Anemone occidentalis

• Interesting Facts
• Description
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Interesting Facts

Description

Family Ranunculaceae

Herbs perennial or annual , sometimes subshrubs or herbaceous or woody vines . Leaves basal and cauline, alternate, rarely opposite or whorled , simple or variously compound , palmately nerved, rarely penninerved , with or without stipules. Inflorescence a simple or compound monochasium, dichasium, simple or compound raceme, or flowers solitary. Flowers bisexual , sometimes unisexual , actinomorphic , rarely zygomorphic, hypogynous. Sepals 3--6 or more, free , petaloid or sepaloid , imbricate or sometimes valvate in bud. Petals present or absent, 2--8 or more, free, usually with nectaries. Stamens numerous , rarely few, free; filaments linear or filiform ; anthers latrorse , introrse , or extrorse ; sometimes some sterile stamens becoming staminodes. Carpels numerous or few, rarely 1, free, rarely connate to various degrees ; ovary with 1 to many ovules. Fruit follicles or achenes, rarely capsules or berries . Seeds small, with abundant endosperm and minute embryo.

About 60 genera and 2500 species: worldwide, but richly represented in N temperate regions , particularly in E Asia; 38 genera (four endemic) and 921 species (604 endemic) in China.[1]

Genus Anemone

Herbs, perennial , from rhizomes, caudices, or tubers. Leaves basal, simple or compound , petiolate . Leaf blade lobed or parted or undivided, reniform to obtriangular or lanceolate, margins entire or variously toothed . Inflorescences terminal , 2-9-flowered cymes or umbels, or flowers solitary, to 60 cm; involucres present, often with primary involucres subtending inflorescences, and secondary and tertiary involucres subtending inflorescence branches or single flowers (primary, secondary, and tertiary involucres appearing to be in tiers ), involucral bracts 2-7(-9), leaflike or sepaloid , distant from or close to flowers. Flowers bisexual , radially symmetric ; sepals not persistent in fruit, 4-20(-27), white, purple, blue, green, yellow, pink, or red, plane , linear to oblong or ovate to obovate , 3.5-40 mm; petals usually absent (present in A. patens ), distinct , plane, obovate to elliptic , 1.5-2 mm; nectary present; stamens 10-200; filaments filiform or somewhat broadened at base ; staminodes absent between stamens and pistils; pistils many, simple; ovule 1 per pistil; style present. Fruits achenes, aggregate, sessile or stalked , ovoid to obovoid , sides not veined; beak (persistent style) present, sometimes rudimentary , terminal, straight or curved , to 40(-50) mm, sometimes plumose . x =7 or 8.

Species ca. 150: nearly worldwide, primarily in cooler temperate and arctic regions.

The taxonomy of Anemone continues to be problematic. Anemone occidentalis and A. patens var. multifida (the first two taxa in this treatment) are frequently placed in the genus Pulsatilla Miller on the basis of the long plumose achene beaks, and A. acutiloba and A. americana (the last two taxa in this treatment) in the genus Hepatica Miller, primarily on the basis of the involucre immediately subtending the flower and the lobed, persistent leaves. Recent phylogenetic analyses of Anemone in the broad sense, however, indicate that both Pulsatilla and Hepatica should be subsumed within Anemone. While traditional morphologic characters are useful in distinguishing between Pulsatilla and Hepatica species, respectively, many other morphologic and molecular attributes are shared with Anemone, strongly suggesting that these genera should be united (S. B . Hoot et al. 1994). In addition, a number of genera that have been recognized primarily on a cytotaxonomic basis (e.g. , Anemonastrum, Anemonidium, Anemonoides, and Jurtsevia ) are reduced to synonymy here. Some North American species of Anemone are closely related to plants in Europe, Asia, and South America and continue to be recognized at different ranks . For example, Anemone patens Linnaeus var. multifida (a species included in this treatment) was called Pulsatilla multifida (Pritzel) Juzepczuk for the former Soviet Union by S. V. Juzepczuk (1970) and Pulsatilla patens (Linnaeus) Miller var. multifida (Pritzel) Li S.H. & Huang Y. H. for China by Wang W.-T. (1980). Moreover, interspecific hybridization among some sympatric or nearly sympatric North American species also contributes to the confusion (see N. L. Britton 1891; C. L. Hitchcock et al. 1955-1969, vol. 2; R. S. Mitchell and J. K . Dean 1982). Additional analyses (e.g., G. Boraiah and M. Heimburger 1964; M. Heimburger 1959; C. Joseph and M. Heimburger 1966; and C. S. Keener et al. 1995) may prove to be helpful in resolving the taxonomy within this morphologically diverse genus.

Protoanemonin, an irritating acrid oil , is an enzymatic breakdown product of the glycoside ranunculin and is found in many species of Anemone. While protoanemonin can cause severe topical and gastrointestinal irritation, it is unstable and changes into harmless anemonin when plants are dried (N. J. Turner and A. F. Szczawinski 1991).

A caudex , as the term is used here, is the "woody," perennating base of an aerial shoot (inflorescences and basal leaves ). The word tuber refers to a swollen, more or less vertical underground stem. The aerial shoots arise from the apex of either of those persistent structures. Rhizome, as the term is used here, refers to an underground, usually horizontal stem (more or less vertical in Anemone piperi ), that is nearly uniform in diameter (about 1-4 mm diam., depending on the species) along its length . Aerial shoots arise directly from nodes at or near the apex of the rhizome.

Many species of Anemone have only one type of underground stem. Some species, however, have both rhizomes and caudices. In such cases the aerial shoots arise from the apex of a caudex attached to the rhizome. Some other species sometimes have both tubers and rhizomes. In those, one or more horizontal rhizomes arise near the apex of the tuber; the aerial shoots arise from the apex of the tuber.

Proportions given in the key for the middle lobes of basal leaves are calculated as follows: measure length of lobe from apex to a line connecting bases of sinuses; and measure total length of blade from leaf apex to summit of petiole .[2]

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Pulsatilla occidentalis Freyn

Notes

Publishing author : S.Watson Publication : Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts xi. (1876) 121.

Similar Species

Members of the genus Anemone

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 164 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

