Argemone glauca

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Threatened

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Papaveraceae

Herbs or subshrubs , shrubs , or small trees , annual , biennial, or perennial , scapose or caulescent , usually from taproots , sometimes from rhizomes; sap clear, white, or colored , often sticky. Stems leafy or naked, erect , spreading , or decumbent , simple or branching. Leaves basal and/or cauline, alternate to opposite or whorled , simple, without stipules, petiolate or sessile; blade unlobed or with 1-3 odd-pinnate, subpalmate, or palmate orders of lobes . Inflorescences axillary or terminal , unifloral or else multifloral and cymiform, racemose, umbelliform, corybiform, or paniculate , pedunculate or subsessile ; bracts usually present. Flowers radially symmetric , pedicellate or sessile; receptacle sometimes expanded and forming cup or ring beneath calyx (only in Eschscholzia, Meconella, and Platystemon ) ; perianth and androecium sometimes perigynous; sepals caducous , 2 or 3, distinct or connate , usually obovate ; petals distinct, usually obovate, mostly 2 times number of sepals, sometimes more or absent; stamens many or 4-15 (only in Meconella and Canbya ) ; anthers 2-locular; pistil 1, 2-18[-22]-carpellate; ovary 1-2-locular or incompletely to completely multilocular by placental intrusion; placentas 2 or more, parietal ; style 1 or absent; stigmas or stigma lobes 2-many. Fruits capsular , dehiscence valvate , poricidal , or transverse , or carpels dissociating and breaking transversely into 1-seeded segments (only in Platystemon ) . Seeds usually many, small, sometimes arillate or carunculate.

Genera 25-30 (17 genera, 63 species in the flora ) : worldwide, mainly Northern Hemisphere.

According to W. R. Ernst (1962b), Papaveraceae "may be divided conveniently into four subfamilies." His scheme is followed here, but with the subfamilies taken up in alphabetic order; they seem to be natural groups, but their phylogenetic interrelationships are not yet clear. Similarly, the evolutionary relationships within the subfamilies remain ambiguous, and the genera in each are listed alphabetically. Subfamily Chelidonioideae Ernst includes genera 1-5; subf. Eschscholzioideae Ernst, genera 6-7; subf. Papavaroideae Ernst, genera 8-14; and subf. Platostamenoideae Ernst, genera 15-17.[1]

Genus Argemone

Herbs or subshrubs , annual or perennial , caulescent , glaucous, from transitory or persistent taproots ; sap white to orange. Stems leafy, branching. Leaves sessile; basal rosulate, cauline alternate; blade unlobed or commonly shallowly to deeply 1×-lobed; margins dentate , each tooth terminated by prickle; surfaces glaucous, often mottled over veins, unarmed or prickly, glabrous or hispid . Inflorescences terminal , cymose ; bracts present. Flowers conspicuous , sometimes subtended by foliaceous bracts; sepals 2 or 3, unarmed or prickly, each with erect , subterminal , hollow horn tipped with prickle; petals 6, in 2 whorls of 3; stamens 20-250 or more; pistil 3-5(-7) -carpellate; ovary 1-locular; style short, to 3 mm in fruit; stigma 3-5(-7) -lobed. Capsules erect, 3-5(-7) -valved, grooved over sutures, prickly, rarely unarmed, dehiscing from apex ca. 1/3 length , valves separating from framework of vascular elements , to which persistent style and stigma remain attached. Seeds numerous , subglobose, minutely pitted , 1-3 mm, aril present. x = 14.

Species 32: North America, South America, Hawaii; introduced in other tropical and temperate regions of the world.

None of the North American species occurs in South America except for the pantropical weeds Argemone mexicana and, probably, A. ochroleuca. Argemone glauca is endemic to Hawaii. Three suffrutescent , perennial species are known from Mexico in Coahuila ( A. fruticosa ) and Chihuahua ( A. turnerae, A. ownbeyana ).

Most herbaceous species can be hybridized, but the F 1 plants are sterile when the parents differ in ploidy level. The F 2 generation, when achieved, consists mainly of plants of low vigor.

The alkaloids of Argemone have been studied extensively. F. S. Stermitz (1968) has suggested that the species fall into four groups (one with two subgroups) according to their alkaloidal properties, and that these groups coincide to a considerable degree with the informal species alliances suggested by G. B . Ownbey (1958). A full evaluation of the importance of alkaloidal content to Argemone taxonomy and evolution has not been published, but there is little doubt that it is highly significant.[2]

Physical Description

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 9-12" apart.

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full sun .

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: High

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 11. (map)

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Similar Species

Members of the genus Argemone

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 41 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

A. aenea (Golden Poppy) · A. albiflora (Blue-Stem Prickly-Poppy) · A. albiflora albiflora (Bluestem Pricklypoppy) · A. albiflora texana (Bluestem Pricklypoppy) · A. albiflora subsp. texana (Bluestem Pricklypoppy) · A. arizonica (Arizona Prickle-Poppy) · A. aurantiaca (Texas Prickly Poppy) · A. chisosensis (Chisos Mountain Pricklypoppy) · A. corymbosa (Leafy Prickly-Poppy) · A. corymbosa arenicola (Mojave Prickly Poppy) · A. corymbosa corymbosa (Mojave Prickly Poppy) · A. corymbosa subsp. arenicola (Mojave Prickly Poppy) · A. glauca (Pau-Kala) · A. glauca var. decipiens (Smooth Pricklypoppy) · A. glauca var. glauca (Smooth Pricklypoppy) · A. gracilenta (Sonoran Prickly Poppy) · A. grandiflora (Prickly Poppy) · A. hispida (Rough Prickly Poppy) · A. hunnemannii (Cardo Santo) · A. mexicana (Mexican Prickly Poppy) · A. munita (Flat-Bud Prickly Poppy) · A. munita argentea (Flatbud Prickly Poppy) · A. munita munita (Flat-Bud Prickly Poppy) · A. munita robusta (Flat-Bud Prickly Poppy) · A. munita rotundata (Flatbud Prickly Poppy) · A. munita subsp. argentea (Flatbud Prickly Poppy) · A. munita subsp. robusta (Flatbud Pricklypoppy) · A. munita subsp. rotundata (Flatbud Prickly Poppy) · A. ochroleuca (Pale Mexican Poppy) · A. pleiacantha (Prickly Poppy) · A. pleiacantha ambigua (Southwestern Prickly Poppy) · A. pleiacantha pinnatisecta (Sacramento Prickly-Poppy) · A. pleiacantha pleiacantha (Southwestern Prickly Poppy) · A. pleiacantha subsp. ambigua (Southwestern Prickly Poppy) · A. pleiacantha subsp. pinnatisecta (Southwestern Pricklypoppy) · A. polyanthemos (Annual Pricklepoppy) · A. sanguinea (Red Prickly Poppy) · A. squarrosa (Hedgehog Prickly-Poppy) · A. squarrosa glabrata (Hedgehog Pricklypoppy) · A. squarrosa squarrosa (Celandine) · A. squarrosa subsp. glabrata (Hedgehog Pricklypoppy)

More Info

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Further Reading

• Journal of botany, British and foreign. London: Robert Hardwicke, 1863-1942. url p. 208.
• Phytologia. Bronx Park, New York, H.A. Gleason and H.N. Moldenke, url p. 177, p. 318, p. 319.
• Ernst, W. R. 1962. A Comparative Morphology of the Papaveraceae. Ph.D. dissertation. Stanford University.
• Ernst, W. R. 1962b. The genera of Papaveraceae and Fumariaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 43: 315-343.
• Ernst, W. R. 1967. Floral morphology and systematics of Platystemon and its allies Hesperomecon and Meconella (Papaveraceae: Platystemonoideae). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 47: 25-70.
• Fedde, F. 1936. Papaveraceae. In: H. G. A. Engler et al., eds. 1924+. Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, ed. 2. 26+ vols. Leipzig and Berlin. Vol. 17b, pp. 5-145.
• Fedde, F. 1909. Papaveraceae-Hypecoideae et Papaveraceae-Papaveroideae. In: H. G. A. Engler, ed. 1900-1953. Das Pflanzenreich. 107 vols. Berlin. Vol. 40[IV,104], pp. 1-430.
• Grey-Wilson, C. 1993. Poppies: A Guide to the Poppy Family in the Wild and in Cultivation. Portland.
• Gunn, C. R. 1980. Seeds and fruits of Papaveraceae and Fumariaceae. Seed Sci. Techn. 8: 3-58.
• Gunn, C. R. and M. J. Seldin. 1976. Seeds and Fruits of North American Papaveraceae. Washington. [U.S.D.A. Agric. Res. Serv., Techn. Bull. 1517.]
• Harms, H. 1936. Reihe Rhoeadales. In: H. G. A. Engler et al., eds. 1924+. Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, ed. 2. 26+ vols. Leipzig and Berlin. Vol. 17b, pp. 1-4.
• Hutchinson, J. 1925. Contributions towards a phylogenetic classification of flowering plants: V. The genera of Papaveraceae. Bull. Misinform. Kew 1925: 161-168.
• Kadereit, J. W. 1993. Papaveraceae. In: K. Kubitzki et al., eds. 1990+. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. 2+ vols. Berlin etc. Vol. 2, pp. 494-506.
• Stermitz, F. R. 1968. Alkaloid chemistry and the systematics of Papaver and Argemone. Recent Advances Phytochem. 1: 161-183.
• Ownbey, G. B. 1961. The genus Argemone in South America and Hawaii. Brittonia 13: 91-109.
• Ownbey, G. B. 1958. Monograph of the genus Argemone for North America and the West Indies. Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 21: 1-159.
• Prain, D. 1895. An account of the genus Argemone. J. Bot. 33: 129-135, 176-178, 207-209, 307-312, 325-333, 363-371.
• Stermitz, F. R., D. E. Nicodem, Wei C. C., and K. D. McMurtrey. 1969. Alkaloids of Argemone polyanthemos, A. corymbosa, A. chisosensis, A. sanguinea, A. aurantiaca and general Argemone systematics. Phytochemistry 8: 615-620.

Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 01, 2008:

• Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Bishop Museum Natural History Specimen Data
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3873640
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-18931
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13731509
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:671699-1
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 18931
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 671697-1
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDPAP03070
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: ARGLI ARGL
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 22532

Footnotes

1. Robert W. Kiger "Papaveraceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Gerald B. Ownbey "Argemone". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.