Aquilegia atrata

• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Ranunculaceae

Herbs perennial or annual , sometimes subshrubs or herbaceous or woody vines . Leaves basal and cauline, alternate, rarely opposite or whorled , simple or variously compound , palmately nerved, rarely penninerved , with or without stipules. Inflorescence a simple or compound monochasium, dichasium, simple or compound raceme, or flowers solitary. Flowers bisexual , sometimes unisexual , actinomorphic , rarely zygomorphic, hypogynous. Sepals 3--6 or more, free , petaloid or sepaloid , imbricate or sometimes valvate in bud. Petals present or absent, 2--8 or more, free, usually with nectaries. Stamens numerous , rarely few, free; filaments linear or filiform ; anthers latrorse , introrse , or extrorse ; sometimes some sterile stamens becoming staminodes. Carpels numerous or few, rarely 1, free, rarely connate to various degrees ; ovary with 1 to many ovules. Fruit follicles or achenes, rarely capsules or berries . Seeds small, with abundant endosperm and minute embryo.

About 60 genera and 2500 species: worldwide, but richly represented in N temperate regions , particularly in E Asia; 38 genera (four endemic) and 921 species (604 endemic) in China.[1]

Genus Aquilegia

Herbs, perennial , from slender woody rhizomes. Leaves basal and cauline, proximal leaves petiolate , distal leaves sessile; cauline leaves alternate. Leaf blade 1-3×-ternately compound , leaflets lobed or parted , margins crenate . Inflorescences terminal , 1-10-flowered cymes or solitary flowers, to 30 cm; bracts leaflike, not forming involucre. Flowers bisexual , radially symmetric ; sepals not persistent in fruit, 5, white to blue, yellow, or red, plane , narrowly ovate to oblong-lanceolate, short-clawed, 7-51 mm; petals 5, distinct , white to blue, yellow, or red, oblong to rounded or spatulate blade, 0-30 mm, base backward-pointing tubular spur, apex plane; nectary in ± enlarged tip of spur; stamens many; filaments filiform ; scalelike staminodes usually present between stamens and pistils; pistils 5-10, simple ; ovules many per pistil; beak present. Fruits follicles, aggregate, sessile, cylindric , sides prominently veined; beak terminal, straight, 3-26 mm. Seeds black, obovoid , smooth . x = 7.

Species ca. 70: circumboreal .

Species of Aquilegia are polymorphic and difficult to define adequately. Some of the variability is because of introgressive hybridization . Even distantly related species of columbine are often freely interfertile , and many cases of natural hybridization and introgression are known from North America. Only the most important are mentioned below. In arid areas Aquilegia species tend to form small populations often completely isolated from one another. This leads to local fixation of genes and therefore increased variability in species such as A. micrantha and A. desertorum. In addition, populations with spurless petals are occasionally found in many species.[2]

Physical Description

Biology

Growth

Culture: Space 12-15" apart.

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b. (map)

Taxonomy

Notes

Publishing author : W.D.J.Koch Publication : Flora 13(1): 118 1830

An accepted name in the RHS Horticultural Database.

Similar Species

Members of the genus Aquilegia

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 173 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

