Aquilegia formosa (Columbine)

Overview

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Western columbine. <em>Aquilegia formosa</em>

Interesting Facts

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Native Americans used Aquilegia formosa for various purposes: as a charm to gain the affections of men or to retain wealth and possessions; medicinally, seeds were chewed to alleviate stomach aches, and leaves were chewed or used in infusions to treat coughs, colds, and sore throats (D. E. Moerman 1986, varieties not indicated). [source]

Common Names

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Common Names in English:

Columbine, Crimson Columbine, Desert Columbine, Sitka Columbine, Wawaw Columbine, Western Columbine

Description

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Family Ranunculaceae

Herbs perennial or annual , sometimes subshrubs or herbaceous or woody vines . Leaves basal and cauline, alternate, rarely opposite or whorled , simple or variously compound , palmately nerved, rarely penninerved , with or without stipules. Inflorescence a simple or compound monochasium, dichasium, simple or compound raceme, or flowers solitary. Flowers bisexual , sometimes unisexual , actinomorphic , rarely zygomorphic, hypogynous. Sepals 3--6 or more, free , petaloid or sepaloid , imbricate or sometimes valvate in bud. Petals present or absent, 2--8 or more, free, usually with nectaries. Stamens numerous , rarely few, free; filaments linear or filiform ; anthers latrorse , introrse , or extrorse ; sometimes some sterile stamens becoming staminodes. Carpels numerous or few, rarely 1, free, rarely connate to various degrees ; ovary with 1 to many ovules. Fruit follicles or achenes, rarely capsules or berries . Seeds small, with abundant endosperm and minute embryo.

About 60 genera and 2500 species: worldwide, but richly represented in N temperate regions , particularly in E Asia; 38 genera (four endemic) and 921 species (604 endemic) in China.[1]

Genus Aquilegia

Herbs, perennial , from slender woody rhizomes. Leaves basal and cauline, proximal leaves petiolate , distal leaves sessile; cauline leaves alternate. Leaf blade 1-3×-ternately compound , leaflets lobed or parted , margins crenate . Inflorescences terminal , 1-10-flowered cymes or solitary flowers, to 30 cm; bracts leaflike, not forming involucre. Flowers bisexual , radially symmetric ; sepals not persistent in fruit, 5, white to blue, yellow, or red, plane , narrowly ovate to oblong-lanceolate, short-clawed, 7-51 mm; petals 5, distinct , white to blue, yellow, or red, oblong to rounded or spatulate blade, 0-30 mm, base backward-pointing tubular spur, apex plane; nectary in ± enlarged tip of spur; stamens many; filaments filiform ; scalelike staminodes usually present between stamens and pistils; pistils 5-10, simple ; ovules many per pistil; beak present. Fruits follicles, aggregate, sessile, cylindric , sides prominently veined; beak terminal, straight, 3-26 mm. Seeds black, obovoid , smooth . x = 7.

Species ca. 70: circumboreal .

Species of Aquilegia are polymorphic and difficult to define adequately. Some of the variability is because of introgressive hybridization . Even distantly related species of columbine are often freely interfertile , and many cases of natural hybridization and introgression are known from North America. Only the most important are mentioned below. In arid areas Aquilegia species tend to form small populations often completely isolated from one another. This leads to local fixation of genes and therefore increased variability in species such as A. micrantha and A. desertorum. In addition, populations with spurless petals are occasionally found in many species.[2]

Physical Description

Species Aquilegia formosa

Stems (15-) 30-100 cm. Basal leaves 2×-ternately compound , 10-40 cm, much shorter than stems; leaflets green adaxially, to 14-68 mm, not viscid (petioles and petiolules viscid in var. hypolasia ) ; primary petiolules 16-95 mm (leaflets not crowded), glabrous or pilose . Flowers nodding to pendent; sepals perpendicular to floral axis, red, elliptic to lanceolate, 10-26 × 4-9 mm, apex broadly acute to acuminate; petals: spurs red, straight, ± parallel, 13-21 mm, stout, abruptly narrowed near middle , blades yellow, oblong , rounded , or obsolete , 0-6 × 4-6 mm; stamens 12-17 mm. Follicles 15-25(-29) mm; beak 9-12 mm. [source]

The type specimen of Aquilegia formosa var. fosteri S. L. Welsh, described from southwestern Utah, has viscid leaves with short petiolules and crowded leaflets, erect , dark red flowers with slender, evenly tapering spurs, and long (19 mm) stamens. Aside from the red sepals and spurs, it has little in common with A. formosa and its relatives. The crowded leaflets, erect flowers, and evenly tapering spurs are reminiscent of A. scopulorum, and it could be a hybrid involving that species, but it is not clear what the other parent might be. The taxonomy of Aquilegia in southwestern Utah is complex , with six species known and several hybrid combinations apparently formed; satisfactory disposition of this name will require further work in the area. [source]

Habit: Deciduous.

Flowers: Bloom Period: March, April, May. • Flower Color: red, yellow

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 18-24" tall.

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,783 meters (0 to 9,131 feet).[3]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 18-24" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 7.8

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Ranunculidae () - Takhtajan Ex Reveal, 1992
        Superorder: Ranunculanae () - Takhtajan Ex Reveal, 1992
        Order: Ranunculales () - Dumortier, 1829
        Family: Ranunculaceae () - Adans., 1763, nom. cons. - boutons d'or, buttercups
        Subfamily: Thalictroideae ()
        Tribe: Isopyreae ()
        Genus: Aquilegia () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - Columbine [derivation disputed; possibly Greek aqua, water, and legere, to draw or collect, because of the wet habitat of some species or quantity of liquid nectar borne in spurs, or Latin aquila, eagle, because of similarity in shape of curved spurs of s
        Specific epithet: formosa - Fisch.
        Botanical name: - Aquilegia formosa Fisch.

Synonyms

Aquilegia formosa var. communis Boivin • Aquilegia formosa var. fosteri Welsh • Aquilegia formosa var. hypolasia (Greene) Munz • Aquilegia formosa var. megalantha Boivin • Aquilegia formosa var. pauciflora (Greene) Boothman • Aquilegia formosa var. truncata (Fisch. & C. A. mey.) Baker • Aquilegia formosa var. wawawensis (Payson) St. John • Aquilegia mohavensis Munz • Aquilegia shockleyi Eastw.

Notes

Publishing author : Fisch. Publication : Prodr. (DC.) 1: 50 1824 [mid Jan 1824]

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Aquilegia

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 173 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

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Notes

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Contributors

Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed April 30, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 01, 2008:

Berkeley Natural History Museums, University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
Canadian Museum of Nature, Canadian Museum of Nature Herbarium
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
University of Alaska Museum of the North, University of Alaska Museum of the North Herbarium
University of Washington Burke Museum, Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium
Utah State University, USU-UTC Specimen Database

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2645548
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-18738
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13731555
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:708892-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 3747
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 18738
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDRAN050B0
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: AQFOF2
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 19197

Footnotes

Wencai Wang, Dezhi Fu, Liang-Qian Li, Bruce Bartholomew, Anthony R. Brach, Bryan E. Dutton, Michael G. Gilbert, Yuichi Kadota, Orbélia R. Robinson, Michio Tamura, Michael J. Warnock, Guanghua Zhu & Svetlana N. Ziman "Ranunculaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 6 Page 133. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Alan T. Whittemore "Aquilegia". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 947.730 meters (3,109.350 feet), Standard Deviation = 717.920 based on 622 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Aquilegia formosa

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Ranunculaceae

Genus Aquilegia

Physical Description

Species Aquilegia formosa

Size/Age/Growth

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Aquilegia

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes