Apocynum androsaemifolium

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

Description

Family Apocynaceae

Trees , shrubs , or vines , rarely subshrubs or herbs, with latex or rarely watery juice. Leaves simple , opposite, rarely whorled or alternate, pinnately veined; stipules absent or rarely present. Inflorescences cymose , terminal or axillary , with bracteoles. Flowers bisexual , 5- [or 4]-merous, actinomorphic . Calyx 5- or rarely 4-partite, quincuncial, basal glands usually present. Corolla 5- or rarely 4-lobed, salverform , funnelform , urceolate , or rarely rotate, lobes overlapping to right or left, rarely valvate . Stamens 5 or rarely 4; filaments short; anthers mostly sagittate , free or connivent into a cone adherent to pistil head , dehiscing longitudinally, base rounded , cordate, sagittate, or prolonged into an empty spur; pollen granular ; disc ringlike or cup-shaped, 2-5-lobed, or absent. Ovaries superior, rarely half-inferior, connate or distinct , 1- or 2-locular; ovules (1 or) 2-numerous per locule. Style 1; pistil head capitate, conical , or lampshade-shaped, base stigmatic, apex 2-cleft and not stigmatic . Fruit a berry, drupe, capsule, or follicle. Seeds with or without coma; endosperm thick and often horny , scanty, sometimes absent; embryo straight or nearly so, cotyledons often large, radicle terete .

About 155 genera and 2000 species distributed primarily in the tropics and subtropics, poorly represented in the temperate regions . Of the 44 genera and 145 species present in China, one genus and 38 species are endemic, and nearly 95% of the taxa grow in the southern and southwestern portions of the country.

Fruit type is highly diversified in the family , and it is diagnostic of many genera. Genera 1-4 produce 1, 2-celled berries from a flower; genus 5 produces 2, 1-celled berries from a flower; 6 and 7 produce mostly fleshy follicles containing deeply indented seeds with ruminate endosperm; 8 has follicles and winged seeds; 9 produces follicles and seeds with 2 comas; 10-12 have follicles with globose seeds; 13-18 have drupes mostly with fleshy mesocarp; 19 has samaroid fruit; 20 has spiny capsules with seeds winged all around; and 21-44 have free or fused follicles and comose seeds. Double flowers are known only from cultivated forms of Nerium oleander, Tabernaemontana divaricata, and Wrightia religiosa.

Plants of the Apocynaceae are often poisonous and are rich in alkaloids or glycosides, especially in the seeds and latex. Some species are valuable sources of medicine, insecticides , fibers, and rubber.[1]

Genus Apocynum

Herbs perennial , sometimes shrubs , latex white. Rhizomes fibrous . Leaves opposite, rarely alternate, margin denticulate . Inflorescences thyrselike, terminal . Corolla campanulate or basin-shaped; throat wide, open; lobes overlapping to right . Stamens inserted at base of corolla tube , alternate with corona lobes; anthers adherent to pistil head ; disc scales fleshy . Ovary half-inferior; carpels 2, free ; ovules numerous in each locule. Follicles 2, slender, divaricate . Seeds numerous, apically comose ; embryo straight, cotyledons as long as radicle.

Nine species: temperate regions of North America, Europe, and Asia; two species in China.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,180 meters (0 to 10,433 feet).[3]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 12-15" apart.

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b. (map)

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Apocynum androsaemifolium pumilum (Gray) Boivin
2. Apocynum androsaemifolium var. glabrum Macoun
3. Apocynum androsaemifolium var. griseum (Greene) Bég. and Bel.
4. Apocynum androsaemifolium var. incanum A. Dc.
5. Apocynum androsaemifolium var. intermedium Woods.
6. Apocynum androsaemifolium var. pumilum Gray
7. Apocynum androsaemifolium var. tomentellum (Greene) Boivin
8. Apocynum androsaemifolium var. woodsonii Boivin
9. Apocynum pumilum (Gray) Greene
10. Apocynum pumilum var. rhomboideum (Greene) Bég. and Bel.
11. Apocynum scopulorum Greene Ex Rydb.
12. Cynopaema Androsaemifolium

Notes

An accepted name in the RHS Horticultural Database.