A. apennina (Apennine Anemone) · A. apennina var. albiflora (Apennine Anemone) · A. berlandieri (Southern Thimble-Weed) · A. biarmiensis (Windflower) · A. blanda (Grecian Windflower) · A. blanda 'Blue Shades' (Blue Shades Anemone) · A. blanda 'Blue Star' (Anemone) · A. blanda 'Charmer' (Anemone) · A. blanda 'Pink Star' (Anemone) · A. blanda 'Radar' (Anemone) · A. blanda 'Rosea' (Anemone) · A. blanda 'Violet Star' (Anemone) · A. blanda 'White Splendour' (Anemone) · A. canadensis (Canada Anemone) · A. caroliniana (Carolina Anemone) · A. caroliniana var. heterophylla (Carolina Anemone) · A. coronaria (Grecian Windflower) · A. coronaria 'Blue Poppy' (Grecian Windflower) · A. coronaria 'Hollandia' (Grecian Windflower) · A. coronaria 'Lord Lieutenant' (Grecian Windflower) · A. coronaria 'Mona Lisa Red' (Grecian Windflower) · A. coronaria 'Mount Everest' (Grecian Windflower) · A. coronaria 'Mr. Fokker' (Grecian Windflower) · A. coronaria 'St. Brigid' (Grecian Windflower) · A. coronaria 'Sylphide' (Ylphide Grecian Windflower) · A. coronaria 'The Admiral' (Grecian Windflower) · A. coronaria 'The Bride' (Grecian Windflower) · A. coronaria 'The Governor' (Grecian Windflower) · A. crispa (Parlsey Leaf Anemone) · A. cylindrica (Candle Anemone) · A. deltoidea (Columbia Windflower) · A. drummondii (Drummond Anemone) · A. drummondii drummondii (Drummond Anemone) · A. drummondii heimburgeri (Drummond Anemone) · A. drummondii subsp. heimburgeri (Heimburger's Anemone) · A. edwardsiana (Edwards Plateau Thimbleweed) · A. edwardsiana var. edwardsiana (Edwards Plateau Thimbleweed) · A. edwardsiana var. petraea (Edge Falls Anemone) · A. hortensis (Anemone) · A. hupehensis (Hupeh Thimble-Weed) · A. hupehensis (Lemoine) Lemoine var. japonica (Thunb.) Bowles & Stearn 'Prinz Hei (Japanese Thimbleweed) · A. hupehensis var. japonica (Japanese Anemone) · A. hupehensis var. japonica 'Bressingham Glow' (Bressingham Glow Windflower) · A. hupehensis 'Alba' (Japanese Anemone) · A. hupehensis 'Crispa' (Japanese Anemone) · A. hupehensis 'Praecox' (Japanese Anemone) · A. hupehensis 'September Charm' (Japanese Anemone) · A. hupehensis 'Splendens' (Splendens Japanese Anemone) · A. japonica (Queen Charlotte Windflower) · A. lancifolia (Lance-Leaved Anemone) · A. leveillei (Windflower) · A. lithophila (Little Belt Mountain Thimble-Weed) · A. lyallii (Little Mountain Thimbleweed) · A. multiceps (Porcupine River Thimble-Weed) · A. multifida (Cut-Leaved Anemone) · A. multifida var. hirsuta (Pacific Anemone) · A. multifida var. hudsoniana (Hudson's Anemone) · A. multifida var. multifida (Cut-Leaf Anemone) · A. multifida var. richardsiana (Richards' Anemone) · A. multifida var. sansonii (Sanson's Anemone) · A. multifida var. saxicola (Cutleaf Anemone) · A. multifida var. stylosa (Cutleaf Anemone) · A. multifida 'Major' (Major Cut-Leaved Anemone Anemone Multifida) · A. multifida 'Rubra' (Cut-Leaved Anemone) · A. narcissiflora (Narcissus Anemone) · A. narcissiflora interior (Narcissus Anemone) · A. narcissiflora interior var. interior (Narcissus Anemone) · A. narcissiflora narcissiflora (Narcissus Thimble-Weed) · A. narcissiflora var. monantha (Narcissus Anemone) · A. narcissiflora var. villosissima (Narcissus Anemone) · A. narcissiflora villosissima (Narcissus Anemone) · A. narcissiflora zephyra (Narcissus Anemone) · A. narcissiflora zephyra var. zephyra (Narcissus Anemone) · A. narcissiflora subsp. alaskana (Alaskan Anemone) · A. narcissiflora subsp. interior (Narcissus Anemone) · A. narcissiflora subsp. sibirica (Sibirian Anemone) · A. narcissiflora subsp. villosissima (Narcissus Anemone) · A. narcissiflora subsp. zephyra (Zephyr Anemone) · A. nemerosa (European Wood Anemone) · A. nemorosa (European Thimble-Weed) · A. nemorosa var. nemorosa (European Thimbleweed) · A. nemorosa × ranunculoides (European Thimbleweed) · A. nemorosa 'Alba Plena' (Wood Anemone) · A. nemorosa 'Allenii' (Wood Anemone) · A. nemorosa 'Blue Bonnet' (Wood Anemone) · A. nemorosa 'Blue Eyes' (Wood Anemone) · A. nemorosa 'Bowles Purple' (Wood Anemone) · A. nemorosa 'Caerulea' (Caerulea Wood Anemone) · A. nemorosa 'Dee Day' (Wood Anemone) · A. nemorosa 'Gigantea Rubra' (Wood Anemone 'gigantea Rubra') · A. nemorosa 'Hakumane Senjuizaki' (Wood Anemone 'hakumane Senjuizaki') · A. nemorosa 'Kassari Kirju' (Wood Anemone 'kassari Kirju') · A. nemorosa 'Lychette' (Wood Anemone) · A. nemorosa 'Mart's Blue' (Mart's Blue Wood Anemone) · A. nemorosa 'Robinsoniana' (Wood Anemone) · A. nemorosa 'Rosea' (Wood Anemone) · A. nemorosa 'Royal Blue' (Wood Anemone) · A. nemorosa 'Vestal' (Wood Anemone) · A. nemorosa 'Viridiflora' (Wood Anemone) · A. nemorosa 'Westwell Pink' (Wood Anemone)

More Info

• Search for Pictures: images.google.com
• Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
• Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
• Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

Further Reading

• ... Flora of Glacier National Park, Montana, by Paul C. Standley. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1921. url p. 343.
• A flora of California, by Willis Linn Jepson. San Francisco, Calif., Cunningham, Curtis & Welch, 1909- url p. 527, p. 527, p. 528, p. 528.
• A flora of northwest America: containing brief descriptions of all the known indigenous and naturalized plants growing without cultivation north of California, west of Utah, and south of British Columbia / by Thomas Howell. Vol. 1, Phanerogamae. Portland, Or.: [s.n.], 1903. url p. 10.
• A flora of the South Fork of Kings River: from Millwood to the head waters of Bubbs Creek / by Alice Eastwood. [San Francisco]: Sierra Club, 1902. url p. 27.
• A manual of the flora of northern Idaho /Carl Epling and Joe Ewan. 1 1941 1941. url p. 27.
• A popular California flora, or, Manual of botany for beginners. With illustrated introductory lessons, especially adapted to the Pacific Coast. To which is added an Analytical key to west coast botany. Containing brief descripti San Francisco, The Whitaker & Ray Co., 1896. url p. 14.
• A popular California flora: or, Manual of botany for beginners with illustrated introductory lessons, especially adapted to the Pacific Coast; to which is added an analytical key to west coast botany, containing brief descripti by Volney Rattan. San Francisco: Whitaker & Ray, 1896. url p. 14.
• A popular California flora: or, manual of botany for beginners. ..: to which is added an analytical key to West Coast botany. .. / by Volney Rattan. San Francisco: Bancroft, 1888. url p. 14.
• A report upon the boreal flora of the Sierra Nevada of California / by Frank Jason Smiley. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1921. url p. 188.
• An illustrated flora of the Pacific States: Washington, Oregon, and California. Stanford University, Stanford University Press, 1923-[60] url p. 193.
• Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. New York, New York Academy of Sciences. url p. 217, p. 218.
• Annual report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington: U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1897- url p. 451, p. 459, p. 466, p. 519, p. 520.
• Bibliographical index to North American botany; or, Citations of authorities for all the recorded indigenous and naturalized species of the flora of North America, with a chronological arrangement of the synonymy. by Sereno Watson. Washington, Smithsonian Institution, 1878. url p. 443.
• Botany. Cambridge, Mass., Welch, Bigelow, University Press, 1876-80. url p. 3.
• Brooklyn Botanic Garden record. 21 1932 [Brooklyn]: Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1912-44. url p. 12, p. 14.
• Budd's flora of the Canadian Prairie Provinces / [Ottawa]: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, 1987. url p. 364, p. 365.
• Bulletin / University of Montana. Missoula: University of Montana, 1901-1910. url p. 28.
• Bulletins. Minneapolis url p. 89.
• Catalogue of Canadian plants. .. Montreal [etc.]1883-1902. url .
• Contributions from the Herbarium of Columbia College. New York: Columbia College, 1886-1896. url p. 377, p. 378.
• Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 11 1906 Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1890- url p. 268, p. 301, p. 343.
• Field book of western wild flowers, by Margaret Armstrong in collaboration with J.J. Thornber. .. with five hundred illustrations in black and white, and forty-eight plates in color drawn from nature by the author. 1915 London, C. [sic] P. Putnam's Sons, 1915. url index, page 581, p. 581.
• Flora Franciscana. An attempt to classify and describe the vascular plants of middle California. By Edward L. Greene. San Francisco, Cubery & Co., Printers, 1891-97. url p. 294.
• Flora of the Rocky Mountains and adjacent plains, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and neighboring parts of Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, and British Columbia / by P.A. Rydberg. New York: The author, 1922. url p. 288.
• Flora of the state of Washington / by Charles V. Piper. Washington: G.P.O., 1906 url p. 268.
• Flora of the state of Washington. By Charles V. Piper. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1906. url p. 268.
• Garden and forest; a journal of horticulture, landscape art and forestry. New York: The Garden and forest publishing co., 1888-97. url p. 53.