A. alpina (Alpine Columbine) · A. alpina 'Alba' (Alpine Columbine) · A. atrata (Dark Columbine) · A. atrovinosa (Columbine) · A. barbaricina (Barbaricina Colombine) · A. barnebyi (Barneby's Columbine) · A. bertolonii (Apennines Columbine) · A. brevistyla (Small-Flower Columbine) · A. buergeriana 'Calimero' (Calimero Columbine) · A. caerulea (Colorado Blue Columbine) · A. caerulea var. alpina (Colorado Alpine Columbine) · A. caerulea var. caerulea (Colorado Blue Columbine) · A. caerulea var. daileyae (Dailey's Columbine) · A. caerulea var. ochroleuca (White Colorado Columbine) · A. caerulea var. pinetorum (Colorado Blue Columbine) · A. caerulea 'Sahasrara' (Rocky Mountain Columbine) · A. canadensis (American Columbine) · A. canadensis var. formosa (Wild Columbine) · A. canadensis 'Corbett' (Dwarf Yellow Columbine) · A. canadensis 'Little Lanterns' (Canadian Columbine) · A. canadensis 'Nana' (Canadian Columbine) · A. chrysantha (Golden Columbine) · A. chrysantha var. chaplinei (Chaplins Golden Columbine) · A. chrysantha var. chaplinei 'Little Treasure' (Chaplins Golden Columbine) · A. chrysantha var. chrysantha (Golden Columbine) · A. chrysantha var. hinckleyana (Hinckley's Columbine) · A. chrysantha var. rydbergii (Golden Columbine) · A. chrysantha 'Denver Gold' (Columbine) · A. chrysantha 'Flore Pleno' (Yellow Columbine) · A. chrysantha 'Yellow Star' (Yellow Columbine) · A. desertorum (Arizona Columbine) · A. ecalcarata (Paraquilegia) · A. ecalcarata 'Flore Pleno' (Paraquilegia) · A. elegantula (Western Red Columbine) · A. eximia (Serpentine Columbine) · A. flabellata (Fan Columbine) · A. flabellata f. kurilensis 'Rosea' (Dwarf Fan Columbine) · A. flabellata var. pumila (Dwarf Fan Columbine) · A. flabellata var. pumila 'Alba' (White Dwarf Fan Columbine) · A. flabellata var. pumila 'Silver Edge' (Dwarf Fan Columbine) · A. flabellata 'Alba' (Dwarf Fan Columbine) · A. flabellata 'Blue Angel' (Japanese Fan Columbine) · A. flabellata 'Cameo' (Fan Columbine) · A. flabellata 'Cameo Mix' (Cameo Pink Columbine) · A. flabellata 'Verna Alba' (Fan Columbine) · A. flavescens (Crimson Columbine) · A. flavescens var. flavescens (Yellow Columbine) · A. flavescens var. miniata (Yellow Columbine) · A. flavescens var. rubicunda (Yellow Columbine) · A. formosa (Columbine) · A. formosa var. formosa (Crimson Columbine) · A. fragrans (Fragrant Grannys Bonnet Aquilegia Fragrans) · A. glandulosa (Siberian Columbine) · A. grahamii (Graham's Columbine) · A. hinckleyana var. hinckleyana (Hinckley´s Columbine) · A. jonesii (Jones Columbine) · A. jonesii var. elatior (Blue Limestone Columbine) · A. jonesii var. jonesii (Jones' Columbine) · A. karelinii (Afghan Columbine) · A. laramiensis (Laramie Columbine) · A. longissima (Long-Spur Columbine) · A. micrantha (Bluff City Columbine) · A. micrantha var. mancosana (Mancos Columbine) · A. micrantha var. micrantha (Mancos Columbine) · A. nigricans (Bulgarian Columbine) · A. nuragica (Nuragica Columbine) · A. olympica (Columbine) · A. ottonis (Columbine) · A. Perfumed Garden Group (Columbine Perfumed Garden Group) · A. pubescens (Sierra Columbine) · A. pyrenaica (Pyrenees Columbine) · A. rockii (Columbine) · A. saximontana (Rocky Mountain Blue Columbine) · A. scopulorum (Blue Columbine) · A. scopulorum perpleaxans (Rock Columbine) · A. scopulorum var. calcarea (Utah Columbine) · A. scopulorum var. scopulorum (Utah Columbine) · A. sibirica (Siberian Columbine) · A. skinneri (Aquilegia) · A. skinneri 'Tequila Sunrise' (Aquilegia) · A. triternata (Chiricahua Mountain Columbine) · A. viridiflora (Green-Flowered Columbine Aquilegia Viridiflora) · A. viridiflora 'Chocolate Soldier' (Green-Flowered Columbine) · A. vulgaris (Black Barlow Columbine) · A. vulgaris var. flore-pleno (Double European Columbine) · A. vulgaris var. oxysepala (Granny´s-Bonnet) · A. vulgaris var. plena 'Ruby Port' (Columbine) · A. vulgaris var. stellata (Clematis-Flowered Columbine) · A. vulgaris var. stellata 'Barlow Mix' (Clematis-Flowered Columbine) · A. vulgaris var. stellata 'Black Barlow' (Clematis-Flowered Columbine) · A. vulgaris var. stellata 'Blue Barlow' (Blue Barlow Columbine) · A. vulgaris var. stellata 'Christa Barlow' (Clematis-Flowered Columbine) · A. vulgaris var. stellata 'Clematiflora Alba' (Clematis-Flowered Columbine) · A. vulgaris var. stellata 'Firewheel' (Clematis-Flowered Columbine) · A. vulgaris var. stellata 'Green Apples' (Clematis-Flowered Columbine) · A. vulgaris var. stellata 'Nora Barlow' (Nora Barlow Clematis-Flowered Columbine Aquilegia Vulgaris Var. Stellata) · A. vulgaris var. stellata 'Nora Barlow White' (Clematis-Flowered Columbine) · A. vulgaris var. stellata 'Pink and Purple Shades' (Clematis-Flowered Columbine) · A. vulgaris var. stellata 'Rose Barlow' (Clematis-Flowered Columbine) · A. vulgaris var. stellata 'Royal Purple' (Clematis-Flowered Columbine)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A first report on the relations between climates and crops. By Cleveland Abbe. Washington [D.C.]: Govt. Print. Off., 1905. url p. 204.
• Bulletin of miscellaneous information. Additional Series. Royal Gardens, Kew. 4 1900 [Kew, Surrey: Royal Botanic Gardens], 1898-1936; url p. 38.
• Catalogue of scientific papers (1800-1900) Comp. by the Royal society of London. Cambridge, C. J. Clay and sons, 1867-1902; url p. 913.
• Catalogue of scientific papers, 1800-1900. Compiled by the Royal Society of London. London, C.J. Clay and Sons, 1867-1902 [etc.] Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1914-25. url p. 913.
• Cyclopedia of American horticulture, comprising suggestions for cultivation of horticultural plants, descriptions of the species of fruits, vegetables, flowers and ornamental plants sold in the United by L. H. Bailey. .. assisted by William Miller. .. and many expert cultivators and botanists. London: The Macmillan company, 1909. url p. 85.
• Flora indica: being a systematic account of the plants of British India, together with observations on the structure and affinities of their natural orders and genera. London, W. Pamplin, 1855. url .
• Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft. Jena, Gustav Fischer [etc.]. url p. 818.
• Principles of plant physiology, by Oran Raber. New York, The Macmillan Co., 1938. url p. 390.
• Sub-alpine plants: or, Flowers of the Swiss woods and meadows / by H. Stuart Thompson; with 33 coloured plates (168 figures) by George Flemwell. London: Dutton, 1912. url p. 62.
• Sub-alpine plants: or, flowers of the Swiss woods and meadows / [London]: E.P. Dutton & Co., 1912. url .
• The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology being a continuation of the Annals combined with Loudon and Charlesworth's Magazine of Natural History. London, Taylor and Francis, Ltd. url p. 15, p. 15, p. 4, p. 4.
• The English rock-garden, by Reginald Farrer. London, Jack, 1919. url p. 91.
• The Gardeners' chronicle: a weekly illustrated journal of horticulture and allied subjects. London: [Gardeners Chronicle], 1874-1955. url p. 277, p. 76.
• The anthocyanin pigments of plants. By Muriel Wheldale. Cambridge, University Press, 1916. url p. 306, p. 31.
• The fertilisation of flowers. Translated and edited by D'Arcy W. Thompson, with a preface by Charles Darwin. LondonMacmillan1883 url p. 82.
• The garden bluebook; a manual of the perennial garden, by Leicester Bodine Holland. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, [1915] url p. 227.
• The garden month by month; describing the appearance, color, dates of bloom, height and cultivation of all desirable, hardy herbaceous perennials for the formal or wild garden with additional lists of aquatics, vines, ferns, et by Mabel Cabot Sedgwick assisted by Robert Cameron with over two hundred half-tone engravings from photographs of growing plants, and a chart in colors. New York, F.A. Stokes Co., [1907] url .
• The principles of plant-teratology. London, The Ray Society, 1915-1916. url .
• The standard cyclopedia of horticulture; a discussion, for the amateur, and the professional and commercial grower, of the kinds, characteristics and methods of cultivation of the species of plants grown in the regions of the United States a by L. H. Bailey; illustrated with colored plates, four thousand engravings in the text, and ninety-six full-page cuts. . New York, The Macmillan Co.; [etc., etc.]1916-1917 [v.5 1916] url p. 341.
• Transactions and proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh. [Edinburgh]: The Society, 1891-1970. url p. 200, p. 200.
• Transactions of the Edinburgh Field Naturalists' and Microscopical Society. [Edinburgh]: The Club, 1891- url p. 174.
• Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. [Madison]Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters, 1870/72- url p. 123.
• Veröffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung München. 2 1952 München: Die Staatssammlung, url p. 170.
• Munz, P. A. 1946. The cultivated and wild columbines. Gentes Herb. 7: 1-150.
• Payson, E. B. 1918. The North American species of Aquilegia. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 20: 133-157.

Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed April 30, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 28, 2007:

• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
• European Environment Agency, EUNIS
• International Plant Genetic Resources Institute(IPGRI), EURISCO
• Steiermärkisches Landesmuseum Joanneum - Herbarium GJO, Herbarium GJO
• Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum
• inatura - Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn, inatura - Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 1671744
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 15808005
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:708802-1
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 718848

Footnotes

1. Wencai Wang, Dezhi Fu, Liang-Qian Li, Bruce Bartholomew, Anthony R. Brach, Bryan E. Dutton, Michael G. Gilbert, Yuichi Kadota, Orbélia R. Robinson, Michio Tamura, Michael J. Warnock, Guanghua Zhu & Svetlana N. Ziman "Ranunculaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 6 Page 133. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Alan T. Whittemore "Aquilegia". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.