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Araucaria heterophylla

(Norfolk Island Pine)

Overview

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Vulnerable
Threat status

Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in Chinese:

Nan Yang Shan (Taiwan), yi Ye Nan Yang Shan

Common Names in Danish:

Norfolk-Gran

Common Names in Dutch:

Kamerden, Norfolk-Araucaria, Norfolk-Den

Common Names in English:

Australian Pine, House Pine, Norfolk Island Pine, Norfolk Island-Pine, Star Pine

Common Names in Finnish:

Huonearaukaria, Huonekuusi, Norfolkinaraukaria

Common Names in French:

Araucaria De L´île De Norfolk, Pin De Norfolk

Common Names in German:

Edeltanne, Norfolk-Tanne, Norfolktanne, Zimmertanne

Common Names in Italian:

Araucaria Di Norfolk

Common Names in Japanese:

Kobano Na Nyou Sugi, noofooku Matsu, shima Nanyou Sugi

Common Names in Portuguese:

Araucária-De-Norfolk

Common Names in Spanish:

Pino De Norfolk

Common Names in Swedish:

Rumsgran

Description

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Family Araucariaceae

Trees evergreen , dioecious or monoecious, with relatively large pith in trunk and resin in cortex. Leaves spirally arranged or decussate, sessile, decurrent. Cones unisexual . Pollen cones axillary or terminal on branchlets , solitary or clustered; microsporophylls numerous , spirally arranged, sessile; microsporangia 4-20, external, suspended, arranged in 2 rows , filiform ; pollen sacs split longitudinally; pollen nonsaccate. Seed cones solitary, terminal on branchlets, maturing in 2nd or 3rd year; bracts numerous, spirally arranged; ovulate scales degenerate or ligulate , connate with bracts on 1 side, each with 1 ovule at base abaxially; ovules connate with ovulate scales or with bracts (when ovulate scales degenerate) ; bracts of mature cones deciduous, flattened, woody or thickly leathery, bearing 1 seed in basal part (if developed), sometimes adnate with ligulate seed scales in center of adaxial surface, apex triangular or caudate . Seeds connate with bracts or detached, flattened, winged or not. 2n = 26.

Three genera and 41 species: Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines; Australia, New Zealand, SW Pacific Islands, South America; two genera and four species (all introduced ) in China.[1]

Genus Araucaria

Trees monoecious, occasionally dioecious; branches whorled or almost so; winter buds small. Leaves spirally arranged , needlelike to broadly ovate or triangular, varied in shape and size even on same tree. Pollen cones axillary or terminal on branchlets , cylindric , ovoid , or ellipsoid ; microsporophylls densely arranged. Seed cones erect , ellipsoid, or ovoid to subglobose; ovulate scales ligulate ; bracts of mature cones large, woody, distal part thickened, distal margin sharply and transversely ridged , apex reflexed or upcurved, pointed ; seed scales adnate with bracts in basal, seed-bearing part, detached in apical part, sometimes thickened and exposed. Seeds connate with bracts, sometimes with 2 apparent lateral wings formed from bract. Cotyledons usually 2, occasionally 4. Germination hypogeal or epigeal.

Nineteen species: Papua New Guinea; Australia (including Norfolk Island), New Caledonia, South America; three species (introduced ) in China.[2]

Physical Description

Species Araucaria heterophylla

Trees to 50 m tall; trunk to 1.5 m d.b.h.; trunk straight; bark dark gray, flaking ; crown tower-shaped; branchlets spreading horizontally or drooping ; lateral branchlets usually pinnately arranged, drooping. Leaves dimorphic : those of young trees and lateral branchlets loosely arranged, spreading openly, bright green, glaucous abaxially, subulate , usually laterally depressed , upcurved, 6-12 mm, 3- or 4-ridged; those of mature trees and cone-bearing branchlets densely arranged, slightly openly spreading, broadly ovate or triangular-ovate, ± curved , 5-9 mm, widest at base , midvein obviously raised or not, apex obtuse . Pollen cones terminal , solitary. Seed cones subglobose, 8-12 × 7-11 cm, sometimes wider than long; apex of bracts triangular, flattened, acute, upcurved. Seeds ellipsoid , slightly flattened, with a lateral wing. [source]

Habit: Tree

Flowers: None. • Flower Color: inconspicuous, none

Size/Age/Growth

Size: over 40' tall.