• Hand-list of herbaceous plants cultivated in the Royal Botanic Gardens. London, Printed for H. M. Stationery Off. by Darling, 1902. url p. 83.
• Journal of the International Garden Club. New York, International garden club. url p. 221.
• Journal of the New York Botanical Garden. 38 1937 Lancaster, Pa.: Published for the Garden by the New Era Printing Co., 1900- url p. 12, p. viii.
• Mountain wild flowers of America: a simple and popular guide to the names and descriptions of the flowers that bloom above the clouds / by Julia W. Henshaw. Boston: Ginn, 1906. url p. 377, p. 4, p. 5, p. xv.
• Mountain wild flowers of America; a simple and popular guide to the names and descriptions of the flowers that bloom above the clouds, by Julia W. Henshaw. Toronto, Briggs, 1906. url , p. 377, p. 377, p. 4, p. 5.
• Mountain wild flowers of Canada; a simple and popular guide to the names and descriptions of the flowers that bloom above the clouds, Julia W. Henshaw. Toronto, Briggs, 1906. url p. 377, p. 4.
• Northern bog lemming survey, 1995: a report to USDI Bureau of Land Management / submitted by James D. Reichel. Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, 1996. url p. 17.
• Notes on western range forbs: Equisetaceae through Fumariaceae / by William A. Dayton. Washington, D.C.: Forest Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1960. url p. 147.
• Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, The Academy. url p. 423.
• Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia. [s.l.]: Entomological Society of British Columbia. url p. 18, p. 28.
• Revision of the Canadian Ranunculaceae by George Lawson. Ottawa?: s.n., 1884? url .
• Sensitive plant surveys in the Big Belt and Elkhorn Mountains, U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Region 1, Helena National Forest, Montana / prepared by Jackie M. Poole and Bonnie L. Heidel; prepared for Helena National Forest. Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1993] url .
• Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. 15 1878 Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1862-1968. url p. 443.
• Swan Valley northern bog lemming survey: Final report to Montana Department of Transportation / Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, 1994. url .
• The Canadian field-naturalist. Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. url p. 191, p. 54.
• The English rock-garden, by Reginald Farrer. London, Jack, 1919. url p. 62.
• The Gardeners' chronicle: a weekly illustrated journal of horticulture and allied subjects. London: [Gardeners Chronicle], 1874-1955. url p. 352.
• The Ottawa naturalist. Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. url , p. 143, p. 143, p. 230.
• The flora of Canada, by J. M. Macoun and M. O. Malte. Ottawa: Government printing bureau, 1917. url p. 11.
• University of California publications in botany. Berkeley, Calif., University of California Press, 1902-2001. url p. 188.
• West Coast botany: an analytical key to the flora of the Pacific Coast in which are described over eighteen hundred species of flowering plants growing west of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade crests, from San Diego to Pug by Volney Rattan. San Francisco: Whitaker & Ray, 1898. url p. 79.
• Wild flowers of the North American mountains. New York, McBride, 1917. url , p. 16, p. 369.
• Fernald, M. L. 1928b. The North American species of Anemone & Anemonanthea. Rhodora 30: 180-188.
• Frodin, D.G. 1964. A Preliminary Revision of the Section Anemonanthea of Anemone in Eastern North America, with Special Reference to the Southern Appalachian Mountains. M.S. thesis. University of Tennessee. Hoot, S. B., A. A. Reznicek, and J. D. Palmer. 1994. Phylogenetic relationships in Anemone (Ranunculaceae) based on morphology and chloroplast DNA. Syst. Bot. 19: 169-200.
• Wang,W.-T. 1980. Anemone In: W.-T. Wang, ed. 1980. Flora Republicae Popularis Sinicae. Vol. 28, pp. 1-56.

Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2776694
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 4023864

Footnotes

1. Wencai Wang, Dezhi Fu, Liang-Qian Li, Bruce Bartholomew, Anthony R. Brach, Bryan E. Dutton, Michael G. Gilbert, Yuichi Kadota, Orbélia R. Robinson, Michio Tamura, Michael J. Warnock, Guanghua Zhu & Svetlana N. Ziman "Ranunculaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 6 Page 133. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Bryan E. Dutton, Carl S. Keener & Bruce A. Ford "Anemone". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.