Name Status: Accepted Name. Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Name verified on 06-May-1992 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 25-Feb-2002

Similar Species

Members of the genus Apocynum

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 186 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

A. abditum · A. acouci · A. africanum · A. agglomeratum · A. album · A. alterniflorum · A. ambigens · A. andrewsii · A. androsaemifolium (Smooth Mountain Dogbane) · A. androsaemifolium androsaemifolium (Spreading Dogbane) · A. androsaemifolium androsaemifolium var. androsaemifolium (Spreading Dogbane) · A. androsaemifolium detonsum (Spreading Dogbane) · A. androsaemifolium var. glabrum · A. androsaemifolium pumilum (Spreading Dogbane) · A. androsaemifolium subsp. detonsum · A. androsaemifolium var. nevadense · A. androsaemifolius · A. angustifolium · A. arcuatum · A. arenarium · A. armenum · A. armenuma · A. austinae · A. basikurumon · A. bebbianum · A. bicolor · A. bolandri · A. breweri · A. bursiflorum · A. calophyllum · A. canariense · A. cannabinum (Clasping-Leaf Dogbane) · A. cannabinum glaberrimum · A. cannabinum hypericifolium · A. cannabinum nemorale · A. cannabinum pubescens · A. cannabinum var. album (Hemp Dogbane) · A. cannabinum var. cannabinum · A. cannabinum var. estellinum · A. cannabinum var. floribundum · A. cannabinum var. incanum · A. cannabinum var. isophyllum · A. cannabinum var. lanceolatum · A. cannabinum var. oliganthum · A. cannabinum var. palustre · A. cannabinum var. puberulum · A. cannabium · A. cannibinum · A. cardiophyllum · A. carolini · A. cercidium · A. cervinum · A. ciliolatum · A. cinereum · A. citrifolium · A. clandestinum · A. coconinum · A. compressum · A. convallarium · A. cordatum (Mangrove Rubbervine) · A. cordifolium · A. cordigerum · A. cotinifolium · A. crassifolium · A. cumanense · A. cuspidatum · A. densiflorum · A. denticulatum · A. detonsum · A. dictyotum · A. dimidiatum · A. divergens · A. diversifolium · A. ellipticum · A. elmeri · A. erectum · A. ericifolium · A. estellinum · A. eximium · A. farwelli · A. farwellii · A. filiforme · A. fimbriatum · A. floribundum (Intermediate Dogbane) · A. floristratum · A. foetidum · A. frutescens · A. glaucum · A. grandiflorum · A. greeneanum · A. griseum · A. hastatum · A. hendersonii · A. hypericifolium · A. hypericifolium var. cordigerum · A. hypericifolium var. oblongum · A. imbricatum · A. incanum · A. indicum · A. insigne

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Further Reading

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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2005. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. [http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/]. Access date: Nov 23, 2005
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed December 26, 2006. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 8 providers.
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Jan 19, 2007.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 25, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 16, 2007:

• Australian National Herbarium
• , Australian National Herbarium
• Berkeley Natural History Museums, University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
• Canadian Museum of Nature, Canadian Museum of Nature Herbarium
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
• University of Alaska Museum of the North, University of Alaska Museum of the North Herbarium
• University of Washington Burke Museum, Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2653326
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-531538 ITS-531537 ITS-184779 ITS
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13744779
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77113-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 102186
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 30156
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 77113-1
• MoBot NameID: 1800003
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDAPO06010
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: APANW2
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 21840

Footnotes

1. Bingtao Li, Antony J. M. Leeuwenberg & David J. Middleton "Apocynaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 16 Page 143. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. "Apocynum". in Flora of China Vol. 16 Page 181. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 690.000 meters (2,263.780 feet), Standard Deviation = 665.530 based on 1,221 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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