Habitat

Cultivated[3].

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 20-30' apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 4.6 • Maximum pH: 5.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Taxonomy

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Unambiguous Synonyms

  1. Abies columbaria (Dum. Cours.) Dum. Cours.
  2. Eutassa heterophylla Salisb.
  3. Eutassa heterophylla Salisbury, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 8: 316. 1807.
  4. Pinus columbaria Dum. Cours.

Notes

Publishing author : Desf. Publication : Tabl. École Bot., ed. 2. 247 1815 Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: Farjon A., 11-Jan-2006

Place of publication: Anais Inst. Super . Agron. 19:11. 1952

Name verified on 27-Apr-2000 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 27-Apr-2000

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Araucaria

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 85 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

A. albospica · A. angustifolia (Brazilian Monkey Puzzle Tree) · A. angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze 'Elegans' · A. angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze 'Ridolfiana' · A. angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze 'Saviana' · A. anitense · A. araucana (Monkey Puzzle Tree) · A. araucana (Molina) K.Koch 'Angustifolia' · A. araucana (Molina) K.Koch 'Aurea' · A. araucana (Molina) K.Koch 'Densa' · A. araucana (Molina) K.Koch 'Denudata' · A. araucana (Molina) K.Koch 'Distans' · A. araucana (Molina) K.Koch 'Platyfolia' · A. araucana (Molina) K.Koch 'Striata' · A. araucana (Molina) K.Koch 'Variegata' · A. beccari · A. bernieri · A. bibbiani · A. bidwilliana · A. bidwillii (False Monkey Puzzle Tree) · A. biramulata · A. brasiliana · A. brasiliensis · A. braziliana · A. chilensis · A. columnaris (Coral Reef Araucaria) · A. cunninghamii (Richmond River Pine) · A. cunninghamii W.T.Aiton ex D.Don var. cunninghamii · A. cunninghamii forma cunninghamii · A. cunninghamii W.T.Aiton ex D.Don 'Glauca' · A. cunninghamii W.T.Aiton ex D.Don 'Longifolia' · A. cunninghamii W.T.Aiton ex D.Don 'Pendula' · A. cunninghamii W.T.Aiton ex D.Don 'Taxifolia' · A. cunninghamii var. cunninghamii · A. elegans · A. excelsa · A. goldieana · A. gracilis · A. heterophylla (Norfolk Island Pine) · A. heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco 'Albospicata' · A. heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco 'Aurea Variegata' · A. heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco 'Compacta' · A. heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco 'Glauca' · A. heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco 'Gracilis' · A. heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco 'Leopoldii' · A. heterophylla Majestic Beauty = 'Monia' · A. heterophylla 'Monia' (Majestic Beauty ® Star Pine) · A. heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco 'Monstrosa' · A. heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco 'Muelleri' · A. heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco 'Pyramidalis' · A. heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco 'Robusta' · A. heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco 'Speciosissima' · A. heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco 'Virgata' · A. humboldtensis · A. hunsteinii (Klinkii Pine) · A. imbricata · A. lanceolata · A. laubenfelsii · A. lindleyana · A. longifolia · A. luxurians · A. mirabilis · A. montana · A. moreauana · A. muelleri · A. nathorsti · A. nemorosa · A. nemorosa de · A. niepraschki · A. niepratschki · A. pichileufensis · A. rogersii · A. rulei (Rule Araucaria) · A. rulei F.Muell. 'Elegans' · A. rulei F.Muell. 'Goldieana' · A. rulei F.Muell. 'Intermedia' · A. rulei F.Muell. 'Polymorpha' · A. schmidii · A. schmidii de · A. scopulorum · A. scopulorum de · A. sinensis · A. subulata (Narrow-Leaved Araucaria) · A. van-geertii · A. vulgaris

More Info

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Further Reading

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Notes

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Contributors

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 16, 2007:

Identifiers

Footnotes

  1. Liguo Fu, Nan Li & Robert R. Mill "Araucariaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 9. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
  2. Liguo Fu, Nan Li & Robert R. Mill "Araucaria". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 9. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
  3. "Araucaria heterophylla". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 10. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Last Revised: 7/1/2009