Anemone multifida (Cut-Leaved Anemone)

Overview

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Pacific anemone. <em>Anemone multifida</em> in flower

Interesting Facts

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Native Americans used Anemone multifida (no varieties specified) medicinally as an antirheumatic, cold remedy, nosebleed cure , and general panacea, as well as a means of killing lice and fleas (D. E. Moerman 1986). [source]

Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in English:

Cut-Leaved Anemone, Cut-Leaf Anemone, Cutleaf Anemone, Hudson Bay Anemone, Pacific Anemone, Red Windflower

Common Names in French:

Anémone Multifide

Description

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Family Ranunculaceae

Herbs perennial or annual , sometimes subshrubs or herbaceous or woody vines . Leaves basal and cauline, alternate, rarely opposite or whorled , simple or variously compound , palmately nerved, rarely penninerved , with or without stipules. Inflorescence a simple or compound monochasium, dichasium, simple or compound raceme, or flowers solitary. Flowers bisexual , sometimes unisexual , actinomorphic , rarely zygomorphic, hypogynous. Sepals 3--6 or more, free , petaloid or sepaloid , imbricate or sometimes valvate in bud. Petals present or absent, 2--8 or more, free, usually with nectaries. Stamens numerous , rarely few, free; filaments linear or filiform ; anthers latrorse , introrse , or extrorse ; sometimes some sterile stamens becoming staminodes. Carpels numerous or few, rarely 1, free, rarely connate to various degrees ; ovary with 1 to many ovules. Fruit follicles or achenes, rarely capsules or berries . Seeds small, with abundant endosperm and minute embryo.

About 60 genera and 2500 species: worldwide, but richly represented in N temperate regions , particularly in E Asia; 38 genera (four endemic) and 921 species (604 endemic) in China.[1]

Genus Anemone

Herbs, perennial , from rhizomes, caudices, or tubers. Leaves basal, simple or compound , petiolate . Leaf blade lobed or parted or undivided, reniform to obtriangular or lanceolate, margins entire or variously toothed . Inflorescences terminal , 2-9-flowered cymes or umbels, or flowers solitary, to 60 cm; involucres present, often with primary involucres subtending inflorescences, and secondary and tertiary involucres subtending inflorescence branches or single flowers (primary, secondary, and tertiary involucres appearing to be in tiers ), involucral bracts 2-7(-9), leaflike or sepaloid , distant from or close to flowers. Flowers bisexual , radially symmetric ; sepals not persistent in fruit, 4-20(-27), white, purple, blue, green, yellow, pink, or red, plane , linear to oblong or ovate to obovate , 3.5-40 mm; petals usually absent (present in A. patens ), distinct , plane, obovate to elliptic , 1.5-2 mm; nectary present; stamens 10-200; filaments filiform or somewhat broadened at base ; staminodes absent between stamens and pistils; pistils many, simple; ovule 1 per pistil; style present. Fruits achenes, aggregate, sessile or stalked , ovoid to obovoid , sides not veined; beak (persistent style) present, sometimes rudimentary , terminal, straight or curved , to 40(-50) mm, sometimes plumose . x =7 or 8.

Species ca. 150: nearly worldwide, primarily in cooler temperate and arctic regions.

