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• Conservation Status
• Taxonomy
• Physical Description
• Distribution
• Reproduction
• Growth
• Similar Species
• Bibliography
• More Info
• Notes
• Keep Exploring

Overview:

Threatened

Conservation Status

NatureServe: G2 Imperiled

Taxonomy

Notes:

Name Status: Accepted Name. Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Physical Description

Family Ericaceae:

Plants usually woody, or herbs, sometimes lacking chlorophyll. Leaves spiral, sometimes decussate, margin often toothed. Inflorescence racemose; bracteoles paired, basal. Flowers (4 or) 5-merous. Calyx imbricate. Corolla connate, imbricate. Stamens 10, sometimes with spurs or awns, dehiscing by pores, pollen in tetrads, rarely single. Ovary superior or inferior, placentation axile, rarely parietal, often many ovules per locule. Style ± as long as corolla, slender. Fruit a capsule or berry, rarely a drupe; calyx persistent.

About 125 genera and 4000 species: widely distributed in temperate and subarctic regions, also at high elevations in tropical regions; 22 genera and 826 species (524 endemic) in China.

The Monotropoideae are here included in the Ericaceae; previously in FRPS (56: 157 216. 1990), they were treated as the Pyrolaceae. Chiogenes, recorded from China in FRPS (57(3) : 69 71. 1991), is here included in Gaultheria. Over the last half century, the Empetraceae have usually been separated from, but closely associated with, the Ericaceae. In their ecology, leaf morphology and insertion, rusts, embryology, stamen anatomy, etc., they largely agree with that family. Molecular data place Empetrum and its relatives firmly within the Ericaceae, and in particular within the subfamily Ericoideae, in agreement with phytochemical and palynological data, and there they are best recognized as a separate tribe. There are distinctive features of the Empetreae that were responsible for their past familial status, e.g., reduced perianth with separate members, low ovule number, enlarged stigmas, etc. However, these are likely to be derived features associated with wind pollination. See Kron et al. (Bot. Rev. 68: 335 423. 2002) and the recent treatment of the Ericaceae by Stevens et al. (in Kubitzki, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 6: 145 194. 2004) .

Several genera and many species are ornamentals. Some fruits of Vaccinium in N China are sweet and edible, but of no particular value to humans. Some species of Chamaedaphne, Craibiodendron, Leucothoë, Lyonia, Pieris, and Rhododendron contain more or less toxic diterpenes, which are harmful to humans or domestic animals.^[1]

Habit: Shrub

Flowers: Bloom Period: January, February, March. • Flower Color: near white, white

Images:

Distribution

Range and Population

North America

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 4-6' apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 8.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b. (map)

Similar Species

Members of the genus Arctostaphylos:

There are approximately 429 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them: A. canescens malloryi · A. glandulosa howellii · A. imbricata montaraensis · A. manzanita bakeri · A. nummularia sensitiva · A. pilosula pismoensis · A. pungens bakeri · A. pungens chaloneorum · A. pungens elegans · A. pungens hispidula · A. pungens laevigata · A. pungens montana · A. pungens nevadensis · A. pungens parryana · A. pungens roofii · A. stanfordiana hispidula · A. tomentosa tomentosiformis · A. uva-ursi adenotricha · A. uva-ursi coactilis · A. uva-ursi coloradensis · A. uva-ursi cratericola · A. uva-ursi hookeri · A. uva-ursi monoensis · A. uva-ursi sensitiva · A. uva-ursi stipitata · A. 'Arroyo Cascade' · A. 'Austin Griffiths' (Manzanita) · A. 'Baby Bear' (Manzanita Bush) · A. 'Greensphere' (Manzanita) · A. 'Ian Bush' (Manzanita) · A. 'John Dourley' (Manzanita) · A. 'La Panza' (Grey Manzanita) · A. 'Mama Bear' (Manzanita) · A. 'Margarita Pearl' (Manzanita) · A. 'Massachusetts Variety' · A. 'Pacific Mist' (Manzanita) · A. 'Snow Cap' · A. 'Sonoma' (Stanford Manzanita) · A. 'Sunset' (Manzanita) · A. 'White Cap' · A. 'White Lanterns' (Manzanita) · A. acuta · A. aff. purissima · A. alpina (Alpine Bearberry) · A. alpina alpina (Alpine Bearberry) · A. alpina japonica (Alpine Bearberry) · A. alpina rubra · A. alpinus · A. andersonii (Santa Cruz Manzanita) · A. andersonii tridentata (Santa Cruz Manzanita) · A. andersonii var. auriculata · A. angustifolia · A. arbutoides · A. arguta · A. arguta var. diversifolia · A. arguta var. pyrifolia · A. attenuata · A. attenuata var. brachymischa · A. auriculata (Mount Diablo Manzanita) · A. australis (Australian Manzanita) · A. bakeri (Baker's Manzanita) · A. bakeri sublaevis (Baker's Manzanita) · A. bakeri subsp. sublaevis · A. benitoensis (Benito Manzanita) · A. bolensis · A. caeciliana · A. californica · A. campbellae · A. campbelliae (Campbell Manzanita) · A. canescens (Hoary Manzanita) · A. canescens f. candidissima · A. canescens sonomensis (Hoary Manzanita) · A. canescens subsp. sonomensis · A. catalinae (Santa Catalina Island Manzanita) · A. caucasica · A. chiapensis · A. cinerea (Waldo Manzanita) · A. clevelandi · A. clumbiana · A. clumbiana f. setosissima · A. coloradensis (Colorado Manzanita) · A. columbiana (Bristly Manzanita) · A. columbiana f. setosissima · A. columbiana f. tracyi · A. columbiana nortensis (Hairy Manzanita) · A. columbiana subsp. nortensis · A. columbiana var. virgata · A. columbianum · A. confertiflora (Santa Rosa Island Manzanita) · A. conzattii · A. cordifolia · A. costaricensis · A. crassifolia · A. cratericola · A. crustacea subsp. crinita · A. crustacea subsp. eastwoodiana · A. crustacea subsp. insulicola · A. crustacea subsp. rosei · A. crustacea subsp. subcordata · A. cruzensis (Arroyo De La Cruz Manzanita)

Bibliography

• CalPhotos. (2002). CalPhotos: Berkely Digital Library Project. University of California, Berkeley. http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/photos/. Accessed: 2002.
• Chou Yiliang & Zhou Ruichang. 1990. Pyrolaceae. In: Fang Wenpei & Hu Wenkuang, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 56: 157216
• Fang Rhuicheng, Yang Hanbi & Chin Tsenli. 1999. Ericaceae (1). In: Fang Rhuicheng, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 57(1): 1213
• Hsu Tingzhi, Gao Baochun, Fang Rhuicheng & Huang Shuhua. 1991. Ericaceae (3). In: Fang Rhuicheng, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 57(3): 1207
• Hu Wenkuang, Hu Lincheng, Fang Mingyuan & He Mingyou. 1994. Ericaceae (2). In: Hu Lincheng, Fang Mingyuan, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 57(2): 1438
• Kartesz, J.T. 1999. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the U.S., Canada, and Greenland. In: Kartesz, J.T.; Meacham, C.A., editors. Synthesis of the North American Flora, Version 1.0. North Carolina Botanical Garden. Chapel Hill, NC.
• Kelly, V.R.; Parker, V.T. 1990. Seed bank survival and dynamics in sprouting and nonsprouting Arctostaphylos species. American Midland Naturalist. 124: 114-123.
• Lowe, Martha. (1999). The Gardner's Guide to the Sausal Creek Watershed: A Home Companion to Growing Native Plants. Friends of Sausal Creek. Produced by the Aquatic Outreach Institute as part of the Sausal Creek Watershed Awareness Program. http://www.aoinstitute.org/sausal/aboutCreek/natives/index.html. Accessed: 2002.
• Ming Tien lu. 1980. Empetraceae. In: Cheng Mien & Ming Tien lu, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 45(1): 6062.
• Skinner, M.W.; Pavlik, B.M. 1997. Inventory of rare and endangered vascular plants of California: Electronic Inventory Update of 1994, 5th edition. Sacramento: California Native Plant Society.
• USFWS. 1993. Review of plant taxa for listing as endangered or threatened species. Federal Register. 58, 188: 51144-51190.

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Notes

Contributors:

• African Regional Workshop (Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees, Zimbabwe) 1998. Pericopsis elata. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 20 October 2006.
• Barneby RC and Forero E, 1994/1995 (from ILDIS).
• Barneby RC & Forero E, 1994/1995 (from ILDIS).
• Barneby RC & Grimes JW (Monograph 1996/97), 2001-05 (from ILDIS).
• BioSystematic Database of World Diptera, 7.0, 2005.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2005. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. [http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/]. Access date: Nov 23, 2005
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed April 21, 2007.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2007. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed September 17, 2007.
• Carr, Gerald
• Chappill J, 2001-06 (from ILDIS).
• Cristofolini G, 2001-06 (from ILDIS).
• Fautin, Daphne G. (from Hexacorallians of the World).
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed January 27, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
• Hexacorallians of the World 2001.
• Heyn CC & Heller D 1991/1993 (from ILDIS).
• Home of the Xylariaceae 2006.
• ILDIS World Database of Legumes, 10, Nov 2005
• ILDIS World Database of LegumesNov 10, 2005.
• Lewis GP, 1994/1995 (from ILDIS).
• Light, Kris. East Tennessee Wildflowers
• Nghia, N.H. 1998. Dalbergia entadoides. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 20 October 2006.
• Nielsen IC and Rico ML, 1994 (from ILDIS).
• Nielsen IC & Rico ML, 1994 (from ILDIS).
• Nielsen IC and Rico ML, 1994 (from ILDIS World Database of Legumes).
• Ocean Biogeographic Information System. Accessed March 01, 2006. www.iobis.org
• Parhost World Database of FleasNov 2, 2005.
• Pasquet RS, 2001-06 (from ILDIS).
• Pippen, Jeffrey S. Jeff's Nature Page. Accessed December 8, 2007.
• Podlech D, 1996 (from ILDIS).
• Polhill RM, 1993 (from ILDIS).
• Rhytismatales database 2006.
• Ross JH, 2001-01 (from ILDIS).
• Schrire BD, 1994-10 (from ILDIS).
• Sokoloff DD, 2001-03 (from ILDIS).
• Species Fungorum 2006.
• Stirton CH, 2001-06 (from ILDIS).
• The Global Lepidoptera Names Index2, 12.2, 2005.
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Jan 19, 2007.
• The Virtual Field Herbarium.
• Thomson, Christian (from Diptera).
• USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
• Vaz AMSF, 2001-05 (from ILDIS).
• World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. Adenanthera intermedia. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 20 October 2006.
• Zarucchi JL, 1993 (from ILDIS).
• van der Maesen LJG, 1993 (from ILDIS).
• van der Maesen, LJG, 2001-03 (from ILDIS).

Data Sources:

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 02, 2008:

• Berkeley Natural History Museums, University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database

Identifiers:

• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 23480
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13742422
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:326573-1
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDERI040B0
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: ARCR6
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 17955

Footnotes:

1. Mingyuan Fang, Ruizheng Fang, Mingyou He, Linzheng Hu, Hanbi Yang, Haining Qin, Tianlu Min, David F. Chamberlain, Peter Stevens, Gary D. Wallace & Arne Anderberg "Ericaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 14 Page 242. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.