Arctostaphylos manzanita

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Ericaceae

Plants usually woody, or herbs, sometimes lacking chlorophyll. Leaves spiral , sometimes decussate, margin often toothed . Inflorescence racemose; bracteoles paired , basal. Flowers (4 or) 5-merous. Calyx imbricate. Corolla connate , imbricate. Stamens 10, sometimes with spurs or awns , dehiscing by pores , pollen in tetrads , rarely single. Ovary superior or inferior, placentation axile , rarely parietal , often many ovules per locule. Style ± as long as corolla, slender. Fruit a capsule or berry, rarely a drupe; calyx persistent.

About 125 genera and 4000 species: widely distributed in temperate and subarctic regions, also at high elevations in tropical regions ; 22 genera and 826 species (524 endemic) in China.

The Monotropoideae are here included in the Ericaceae; previously in FRPS (56: 157 216. 1990), they were treated as the Pyrolaceae. Chiogenes, recorded from China in FRPS (57(3) : 69 71. 1991), is here included in Gaultheria. Over the last half century, the Empetraceae have usually been separated from, but closely associated with, the Ericaceae. In their ecology, leaf morphology and insertion , rusts, embryology, stamen anatomy, etc. , they largely agree with that family . Molecular data place Empetrum and its relatives firmly within the Ericaceae, and in particular within the subfamily Ericoideae, in agreement with phytochemical and palynological data, and there they are best recognized as a separate tribe . There are distinctive features of the Empetreae that were responsible for their past familial status, e.g. , reduced perianth with separate members , low ovule number, enlarged stigmas, etc. However, these are likely to be derived features associated with wind pollination. See Kron et al. (Bot. Rev. 68: 335 423. 2002) and the recent treatment of the Ericaceae by Stevens et al. (in Kubitzki, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 6: 145 194. 2004) .

Several genera and many species are ornamentals . Some fruits of Vaccinium in N China are sweet and edible, but of no particular value to humans. Some species of Chamaedaphne, Craibiodendron, Leucothoë, Lyonia, Pieris, and Rhododendron contain more or less toxic diterpenes, which are harmful to humans or domestic animals.[1]

Physical Description

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial • Coppice Potential: No • Progagated by Bulbs: No • Propagated by Bare Root: Yes • Propagated by Container: Yes • Propagated by Corms: No • Propagated by Cuttings: No • Propagated by Seed: Yes • Propagated by Sod: No • Propagated by Sprigs: No • Propagated by Tubers: No • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: Summer • Fruit/Seed Period End: Summer • Fruit/Seed Persistence: Yes

Growth

Soil: Adapted to Medium Textured: Adapted to Medium Textured Soils • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: Yes • Anaerobic Tolerance: None • Salinity Tolerance: None • CaCO3 Tolerance: Medium • Minimum pH: 5.5 • Maximum pH: 7.3 • Fertility Requirement: Low

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade. • Shade Tolerance: Intermediate

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: High • Minimum Precipitation: 14 • Maximum Precipitation: 60 • Moisture Use: Low

Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): -23 • Minimum Frost Free Days: 120 • Cold Hardiness: 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b. (map)

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Similar Species

Members of the genus Arctostaphylos

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 217 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

A. alpina (Alpine Bearberry) · A. alpina alpina (Alpine Bearberry) · A. alpina japonica (Alpine Bearberry) · A. andersonii (Santa Cruz Manzanita) · A. andersonii tridentata (Santa Cruz Manzanita) · A. auriculata (Mount Diablo Manzanita) · A. australis (Australian Manzanita) · A. bakeri (Baker's Manzanita) · A. bakeri sublaevis (Baker's Manzanita) · A. bakeri subsp. sublaevis (The Cedars Manzanita) · A. benitoensis (Benito Manzanita) · A. campbelliae (Campbell Manzanita) · A. canescens (Hoary Manzanita) · A. canescens sonomensis (Hoary Manzanita) · A. canescens subsp. sonomensis (Sonoma Manzanita) · A. catalinae (Santa Catalina Island Manzanita) · A. cinerea (Waldo Manzanita) · A. coloradensis (Colorado Manzanita) · A. columbiana (Bristly Manzanita) · A. columbiana nortensis (Hairy Manzanita) · A. columbiana subsp. nortensis (Bristly Manzanita) · A. confertiflora (Santa Rosa Island Manzanita) · A. crassifolia (Del Mar Manzanita) · A. cruzensis (Arroyo De La Cruz Manzanita) · A. densiflora (Vine Hill Manzanita) · A. densiflora 'Harmony' (Manzanita) · A. densiflora 'Howard Mcminn' (Vine Hill Manzanita) · A. densiflora 'Sentinel' (Manzanita) · A. edmundsii (Little Sur Manzanita) · A. edmundsii 'Big Sur' (Manzanita) · A. edmundsii 'Carmel Sur' (Manzanita) · A. edmundsii 'Danville' (Manzanita) · A. edmundsii 'Indian Hill' (Manzanita) · A. edmundsii 'Little Sur' (Manzanita) · A. gabrielensis (San Gabriel Manzanita) · A. glandulosa adamsii (Eastwood Manzanita) · A. glandulosa crassifolia (Eastwood Manzanita) · A. glandulosa glaucomollis (Eastwood Manzanita) · A. glandulosa mollis (Eastwood's Manzanita) · A. glandulosa var. zacaensis 'San Marcos' (Manzanita) · A. glandulosa zacaensis (Eastwood's Manzanita) · A. glandulosa subsp. crassifolia (Del Mar Manzanita) · A. glandulosa subsp. glaucomollis (Eastwood's Manzanita) · A. glandulosa subsp. mollis (Eastwood's Manzanita) · A. glandulosa subsp. zacaensis (Zaca's Manzanita) · A. glauca (Big Berry Manzanita) · A. glauca 'Dwaine's Dwarf' (Manzanita) · A. glauca 'Frazier Park' (Mt. Pinos Manzanita) · A. glauca 'Los Angeles' (Santa Monica Big Berry Manzanita) · A. glauca 'Ramona' (Manzanita) · A. glutinosa (Schreiber's Manzanita) · A. helleri (Heller's Manzanita) · A. hispidula (Gasquet Manzanita) · A. hookeri (Bearberry) · A. hookeri franciscana (Franciscan Manzanita) · A. hookeri hearstiorum (Hearst's Manzanita) · A. hookeri hookeri (Hooker's Manzanita) · A. hookeri montana (Hooker's Manzanita) · A. hookeri ravenii (Hooker's Manzanita) · A. hookeri var. franciscana 'Franciscana' (Franciscan Manzanita) · A. hookeri subsp. franciscana (Franciscan Manzanita) · A. hookeri subsp. hearstiorum (Hearst's Manzanita) · A. hookeri subsp. montana (Mt. Tamalpais Manzanita) · A. hookeri 'Monterey Carpet' (Monterey Pine Manzanita) · A. hookeri subsp. ravenii (Presidio Manzanita) · A. hookeri 'Wayside' (Manzanita Inner Monterey Manzanita) · A. hooveri (Hoover Manzanita) · A. imbricata (San Bruno Mountain Manzanita) · A. imbricata imbricata (San Bruno Mountain Manzanita) · A. insularis (Island Manzanita) · A. jepsonii (Jepson's Manzanita) · A. klamathensis (Klamath Manzanita) · A. laxiflora (Lazyflower Manzanita) · A. luciana (Santa Lucia Manzanita) · A. luciana 'Adelaide' (Santa Lucia Manzanita) · A. malloryi (Mallory's Manzanita) · A. manzanita (Common Manzanita) · A. manzanita glaucescens (Elegant Manzanita) · A. manzanita laevigata (Contra Costa Manzanita) · A. manzanita manzanita (Whiteleaf Manzanita) · A. manzanita roofii (Whiteleaf Manzanita) · A. manzanita wieslanderi (Whiteleaf Manzanita) · A. manzanita 'Dr. Hurd' (Manzanita) · A. manzanita subsp. elegans (Konocti Manzanita) · A. manzanita subsp. glaucescens (Whiteleaf Manzanita) · A. manzanita subsp. laevigata (Contra Costa Manzanita) · A. manzanita subsp. roofii (Roof's Manzanita) · A. manzanita subsp. wieslanderi (Wieslander's Manzanita) · A. media (Intermediate Manzanita) · A. mendocinoensis (Pygmy Manzanita) · A. mewukka (Indian Manzanita) · A. mewukka truei (Indian Manzanita) · A. mewukka subsp. truei (True's Manzanita) · A. montaraensis (Montara Manzanita) · A. montereyensis (Monterey Manzanita) · A. moranii (Moran's Manzanita) · A. morroensis (Morro Manzanita) · A. morroensis 'Park View' (Morro Manzanita) · A. myrtifolia (Ione Manzanita) · A. nevadensis (Hardy Manzanita)

More Info

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Further Reading

• 1997 IUCN red list of threatened plants Cambridge: IUCN, World Conservation Union, 1998 url p. 245.
• A flora of California, by Willis Linn Jepson. San Francisco, Calif., Cunningham, Curtis & Welch, 1909- url p. 221, p. 289, p. 30, p. 31, p. 32, p. 33, p. 40, p. 41, p. 42.
• American forest trees, by Henry H. Gibson; ed. by Hu Maxwell. Chicago, Hardwood record, 1913. url , p. 11.
• American forest trees; edited by Hu Maxwell. ChicagoHardwood Record1913 url .
• American honey plants; together with those which are of special value to the beekeeper as sources of pollen. Hamilton, Ill., American Bee Journal, 1920. url p. 153.
• American plants. .. [Descriptions, bibliographical notes, synonymy, and other information, comp. from many sources] Charles Russell Orcutt, editor. San Diego, Calif., [1907]-1910. url p. 366.
• Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences. Los Angeles, Calif.: The Academy, 1902-1971. url p. 131.
• California art & nature San Diego url .
• California fish and game. [San Francisco, etc.]: State of California, Resources Agency, Dept. of Fish and Game. url p. 185, p. 358.
• California garden-flowers, shrubs, trees and vines: being mainly suggestions for working amateurs / by E.J. Wickson. San Francisco: Pacific Rural Press, 1915, [c1914]. url p. 228.
• Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. Washington, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1902- url , p. 12, p. 27, p. 96, p. 97.
• Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 4 1893 Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1890- url p. 145, p. 375, p. 398, p. 400, p. 401, p. 402.
• Elementary flora of the Northwest, Cincinnati [etc.]American Book Company[c1914] url .
• Erythea. a journal of botany, West American and general. Berkeley, Calif., University of California, 1893-1922. url p. 107, p. 111, p. 112, p. 176.
• Forestry quarterly. Ithaca N.Y. [etc.] url p. 16.
• Forestry quarterly. Ithaca, N.Y. [etc.] url p. 16.
• Gardeners' chronicle of America. New York: Chronicle Press, 1905-1950. url p. 125.
• Hardwood record. Chicago: Hardwood Co., 1902-1939. url .
• Journal of Hymenoptera research. 11 Washington, D.C.: International Society of Hymenopterists, [1992- url p. 206.
• Journal of economic entomology. [College Park, Md., etc.]Entomological Society of America [etc.] url p. 330.
• Journal of entomology and zoology. Claremont, Calif., U.S.A.: Pomona College Dept. of Zoology, [1913- url p. 26, p. 26, p. 28, p. 34.
• Leaflets of western botany. San Fransisco:[J. T. Howell], 1932-1966. url p. 75.
• Miscellaneous studies in agriculture and biology. BerkeleyUniversity of California Press1919 url p. 13, p. 13.
• Native woody plants of the United States, their erosion-control and wildlife values. Washington, U. S. Govt. print. off., 1938. url , , p. 58, p. 59.
• Pamphlets on forestry in California. [1900?- url p. 69, p. 70.
• Pamphlets on forestry in Nebraska. [1900?- url p. 118, p. 33.
• Pamphlets on forestry. History. [1900?- url p. 61.
• Proceedings - California Academy of Sciences, 4th series. San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences. url p. 53.
• Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. Washington, Biological Society of Washington url p. 102.
• Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4th series. San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences. url p. 53.
• Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. Washington, etc.: Entomological Society of Washington url p. 119, p. 505, p. 874.
• Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] url p. 46.
• The American Museum journal. New York: American Museum of Natural History, c1900-[1918] url p. 399.
• The American botanist: a monthly journal for the plant lover. Binghamton, N.Y.: Willard N. Clute & Co., 1901-1948. url p. 55.
• The California fruits and how to grow them; a manual of methods which have yielded greatest success, with the lists of varieties best adapted to the differenct districts of the state, by Edward J. Wickson. San Francisco, Pacific Rural Press, 1921. url p. 40, p. 40.
• The Florists' exchange: a weekly medium of interchange for florists, nurserymen, seedsmen and the trade in general. New York, N.Y.: [A.T. De la Mare Ptg. and Pub. Co., url p. 442.
• The Garden: an illustrated weekly journal of gardening in all its branches. London: [s.n., url p. 122, p. 231, p. 234.
• The Gardeners' chronicle: a weekly illustrated journal of horticulture and allied subjects. London: [Gardeners Chronicle], 1874-1955. url , , p. 163, p. 180.
• The Review of applied entomology. Farnham Royal, Eng., etc.: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, etc. url p. 445, p. 660.
• The broad-sclerophyll vegetation of California; an ecological study of the chaparral and its related communities. WashingtonCornegie Institution of Washington1922 url p. 27, p. 96, p. 97.
• The gardener's third year, trees, vines and shrubs, by Alfred Bates; illustrations by the author. New York, Longmans, Green and co., 1941. url p. 200.
• Transactions of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society. Edinburgh: Douglas & Foulis, 1888-1926. url .
• Trees and shrubs hardy in the British Isles / by W. J. Bean. London: J. Murray, 1916. url p. 204.
• University of California publications in entomology. [Berkeley]: University of California Press, 1906- url p. 330.
• West Coast botany: an analytical key to the flora of the Pacific Coast in which are described over eighteen hundred species of flowering plants growing west of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade crests, from San Diego to Pug by Volney Rattan. San Francisco: Whitaker & Ray, 1898. url p. 48.
• Chou Yiliang & Zhou Ruichang. 1990. Pyrolaceae. In: Fang Wenpei & Hu Wenkuang, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 56: 157216
• Fang Rhuicheng, Yang Hanbi & Chin Tsenli. 1999. Ericaceae (1). In: Fang Rhuicheng, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 57(1): 1213
• Hsu Tingzhi, Gao Baochun, Fang Rhuicheng & Huang Shuhua. 1991. Ericaceae (3). In: Fang Rhuicheng, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 57(3): 1207
• Hu Wenkuang, Hu Lincheng, Fang Mingyuan & He Mingyou. 1994. Ericaceae (2). In: Hu Lincheng, Fang Mingyuan, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 57(2): 1438
• Ming Tien lu. 1980. Empetraceae. In: Cheng Mien & Ming Tien lu, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 45(1): 6062.

Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed April 30, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 02, 2008:

• Berkeley Natural History Museums, University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• Utah State University, USU-UTC Specimen Database

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2649048
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-23496
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13740234
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:326610-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 451171
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 23496
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 326610-1
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDERI04270
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: ARMA
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 22081

Footnotes

1. Mingyuan Fang, Ruizheng Fang, Mingyou He, Linzheng Hu, Hanbi Yang, Haining Qin, Tianlu Min, David F. Chamberlain, Peter Stevens, Gary D. Wallace & Arne Anderberg "Ericaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 14 Page 242. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]

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