The taxonomy of Anemone continues to be problematic. Anemone occidentalis and A. patens var. multifida (the first two taxa in this treatment) are frequently placed in the genus Pulsatilla Miller on the basis of the long plumose achene beaks, and A. acutiloba and A. americana (the last two taxa in this treatment) in the genus Hepatica Miller, primarily on the basis of the involucre immediately subtending the flower and the lobed, persistent leaves. Recent phylogenetic analyses of Anemone in the broad sense, however, indicate that both Pulsatilla and Hepatica should be subsumed within Anemone. While traditional morphologic characters are useful in distinguishing between Pulsatilla and Hepatica species, respectively, many other morphologic and molecular attributes are shared with Anemone, strongly suggesting that these genera should be united (S. B . Hoot et al. 1994). In addition, a number of genera that have been recognized primarily on a cytotaxonomic basis (e.g. , Anemonastrum, Anemonidium, Anemonoides, and Jurtsevia ) are reduced to synonymy here. Some North American species of Anemone are closely related to plants in Europe, Asia, and South America and continue to be recognized at different ranks . For example, Anemone patens Linnaeus var. multifida (a species included in this treatment) was called Pulsatilla multifida (Pritzel) Juzepczuk for the former Soviet Union by S. V. Juzepczuk (1970) and Pulsatilla patens (Linnaeus) Miller var. multifida (Pritzel) Li S.H. & Huang Y. H. for China by Wang W.-T. (1980). Moreover, interspecific hybridization among some sympatric or nearly sympatric North American species also contributes to the confusion (see N. L. Britton 1891; C. L. Hitchcock et al. 1955-1969, vol. 2; R. S. Mitchell and J. K . Dean 1982). Additional analyses (e.g., G. Boraiah and M. Heimburger 1964; M. Heimburger 1959; C. Joseph and M. Heimburger 1966; and C. S. Keener et al. 1995) may prove to be helpful in resolving the taxonomy within this morphologically diverse genus.

Protoanemonin, an irritating acrid oil , is an enzymatic breakdown product of the glycoside ranunculin and is found in many species of Anemone. While protoanemonin can cause severe topical and gastrointestinal irritation, it is unstable and changes into harmless anemonin when plants are dried (N. J. Turner and A. F. Szczawinski 1991).

A caudex , as the term is used here, is the "woody," perennating base of an aerial shoot (inflorescences and basal leaves ). The word tuber refers to a swollen, more or less vertical underground stem. The aerial shoots arise from the apex of either of those persistent structures. Rhizome, as the term is used here, refers to an underground, usually horizontal stem (more or less vertical in Anemone piperi ), that is nearly uniform in diameter (about 1-4 mm diam., depending on the species) along its length . Aerial shoots arise directly from nodes at or near the apex of the rhizome.

Many species of Anemone have only one type of underground stem. Some species, however, have both rhizomes and caudices. In such cases the aerial shoots arise from the apex of a caudex attached to the rhizome. Some other species sometimes have both tubers and rhizomes. In those, one or more horizontal rhizomes arise near the apex of the tuber; the aerial shoots arise from the apex of the tuber.

Proportions given in the key for the middle lobes of basal leaves are calculated as follows: measure length of lobe from apex to a line connecting bases of sinuses; and measure total length of blade from leaf apex to summit of petiole .[2]

Physical Description

Species Anemone multifida

Aerial shoots 10-70 cm, from caudices, caudices ascending to vertical . Basal leaves 3-6(-10), 1-2-ternate; petiole (2-) 4-10(-14) cm; terminal leaflet petiolulate to ±sessile, broadly and irregularly rhombic to obovate , (1.5-) 2.5-4.5(-5.5) × (1-) 3-10 cm, base narrowly cuneate, margins incised on distal 1/3, apex broadly acute to nearly obtuse ; surfaces abaxially villous-silky, hispid to villous , or sparsely long-pilose, adaxially glabrous , nearly glabrous, villous-silky, or hispid to villous; lateral leaflets (2-) 3×-parted; ultimate segments (1.5-) 2-3.5(-5) mm wide. Inflorescences 2-7-flowered cymes or flowers solitary; peduncle villous, pilose , or hispid to villous; involucral bracts usually 3-5, occasionally 2 in secondary involucres, 1-2-tiered, ternate , occasionally incompletely ternate, ±similar to basal leaves, greatly reduced, bases distinct ; terminal leaflet petiolulate to ±sessile, broadly and irregularly rhombic to obovate, (1.5-) 3-4(-5) × 0.5-1(-2) cm, base narrowly cuneate, margins incised on distal 1/3, apex broadly acute to nearly obtuse, surfaces abaxially hispid to villous, villous-silky, or sparsely long-pilose, adaxially glabrous, nearly glabrous, hispid to villous, or villous-silky; lateral leaflets (2-) 3×-parted or -lobed, lobes frequently unequal; ultimate lobes 1.5-3(-4.3) mm wide. Flowers: sepals 5-9, green to yellow, blue, purple, red, or occasionally white, or abaxially blue, red, yellow and red, or purple, or tinged purple, adaxially white, yellow, yellow and red, blue, or tinged purple, ovate to oblong , 5-17 × (3.5-) 5-7(-9) mm, abaxially hairy, adaxially glabrous; stamens 50-80. Heads of achenes spheric; pedicel 6-15(-23) cm. Achenes: body irregularly ellipsoid or elliptic , flat, 3-4 × 1.5-2 mm, not winged , tomentose , woolly , or villous; beak ±straight, distally recurved or strongly hooked , 1-6 mm, glabrous. [source]

G.Boraiah and M .Heimburger (1964) conducted an extensive cytotaxonomic analysis of this wide-ranging and extremely variable species and its relatives. The present treatment takes a broader view of the species (and its variation ) and recognizes fewer entities. In addition, Anemone tetonensis and A. stylosa, plants treated as closely related species by G.Boraiah and M.Heimburger, are treated here as varieties of A. multifida. [source]

Early-season plants of Anemone multifida var. multifida have solitary flowers and will key to var. saxicola. Anemone multifida var. tetonensis and especially var. saxicola might be based on characteristics that are influenced primarily by environment; further study is warranted. [source]

Habit: Deciduous.

Flowers: Bloom Period: April, May. • Flower Color: mauve , rose

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 6-12" tall.

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,091 meters (0 to 13,422 feet).[3]

Biology

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Growth

Culture: Space 9-12" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 8.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: High

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 3a, 8a. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Ranunculidae () - Takhtajan Ex Reveal, 1992
        Superorder: Ranunculanae () - Takhtajan Ex Reveal, 1992
        Order: Ranunculales () - Dumortier, 1829
        Family: Ranunculaceae () - Adans., 1763, nom. cons. - boutons d'or, buttercups
        Subfamily: Ranunculoideae ()
        Tribe: Anemoneae ()
        Genus: Anemone () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - Windflower [etymology not clear: probably Greek anemos, wind; possibly from Naaman, Semitic name for Adonis, whose blood, according to myth, produced Anemone coronaria ]
        Specific epithet: multifida - Poir.
        Botanical name: - Anemone multifida Poir.

Notes

Publishing author : Poir. Publication : Encycl. (Lamarck) Suppl. 1. 364 1810 [3 Sep 1810]

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Anemone

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 164 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

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Sensitive plant surveys in the Big Belt and Elkhorn Mountains, U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Region 1, Helena National Forest, Montana / prepared by Jackie M. Poole and Bonnie L. Heidel; prepared for Helena National Forest. Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1993] url , .
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Sketch of a journey to the Rocky Mountains and to the Columbia River in North America by Thomas Drummond. S.l.: s.n., 1830 url .
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VII.
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vi.
Fernald, M. L. 1928b. The North American species of Anemone & Anemonanthea. Rhodora 30: 180-188.
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Notes

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Contributors

"Anemone multifida". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 19, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Dec 27, 2011.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (May 04, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal December 01, 2007:

Berkeley Natural History Museums, University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
Canadian Museum of Nature, Canadian Museum of Nature Herbarium
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Herbarium of Oskarshamn
USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
University of Alaska Museum of the North, University of Alaska Museum of the North Herbarium
University of Washington Burke Museum, Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium
Utah State University, USU-UTC Specimen Database

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3879169
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-565003
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13845076
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:708506-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 3390
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDRAN040E0
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: ANMUN
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 167242

Footnotes

Wencai Wang, Dezhi Fu, Liang-Qian Li, Bruce Bartholomew, Anthony R. Brach, Bryan E. Dutton, Michael G. Gilbert, Yuichi Kadota, Orbélia R. Robinson, Michio Tamura, Michael J. Warnock, Guanghua Zhu & Svetlana N. Ziman "Ranunculaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 6 Page 133. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Bryan E. Dutton, Carl S. Keener & Bruce A. Ford "Anemone". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 1,384.160 meters (4,541.207 feet), Standard Deviation = 923.100 based on 298 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Anemone multifida

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Ranunculaceae

Genus Anemone

Physical Description

Species Anemone multifida

Size/Age/Growth

Habitat

Biology

Growth

Taxonomy

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Anemone

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes