Anthurium crystallinum

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Araceae

Herbs, perennial , wetland or terrestrial , occasionally emergent or floating, [often epiphytic or climbing ], usually with milky or watery latex, rarely colored . Rhizomes, corms, or stolons present; rhizomes vertical or horizontal, creeping at or near surface , sometimes branched; corms underground, starchy; stolons at or near surface. Stems absent [sometimes aboveground or aerial ]. Cataphylls usually present. Leaves rarely solitary, alternate or clustered; petiole rarely absent, with sheathing base ; blade simple or compound [occasionally perforate ], elliptic to obovate or spatulate , occasionally sagittate-cordate, larger than 1.5 cm; venation parallel or pinnate- or palmate-netted. Inflorescences spadices, each with 3--900 usually tightly grouped, sessile flowers, subtended by spathe ; spathe rarely absent, persistent (sometimes only proximally) or deciduous, variously colored; spadix cylindric or ovoid , various parts occasionally naked or with sterile flowers. Flowers bisexual or unisexual , staminate and pistillate usually on same plants or functionally on different plants, staminate flowers distal to pistillate when unisexual; perianth absent or present; stamens 2--12, distinct or connate in synandria; ovaryies 1, 1--3(--many) -locular, sessile or embedded in spadix; styles 1; stigmas hemispheric , capitate, or discoid [sometimes strongly lobed ]. Fruits berries , distinct or connate at maturity. Seeds 1--40(--many) per berry.

Genera 105, species more than 3300 (8 genera, 10 species in the flora ; species in 10 additional genera may persist locally within flora area, see talbe 203.1) : nearly worldwide, primarily tropical regions .

Araceae are best characterized by the inflorescence, a fleshy cylindric or ovoid, unbranched spadix subtended or surrounded by a spathe. True spathes are absent in the Nearctic genus Orontium and in the Australian genus Gymnostachys. Other plant families with a compressed spadix-like inflorescence, such as Piperaceae and Cyclanthaceae, either do not have a structure equivalent to a spathe (Piperaceae) or have early-deciduous bracts (Cyclanthaceae) . Plants are usually glabrous , rarely pubescent or spiny (pubescent in Pistia) . Many Araceae exhibit typical monocotyledonous parallel leaf venation, but some genera have net leaf venation more typical of dicotyledons.

Infrafamilial classification of the Araceae is under active study. The only classification of the family to date to utilize modern phylogenetic techniques (S. J. Mayo et al. 1997) recognizes seven subfamilies, of which three are represented in native temperate North American aroid flora: Orontioideae (Orontium, Symplocarpus, Lysichiton) ; Calloideae (Calla) ; and Aroideae (Peltandra, Arisaema, and Pistia) . Acorus, a genus historically included in Araceae, is treated as a separate family in theat flora based on extensive morphologic and chemical evidence that supports its removal from Arales (M. H. Grayum 1987) .

The number of genera of Araceae occurring in temperate North America is low in comparison with other continents, and primitive taxa are disproportionately represented. Orontioideae and Calloideae, which include four of the seven native genera found in the flora area, are the basal clades within Araceae. Plants in these subfamilies possess the primitive states for many characteristics in Araceae and share few derived characteristics with other aroid genera (M. H. Grayum 1990) . The more advanced genera native to the flora area include one genus endemic to eastern North America (Peltandra), a pantropical genus with an uncertain native distribution (Pistia), and a genus clearly Eurasian in origin (Arisaema) .

Araceae contain crystals of calcium oxalate , which are often cited as causing the intense irritation experienced when handling or consuming the raw plant tissue of many genera in the family. This supposition is contradicted by the fact that although irritation generally is not produced by properly cooked plants, the crystals remain after heating. Other compounds must therefore be involved with causing this reaction. Studies of Dieffenbachia demonstrated that a proteolytic enzyme , as well as other compounds, are responsible for the severe irritation caused by this plant and that raphides of calcium oxalate do not play a major role (J. Arditti and E. Rodriguez 1982) . Whether irritation is caused by enzymes or crystals, that aspect of Araceae has resulted in aroid genera being included in many lists of poisonous plants (e.g. , K . F. Lampe and M. A. McCann 1985; G. A. Mulligan and D. B . Munro 1990; K. D. Perkins and W. W. Payne 1978) .

Despite the toxic effects of Araceae, species of several genera are cultivated as food plants, mainly as subsistence crops in tropical areas. The major edible Araceae are Colocasia esculenta and several species of Xanthosoma, grown primarily for their corms and sometimes for their leaves. Most North American species of Araceae were historically used by Native Americans, as both food and medicine (T. Plowman 1969) . The family, is currently more valued for its many ornamental species , and is the most important family in North America for indoor foliage plants (T. B. Croat 1994) . Araceae commonly grown as ornamentals in American homes include species of Aglaonema (Chinese-evergreen), Anthurium, Caladium, Dieffenbachia (dumbcane), Epipremnum (golden pothos), Philodendron, Spathiphyllum, Syngonium, and Zantedeschia (calla-lily) .

Plants of some cultivated species of Araceae escape and may persist or naturalize , especially in warmer climates. One of these species, Colocasia esculenta, is widespread enough to warrant full inclusion in the flora, but other introduced species of Araceae are very local in occurrence. Uncommon species represented by herbarium specimens or literature reports as escaped or persisting from cultivation are listed (table 203.1) with distinguishing characteristics and areas of occurrence.[1]

Physical Description

Biology

Growth

Culture: Space 12-15" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 7.8

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade.

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Anthurium crystallinum f. peltifolium Engl. • Anthurium killipianum L. Uribe

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 11-Nov-2003

Similar Species

Members of the genus Anthurium

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 91 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

A. alatipedunculatum (Anthurium) · A. alticola (Anthurium) · A. amnicola (Hawaiian Tulip) · A. amnicola 'Sweetheart' (Hawaiian Tulip) · A. andraeanum (Flamingo Flower) · A. andraeanum 'Alabama' (Flamingo Flower) · A. andraeanum 'Alani' (Anturio) · A. andraeanum 'Hawaiian Sunrise' (Anturio) · A. andraeanum 'Lime Light' (Anturio) · A. andraeanum 'Margarita' (Anturio) · A. andraeanum 'Midori' (Anturio) · A. andraeanum 'Red Beauty' (Flamingo Flower) · A. andraeanum 'Sunglow' (Anturio) · A. andraeanum 'Tangerine' (Anturio) · A. andraeanum 'Variegata' (Variegated Anthurium) · A. andreanum (Anthurium) · A. andreanum 'Royal Flush' (Anthurium) · A. andreanum 'Sarah' (Flamingo Flower) · A. argyrostachyum (Anthurium) · A. bakeri (Anthurium) · A. beltianum (Anthurium) · A. berriozabalense (Anthurium) · A. bonplandii cuatrecasasii (Anthurium) · A. caloveboranum (Anthurium) · A. caucanum (Anthurium) · A. chiriquense (Anthurium) · A. circinatum (Anthurium) · A. clarinervium (Anthurium) · A. cordatum (Organ Mountain Laceleaf) · A. crassilaminum (Anthurium) · A. crenatum (Scalloped Laceleaf) · A. crystallinum (Crystal Anthurium) · A. cubense 'Aureo variegatum' (Birds Nest Anthurium) · A. dominicense (Lengua De Vaca) · A. durandii (Anthurium) · A. faustinomirandae (Giant Anthurium) · A. globosum (Anthurium) · A. gracile (Red Pearls Anthurium) · A. hacumense (Bird's Nest Anthurium) · A. hookeri (Bird's Nest Anthurium) · A. hutchisonii (Anthurium) · A. imperiale (Birds Nest Anthurium) · A. impolitum (Anthurium) · A. jefense (Anthurium) · A. llewelynii (Anthurium) · A. malianum (Anthurium) · A. nigrescens (Anthurium) · A. obtusum (Anthurium) · A. palmatum (Anthurium) · A. paludosum (Anthurium) · A. pendulifolium (Tail Flower) · A. plowmanii (Anthurium) · A. plowmanii 'Fruffles' (Anthurium) · A. podophyllum (Anthurium) · A. polyschistum (Anthurium) · A. prolatum (Anthurium) · A. protensum (Anthurium) · A. pseudospectabile (Anthurium) · A. reflexinervium (Anthurium) · A. remotigeniculatum (Anthurium) · A. rothschildianum (Anthurium) · A. rupicola (Anthurium) · A. sapense (Anthurium) · A. scandens (Pearl Laceleaf) · A. scherzerianum (Flamingo Flower) · A. scherzerianum 'Red Hot' (Flamingo Flower) · A. schlechtendalii (Bird-Nest Anthurium) · A. schlechtendalii 'Variegata' (Birds Nest Anthurium) · A. selloum (Large Laceleaf) · A. superbum (Anthurium) · A. supraglandulum (Anthurium) · A. tacarcunense (Anthurium) · A. tonduzii (Anthurium) · A. umbrosum (Anthurium) · A. utleyorum (Anthurium) · A. veitchii (King Anthurium) · A. vittarifolium (Anthurium) · A. vittarifolium 'Albo Variegata' (Variegated Anthurium) · A. warocqueanum (Anthurium) · A. watermaliense 'Albovariegata' (Anturio Negro) · A. wendlingeri (Anthurium) · A. 'Acropolis' (Anthurium) · A.'Cotton Candy' (Cotton Candy Anthurium) · A. 'Dwarf Butterfly Pink' (Anthurium) · A. 'Haiti Pink' (Anthurium Hybrid) · A. 'Hawaiian' (Dwarf Butterfly Anthurium) · A. 'Kimi' (Obake Hybrid) · A. 'Marie' (Anthurium) · A. 'Oshiro' (Obake Hybrid) · A. 'Pearl' (Obake Hybrid) · A. 'Rainbow' (Obake Hybrid)

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Further Reading

• Annales du Jardin botanique de Buitenzorg. 11 1893 Leiden [etc.]: E. J. Brill [etc.] url p. 116, p. 150, p. 156, p. 159, p. 191, p. 213.
• Bulletin of miscellaneous information. Additional Series. Royal Gardens, Kew. 4 1900 [Kew, Surrey: Royal Botanic Gardens], 1898-1936; url p. 33.
• Circular / U.S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology. [Washington, D.C.]: The Division, url p. 3.
• Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 45 2003 Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1890- url p. 404, p. 41, p. 495.
• Cyclopedia of American horticulture, comprising suggestions for cultivation of horticultural plants, descriptions of the species of fruits, vegetables, flowers and ornamental plants sold in the United by L. H. Bailey. .. assisted by William Miller. .. and many expert cultivators and botanists. London: The Macmillan company, 1909. url p. 72.
• Florists' review Chicago: Florists' Pub. Co. url , p. 603.
• Fumigation methods; a practical treatise for farmers, fruit growers, nurserymen, gardeners, florists, millers, grain dealers, transportation companies, college and experiment station workers, etc., by Willis G. Johnson New York, Orange Judd, 1902 url p. 135.
• Garden and forest; a journal of horticulture, landscape art and forestry. New York: The Garden and forest publishing co., 1888-97. url p. 156, p. 27.
• Gardening for amateurs; a simple, complete, and practical guide for garden lovers, edited by H. H. Thomas. Illustrated by twenty-four coloured plates and many hundreds of photographs and sketches. New York: Funk and Wagnalls company, [1915] url p. 844.
• Gardening for beginners; a handbook to the garden, by E. T. Cook. New York, Charles Scribner's sons, 1901. url p. 474.
• Gray's school and field book of botany. Consisting of "Lessons in botany, " and "Field, forest, and garden botany, " bound in one volume. New York, American book company, 1901?, c1887 url p. 460.
• Greenhouse management. New York, Orange Judd company, 1898. url p. 180.
• History of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 1829-1878. Boston, The Society, 1880. url p. 429, p. 535.
• History of the Massachusetts horticultural society. Boston, The Society, 1880. url p. 429, p. 535.
• Irish gardening. Dublin: Pub. Office, 1906-1922 url p. 87.
• Journal of the Field Naturalists' Club. Port-of-Spain: Field Naturalists' Club, 1892-1896 url p. 307.
• Journal of the New York Botanical Garden. 14 1913 Lancaster, Pa.: Published for the Garden by the New Era Printing Co., 1900- url p. 185.
• Natural science: a monthly review of scientific progress. London [etc.]: Macmillan and Company [etc.], [1892-1899] url p. 97.
• Ornamental gardening in Florida, by Charles Torrey Simpson; a treatise on the decorative plants adapted to Florida and their cultivation, with suggestions for the ornamentation of Florida homes and grounds. Little River, Fla., The author, 1916. url p. 168, p. 168.
• Researches on Fungi. .. by A. H. Reginald Buller. .. London, New York [etc.]Longmans, Green and co., 1909- url p. 145.
• Standardized plant names; a catalogue of approved scientific and common names of plants in American commerce. Salem, Mass., 1923. url p. 104.
• The American florist: a weekly journal for the trade. Chicago: American Florist Company, [1885-1931] url p. 176, p. 326, p. 402, p. 732, p. 80, p. 872, p. 878.
• The Book of gardening; a handbook of horticulture. London, C. Scribner's Sons, 1900. url .
• The Canadian horticulturist [monthly] St. Catharines, E.S. Leavenworth. url p. 399.
• The Canadian horticulturist. St. Catherines [Ont.]: Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario url p. 399.
• The Florists' exchange: a weekly medium of interchange for florists, nurserymen, seedsmen and the trade in general. New York, N.Y.: [A.T. De la Mare Ptg. and Pub. Co., url p. 230, p. 322, p. 347, p. 568, p. 819, p. 875.
• The Garden: an illustrated weekly journal of gardening in all its branches. London: [s.n., url p. 134, p. 217, p. 225, p. 23, p. 276, p. 287, p. 288, p. 36, p. 360, p. 366, p. 366, p. 369, p. 374, p. 396, p. 428, p. 444, p. 459, p. 471, p. 474, p. 475, p. 498, p. 52, p. 522, p. 525.
• The Gardener's monthly and horticulturist. Philadelphia, Pa.: Charles H. Marot, 1876-1888. url , p. 14, p. 183, p. 183, p. 19, p. 20, p. 268, p. 385, p. 385, p. 48, p. 48.
• The Gardeners' chronicle and agricultural gazette. London: published for the proprietors, 1844-1873. url , p. 536, p. 570, p. 604, p. 712, p. 749, p. 781, p. 782, p. 881.
• The Gardeners' chronicle: a weekly illustrated journal of horticulture and allied subjects. London: [Gardeners Chronicle], 1874-1955. url , p. 117, p. 120, p. 13, p. 13, p. 141, p. 147, p. 16, p. 161, p. 172, p. 181, p. 183, p. 184, p. 184, p. 2, p. 2, p. 23, p. 246, p. 251, p. 253, p. 26, p. 26, p. 275, p. 280, p. 281, p. 282, p. 291, p. 293, p. 3, p. 301, p. 303, p. 316, p. 316, p. 317, p. 323, p. 326, p. 334, p. 335, p. 344, p. 344, p. 344, p. 347, p. 350, p. 354, p. 356, p. 40, p. 417, p. 430, p. 437, p. 440, p. 45, p. 474, p. 486, p. 49, p. 511, p. 531, p. 55, p. 55, p. 56, p. 58, p. 601, p. 614, p. 631, p. 634, p. 634, p. 636, p. 640, p. 646, p. 685, p. 687, p. 702, p. 710, p. 727, p. 731, p. 731, p. 750, p. 751, p. 759, p. 772, p. 794, p. 798, p. 821, p. 824, p. 827, p. 835, p. 86, p. 89, p. 89.
• The Illustrated dictionary of gardening: a practical and scientific encyclopaedia of horticulture for gardeners and botanists / edited by George Nicholson. ..; assisted by J.W.H. Trail. .. and J. Garrett. ... London: L. Upcott Gill; 1887-1889. url p. 86.
• The Journal of horticulture, cottage gardener and country gentlemen. London: George W. Johnson and Robert Hogg, 1861-1877. url , p. 12, p. 207, p. 25, p. 26, p. 271, p. 316, p. 346, p. 438, p. 444, p. 450.
• The century supplement to the dictionary of gardening, a practical and scientific encyclopaedia of horticulture for gardeners and botanists / by Geo. Nicholson. .. [et al.]. Hyde Park, Mass.: Geo. T. King; 1901. url p. 57.
• The florist and pomologist. London: "Journal of Horticulture" Office, 1863-1879. url p. 289.
• The illustrated dictionary of gardening, a practical and scientific encyclopedia of horticulture for gardeners and botanists. Ed. by George Nicholson. Assisted by Professor J. W. H. Trail and J. Garrett. London: L. U. Gill, [1884]-89. url p. 86.
• The standard cyclopedia of horticulture; a discussion, for the amateur, and the professional and commercial grower, of the kinds, characteristics and methods of cultivation of the species of plants grown in the regions of the United States a Illustrated with colored plates, four thousand engravings in the text, and ninety-six full-page cuts. New York, Macmillan, 1919 [c1914] url p. 301.
• The weekly florists' review. Chicago: Florists' Pub. Co., 1897-1912. url p. 603.
• Window and parlor gardening; a guide for the selection, propagation and care of house-plants. New York, Scribner's, 1895. url p. 101.
• Bown, D. 1988. Aroids: Plants of the Arum Family. Portland.
• Grayum, M. H. 1990. Evolution and phylogeny of the Araceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 77: 628--697.
• Lampe, K. F. and M. A. McCann. 1985. AMA Handbook of Poisonous and Injurious Plants. Chicago.
• Mayo, S. J., J. Bogner, and P. C. Boyce. 1997. The Genera of Araceae. 1 vol. + laser disc. [London.]
• Mulligan, G. A. and D. B. Munro. 1990. Poisonous Plants of Canada. Ottawa, Canada.
• Perkins, K. D. and W. W. Payne. 1978. Guide to the Poisonous and Irritant Plants of Florida. Gainesville, Florida.
• Plowman, T. 1969. Folk uses of New World aroids. Econ. Bot. 23: 97--122.
• Thompson, S. A. 1995. Systematics and Biology of the Araceae and Acoraceae of Temperate North America. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Illinois. Add Urbana-Champaign.
• Wilson, K. A. 1960. The genera of the Arales in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 41: 47--72.

Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 15, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal December 04, 2007:

• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 7504045
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Kew-10882
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 14252845
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 606446

Footnotes

1. Sue A. Thompson "Araceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 22. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.