Aquilegia vulgaris (Black Barlow Columbine, Clematis-Flowered Columbine, Columbine, Crowsfoot, European Columbine, European Crowfoot, Grannys Bonnet, S Bonnet Granny, Variegated Columbine, Variegated European Columbine, Woodside Gold Columbine, Woodside Variegated Columbine)

Interesting Facts

Aquilegia vulgaris is cultivated as an ornamental and occasionally escapes into disturbed habitats . Most plants have blue or purple flowers (the wild type), but horticultural races with white or reddish flowers sometimes become established . Many cultivated columbines are derived from hybrids between A. vulgaris and related species. Some of our escaped plants are probably descended from such hybrids. [source]

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in English:

Black Barlow Columbine, Clematis-Flowered Columbine, Columbine, Crowsfoot, European Columbine, European Crowfoot, Granny´s-Bonnet, Granny's Bonnets, Grannys Bonnet, S Bonnet Granny, Variegated Columbine, Variegated European Columbine, Woodside Gold Columbine, Woodside Variegated Columbine

Common Names in Romanian:

Caldarusa

Description

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Family Ranunculaceae

Herbs perennial or annual , sometimes subshrubs or herbaceous or woody vines . Leaves basal and cauline, alternate, rarely opposite or whorled , simple or variously compound , palmately nerved, rarely penninerved , with or without stipules. Inflorescence a simple or compound monochasium, dichasium, simple or compound raceme, or flowers solitary. Flowers bisexual , sometimes unisexual , actinomorphic , rarely zygomorphic, hypogynous. Sepals 3--6 or more, free , petaloid or sepaloid , imbricate or sometimes valvate in bud. Petals present or absent, 2--8 or more, free, usually with nectaries. Stamens numerous , rarely few, free; filaments linear or filiform ; anthers latrorse , introrse , or extrorse ; sometimes some sterile stamens becoming staminodes. Carpels numerous or few, rarely 1, free, rarely connate to various degrees ; ovary with 1 to many ovules. Fruit follicles or achenes, rarely capsules or berries . Seeds small, with abundant endosperm and minute embryo.

About 60 genera and 2500 species: worldwide, but richly represented in N temperate regions , particularly in E Asia; 38 genera (four endemic) and 921 species (604 endemic) in China.Wencai Wang, Dezhi Fu, Liang-Qian Li, Bruce Bartholomew, Anthony R. Brach, Bryan E. Dutton, Michael G. Gilbert, Yuichi Kadota, Orb�lia R. Robinson, Michio Tamura, Michael J. Warnock, Guanghua Zhu & Svetlana N. Ziman "Ranunculaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 6 Page 133. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.

Genus Aquilegia

Herbs, perennial , from slender woody rhizomes. Leaves basal and cauline, proximal leaves petiolate , distal leaves sessile; cauline leaves alternate. Leaf blade 1-3×-ternately compound , leaflets lobed or parted , margins crenate . Inflorescences terminal , 1-10-flowered cymes or solitary flowers, to 30 cm; bracts leaflike, not forming involucre. Flowers bisexual , radially symmetric ; sepals not persistent in fruit, 5, white to blue, yellow, or red, plane , narrowly ovate to oblong-lanceolate, short-clawed, 7-51 mm; petals 5, distinct , white to blue, yellow, or red, oblong to rounded or spatulate blade, 0-30 mm, base backward-pointing tubular spur, apex plane; nectary in ± enlarged tip of spur; stamens many; filaments filiform ; scalelike staminodes usually present between stamens and pistils; pistils 5-10, simple ; ovules many per pistil; beak present. Fruits follicles, aggregate, sessile, cylindric , sides prominently veined; beak terminal, straight, 3-26 mm. Seeds black, obovoid , smooth . x = 7.

Species ca. 70: circumboreal .

Species of Aquilegia are polymorphic and difficult to define adequately. Some of the variability is because of introgressive hybridization . Even distantly related species of columbine are often freely interfertile , and many cases of natural hybridization and introgression are known from North America. Only the most important are mentioned below. In arid areas Aquilegia species tend to form small populations often completely isolated from one another. This leads to local fixation of genes and therefore increased variability in species such as A. micrantha and A. desertorum. In addition, populations with spurless petals are occasionally found in many species.Alan T. Whittemore "Aquilegia". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.

Physical Description

Species Aquilegia vulgaris

Stems 30-72 cm. Basal leaves 2×-ternately compound , 10-30 cm, much shorter than stems; leaflets green adaxially, to 15-47 mm, not viscid ; primary petiolules 22-60 mm (leaflets not crowded), pilose or rarely glabrous . Flowers nodding ; sepals divergent from or perpendicular to floral axis, mostly blue or purple, lance-ovate, (10-) 15-25 × 8-12 mm, apex broadly acute or obtuse ; petals: spurs mostly blue or purple, hooked , 14-22 mm, stout, evenly tapered from base , blades mostly blue or purple, oblong , 10-13 × 6-10 mm; stamens 9-13 mm. Follicles 15-25 mm; beak 7-15 mm. 2 n = 14 (Europe). [source]

Habit: Forb/herb

Flowers: Graceful bell-shaped blue to rose colored flowers. Long blooming. Attractive to butterflies and hummingbirds. • Bloom Period: Disturbed habitats ; 0-1500 m (Ref. 51776).

• Flower Color: purple

Foliage: Summer foliage: Lacy, golden yellow foliage in spring that gradually matures to light yellow. Appreciates morning sun to show its best foliage color.

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 6-12" tall.

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: Great for woodland settings . • Care: Follow a regular watering schedule during the first growing season to establish a deep, extensive root system. For a neat appearance , remove old foliage before new leaves emerge . Divide clumps every 2 to 3 years in early spring .

Habitat

Disturbed habitats ; 0-1500 m (Ref. 51776).

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 1,901 meters (0 to 6,237 feet).Mean = 132.000 meters (433.071 feet), Standard Deviation = 133.560 based on 7,684 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre.

Biome: Disturbed areas, urban areas

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 18-24" apart.

Soil: Prefers well-drained soil. • Minimum pH: 6.6 • Maximum pH: 7.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Moisture: Water Requirements: Keep surface of soil moist, but not soggy.

Temperature: Heat Zones: High: 7 (>60 to 90 days) Low:1 (< 1 days) (map) • Cold Hardiness: 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 Ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Magnoliopsida () - Brongniart, 1843 - Dicotyledons
        Subclass: Ranunculidae () - Takhtajan Ex Reveal, 1992
        Superorder: Ranunculanae () - Takhtajan Ex Reveal, 1992
        Order: Ranunculales () - Dumortier, 1829
        Family: Ranunculaceae () - Adans., 1763, Nom. Cons. - Buttercup Family
        Subfamily: Isopyroideae ()
        Tribe: Isopyreae ()
        Genus: Aquilegia () - Linnaeus, 1753 - Columbine [derivation disputed; possibly Greek aqua, water, and legere, to draw or collect, because of the wet habitat of some species or quantity of liquid nectar borne in spurs, or Latin aquila, eagle, because of similarity in shape of curved spurs of s
        Specific epithet: vulgaris - L.
        Botanical name: - Aquilegia vulgaris L.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Sp. pl. 1:533. 1753

Name verified on 20-May-1992 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 20-Jun-2002

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Aquilegia

There are approximately 801 species in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

Bibliography

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Castroviejo, S. et al., eds. 1989–. Flora iberica: plantas vasculares de la Peninsula Iberica e Islas Baleares. (F Iberica)
Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs. (CRC MedHerbs ed2)
Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage. (Zander ed13)
Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. (Glea Cron) [introduced].
Greuter, W. et al., eds. 1984–. Med-Checklist. (L Medit)
Hess, H. E. et al. 1976. Flora der Schweiz, ed. 2. (F Switz)
Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening. (Dict Gard)
Jalas, J. & J. Suominen. 1972–. Atlas florae europaeae. (Atlas Eur)
Kartesz, J. T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. (L US Can ed2)
Keener, C. S. 1977. Studies in the Ranunculaceae of the southeastern United States: 6. Miscellaneous genera. Sida 7:6.
Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR. (F USSR)
Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third. (Hortus 3)
Munz, P. A. 1946. Aquilegia the cultivated and wild columbines. Gentes Herb. 7:44.
Quézel, P. & S. Santa. 1962–1963. Nouvelle flore de l'Algerie. (F Alger)
Scoggan, H. J. 1978–1979. The flora of Canada, 4 vol. (F Canada) [introduced].
Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora europaea. (F Eur)
Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1993. Flora europaea, second edition. (F Eur ed2)
Walters, S. M. et al., eds. 1986–. European garden flora. (Eur Gard F)
Munz, P. A. 1946. The cultivated and wild columbines. Gentes Herb. 7: 1-150.
Payson, E. B. 1918. The North American species of Aquilegia. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 20: 133-157.

More Info

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Notes

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Contributors

"Aquilegia vulgaris". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2007. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed March 24, 2007.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 16, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 6 providers.
MBLWHOI Library: Universal Biological Index and Organizer. uBio.org accessed July 17, 2008.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 25, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 16, 2007:

GBIF-Spain, Departamento de Biolog. Veg. II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid: MAF
Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Botany registration database by Danish botanists
UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2645557
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-18749
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13731918
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:709055-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 3767

Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 18749
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDRAN050N0
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: AQVU
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 21875

Aquilegia vulgaris

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Ranunculaceae

Genus Aquilegia

Physical Description

Species Aquilegia vulgaris

Size/Age/Growth

Landscaping

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Aquilegia

Bibliography

More Info

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes