: Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
• Australian National Herbarium (CANB)
• Berkeley Natural History Museums: University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
• Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum: Bishop Museum Natural History Specimen Data
• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen: Biologiezentrum Linz
• Bioversity International: EURISCO
• Bioversity International: EURISCO, The European Genetic Resources Search Catalogue
• Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem: GEO Biodiversity Day
• Bundesamt für Naturschutz / Zentralstelle für Phytodiversität Deutschland: Bundesamt fuer Naturschutz / Zentralstelle fuer Phytodiversitaet Deutschland
• Burke Museum: Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium (WTU)
• Canadian Museum of Nature: Canadian Museum of Nature Herbarium
• Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien: Observations du Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien.
• European Environment Agency: EUNIS
• Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw: Flora of Slowinski National Park, Poland
• Finnish Museum of Natural History: Hatikka Observation Data Gateway
• GBIF New Zealand: New Zealand National Vegetation Survey Databank
• GBIF-Spain: Botánica, Universidad de León: LEB-Cormo
• GBIF-Spain: Herbario Universidad de Málaga: MGC-Cormófitos
• GBIF-Spain: Hortus Botanicus Sollerensis Herbarium (FBonafè)
• GBIF-Spain: Institut Botanic de Barcelona, BC
• GBIF-Spain: Jardín Botánico de Córdoba: Herbarium COA
• GBIF-Spain: Real Jardin Botanico (Madrid), Vascular Plant Herbarium (MA)
• GBIF-Spain: Univ. Herbarium SALAMANCA: SALA
• GBIF-Spain: Universidad de Almería, HUAL
• GBIF-Spain: Universidad de Extremadura, UNEX
• GBIF-Spain: Universidad de Oviedo. Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas: FCO
• GBIF-Sweden: Botany (UPS)
• GBIF-Sweden: Herbarium of Oskarshamn (OHN)
• GBIF-Sweden: Lund Botanical Museum (LD)
• GBIF-Sweden: Plants (GBIF-SE:Artdatabanken)
• Herbarium Hamburgense: Impetus - Herbarium Hamburgense
• Icelandic Institute of Natural History: Herbarium (AMNH)
• Icelandic Institute of Natural History: Herbarium (ICEL)
• IHAR: National Centre for Plant Genetic Resources, Poland
• inatura - Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn
• Institute of Nature Conservation PAS: National System of Proetcted Areas
• Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences: Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
• Karl Franzens University of Graz, Insitute for Botany - Herbarium GZU: Herbarium GZU
• Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK): IPK Genebank
• Missouri Botanical Garden
• Museum of Natural History, Wroclaw University: Museum of Natural History, Wroclaw University, Flora of the Stołowe Mts.
• National Herbarium of New South Wales: NSW herbarium collection
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo: Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo (O)
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo: Vascular Plants, Field notes, Oslo (O)
• Natural History Museum, Vienna - Herbarium W: Herbarium W
• NLBIF: Limnodata
• Oregon State University: Vascular Plant Collection
• Steiermärkisches Landesmuseum Joanneum - Herbarium GJO: Herbarium GJO
• SysTax
• SysTax: Herbarium Universitat Ulm
• SysTax: Justus-Liebig-Universitat Giessen
• The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility: Botany registration database by Danish botanists
• Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum
• UK National Biodiversity Network: Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular plant data for Scottish Vice-counties (VCs 80, 84, 103 & 104)
• UK National Biodiversity Network: Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
• UK National Biodiversity Network: East Ayrshire Countryside Ranger Service - East Ayrshire Species Database
• UK National Biodiversity Network: Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets
• UK National Biodiversity Network: Joint Nature Conservation Committee - Vegetation surveys of coastal shingle in Great Britain
• UK National Biodiversity Network: Lothian Wildlife Information Centre - Lothian Wildlife Information Centre Secret Garden Survey
• UK National Biodiversity Network: Scottish Borders Biological Records Centre - SWT Scottish Borders Local Wildlife Site Survey data 1996-2000 - species information
• University Museums of Norway (MUSIT)
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics: Herbarium (UNA)
• University of Alaska Museum of the North: University of Alaska Museum of the North Herbarium (ALA)
• University of Colorado Museum: Zoological specimens
• US National Plant Germplasm System: United States National Plant Germplasm System Collection
• USDA PLANTS: USDA PLANTS Database
• Utah State University: USU-UTC Specimen Database

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3875295
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-41443
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 14258409
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:881488-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 103453
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 41443
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PMPOA0L010
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: AREL3
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 20878

Footnotes

1. Shou-liang Chen, De-Zhu Li, Guanghua Zhu, Zhenlan Wu, Sheng-lian Lu, Liang Liu, Zheng-ping Wang, Bi-xing Sun, Zheng-de Zhu, Nianhe Xia, Liang-zhi Jia, Zhenhua Guo, Wenli Chen, Xiang Chen, Yang Guangyao, Sylvia M. Phillips, Chris Stapleton, Robert J. Soreng, Susan G. Aiken, Nikolai N. Tzvelev, Paul M. Peterson, Stephen A. Renvoize, Marina V. Olonova & Klaus Ammann "Poaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 22. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Zhen-lan Wu & Sylvia M. Phillips "Arrhenatherum". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 6, 316, 322. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 168.950 meters (554.298 feet), Standard Deviation = 217.710 based on 20,000 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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