Amaranthus hybridus (Green Amaranth)

Overview

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Smooth pigweed. <em>Amaranthus hybridus</em>

Interesting Facts

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Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in Chinese:

Lü Sui Xian, Tai Wan Xian

Common Names in Danish:

Top-Amarant

Common Names in English:

Green Amaranth, Green Pigweed, Hybrid Amaranth, Pigweed, Slim Amaranth, Smooth Amaranth, Smooth Amaranth, Smooth Pigweed

Common Names in Finnish:

Tummarevonhäntä

Common Names in French:

Amarante Hybride, Amarante Verte, Brède Malabar (Reunion)

Common Names in German:

Ausgebreiteter Fuchsschwanz, Bastardamarant, Bastardfuchsschwanz, Grünähriger Fuchsschwanz

Common Names in Japanese:

Honaka Ao Geitou

Common Names in Norwegian:

Toppamarant

Common Names in Spanish:

Quelite (Mexico)

Common Names in Swedish:

Grönamarant

Description

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Family Amaranthaceae

Herbs, clambering subshrubs , shrubs , or lianas. Leaves alternate or opposite, entire, exstipulate . Flowers small, bisexual or unisexual , or sterile and reduced, subtended by 1 membranous bract and 2 bracteoles, solitary or aggregated in cymes. Inflorescences elongated or condensed spikes (heads ), racemes , or thyrsoid structures of varying complexity. Bracteoles membranous or scarious . Tepals 3-5, membranous, scarious or subleathery, 1-, 3-, 5-, or 7(-23) -veined. Stamens as many as tepals and opposite these, rarely fewer than tepals; filaments free , united into a cup at base or ± entirely into a tube , filament lobes present or absent, pseudostaminodes present or absent; anthers (1- or) 2-loculed, dorsifixed , introrsely dehiscent . Ovary superior, 1-loculed; ovules 1 to many; style persistent , short and indistinct or long and slender; stigma capitate, penicillate , 2-lobed or forming 2 filiform branches. Fruit a dry utricle or a fleshy capsule, indehiscent, irregularly bursting, or circumscissile. Seeds lenticular , reniform , subglobose, or shortly cylindric , smooth or verruculose .

About 70 genera and 900 species: worldwide; 15 genera (one introduced ) and 44 species (three endemic, 14 introduced) in China.

Morphology of the androecium, perianth (tepals), and the inflorescence has traditionally been used to circumscribe genera and tribes . Pseudostaminodia are interstaminal appendages with variously shaped apices. Filament appendages are the lateral appendages of filaments (one on each side) . The basic structure of the inflorescence is the cyme (branchlets arising from the bracteole axils, the bracteoles serving as bracts for upper flowers), which can be reduced to one flower with two bracteoles and a bract. Units of dispersal vary considerably (capsules opening with lower part persistent, flower and bracteoles falling together, or cymose partial inflorescences breaking off above bract) and can be characteristic for genera. Several genera possess long trichomes serving dispersal at the base of the tepals.[1]

Genus Amaranthus

Herbs, usually annual , rarely perennial , monoecious (subg. Amaranthus and Albersia) or dioecious (subg. Acnida), glabrous or pubescent . Stems erect , ascending , decumbent , or prostrate , usually branched, occasionally simple or nearly so; without nodal spines (except in A. spinosus ). Leaves alternate, petiolate ; blade rhombic-ovate, ovate , obovate , spatulate , lanceolate, oblanceolate , or orbiculate to linear , base rounded to narrowly cuneate, margins usually entire, usually plane , slightly undulate , or crispate , rarely undulate-erose, apex acute, obtuse , or emarginate , usually mucronulate . Inflorescences terminal and/or axillary or exclusively terminal, compound dichasia arranged in spikes, thyrses , panicles, or glomerules ; components of terminal inflorescences often subtended by reduced leaves (pseudobracts), each dichasium unit subtended by persistent bracts. Bracts ovate, lanceolate, linear, subulate , deltate, or broadly triangular (in A. acanthochiton), or proximal bracts modified into spines (in A. spinosus) ; bracts of pistillate flowers not keeled (keeled in A. scleropoides and A. crassipes) ; bracteoles absent or 1-2. Flowers unisexual . Pistillate flowers: tepals absent or (1-) 3-5, distinct (connate in proximal 1/3 in A. polygonoides, equal or outer tepals larger than inner ones, usually membranaceous , sometimes scarious at maturity; stamens absent [rudimentary ]; pistil 1; ovule 1; style 0.1-1 mm, or absent; stigmas 2-3(-5), slender. Staminate flowers : tepals 3-5, equal or subequal ; stamens 3-5, filaments distinct, anthers 4-locular, pseudostaminodes absent; pistils absent or rudimentary. Utricles loosely enclosed by inner tepals, occasionally conspicuously 3(-5) -veined, usually globose , ovoid , or elongate-ovoid, thin walled, membranaceous, rugose or tuberculate , glabrous, dehiscence regularly circumscissile, irregularly dehiscent , or indehiscent. Seeds 1, subglobose or lenticular , usually smooth , shiny, sometimes indistinctly puncticulate or reticulate ; embryo annular . x = 16, 17.

Species ca. 70 (38 in the flora , including cultivated species) : mostly tropical , subtropical , and warm-temperate zones, some species in temperate zones; some taxa are at present almost worldwide as introduced and naturalized weeds .

Some segregate genera of Amaranthus, in the broad sense, have been proposed and sometimes recognized (see synonymy ). In the present treatment, Amaranthus is accepted in its broad sense. Three subgenera are currently recognized (S. L. Mosyakin and K . R. Robertson 1996) : subg. Acnida, subg. Amaranthus, and subg. Albersia.

Morphologic terminology in Amaranthus, as used in different floristic and taxonomic treatments, is rather confusing, especially regarding the terms applied to inflorescences and flowers. In the present treatment, we follow the traditional inflorescence terminology only for brevity and convenience; see T. A. Fedorova (1997) for a more complex scheme. A flower is subtended by a bract, often termed a "bracteole," and 0-2 lateral bracts, the true bracteoles. Structures that are clearly reduced green leaves subtending portions of the inflorescence are sometimes incorrectly called bracts.

Specimens of Amaranthus are often difficult to identify by someone not familiar with the group. When using the key , look closely at the tips of pistillate inflorescence branches for staminate flowers to determine whether the plant is monoecious or dioecious; this is especially important for some monoecious species that produce few staminate flowers. Also, pistillate plants of dioecious species are usually required for positive identification. Descriptions and measurements of floral parts are given in more detail for pistillate flowers, unless noted otherwise.

Determining the exact distribution of some species of Amaranthus in North America requires additional floristic and taxonomic studies. Because of the weedy life strategies of some Amaranthus species, they may occasionally occur as naturalized weeds or waifs very far from their original areas of distribution. Some of such isolated populations exist only as long as conditions are favorable and may eventually disappear or, vice versa, become expansive and invasive. These factors , together with frequent misidentifications in herbaria and the literature, obscure the distribution patterns of some Amaranthus species in North America. Weedy and introduced species of Amaranthus are often neglected or misidentified by collectors . Consequently, some taxa are known only from scattered localities in various regions of the flora, and their actual distribution may be much wider than present data indicate. Some species have been reported for the flora only as rare, casual , non-naturalized aliens , e.g. , on ballast , or as grain immigrants or wool contaminants, and may not now be present in North America. Because of all these factors, the maps and distribution statements in the treatment show the generalized distribution and may not properly reflect the actual changing distribution patterns of some species, especially those that have expanded their ranges over the decades due to various anthropic factors. In addition to the taxa discussed below, some other South American or Old World species may be found in North America in the future as introduced weeds.

Species of Amaranthus occasionally form interspecific hybrids. Such hybridization seems to be especially important and widespread in cultivated grain-amaranths, in wild representatives of the A. hybridus aggregate, between species of sect. Amaranthus, and between A. tuberculatus and species of sect. Amaranthus. The degree and scope of hybridization in Amaranthus are often overestimated, especially by European authors , and some taxa described as putative hybrids are in fact nonhybrid infraspecific forms of morphologically variable species. Hybrids between more distantly related species, if they occur at all, are usually highly sterile , such as hybrids between taxa of the subgenera Amaranthus and Acnida, or at least show much decreased fertility . There are no verified records of hybrids between representatives of the subgenera Amaranthus and Albersia.

Some species of Amaranthus are cultivated as pseudocereal and leaf-vegetable crops , or as ornamental or fodder plants (J. D. Sauer 1967; D. M. Brenner 1990; J. T. Williams and D. M. Brenner 1995; S. Cheatham et al. 1995). The most commonly cultivated taxa are A. caudatus Linnaeus, A. hypochondriacus Linnaeus, and A. cruentus Linnaeus of American origin , and south Asian A. tricolor Linnaeus. The cultivated species may occur occasionally as escapes near places of cultivation; they cannot be regarded as truly naturalized.

Species of Amaranthus were widely used by prehistoric and modern Native Americans as food, forage for livestock, medicinal plants, and, occasionally, for some other uses, such as face and body paint, ceremonial items, and fuel (S. Cheatham et al. 1995; D. E. Moerman 1998).[2]

Physical Description

Species Amaranthus hybridus

Plants glabrous or glabrescent , or distal parts of stem and branches slightly pubescent when young. Stems erect , green or sometimes reddish purple, rarely under-developed plants ascending , branched to nearly simple , 0.3-2(-2.5) m. Leaves: petiole 1/2 as long as to equaling blade ; blade ovate, rhombic-ovate, or lanceolate, (2-) 4-15 × (1-) 2-6 cm, base cuneate to broadly cuneate, margins entire, apex acute to obtuse , with mucro . Inflorescences terminal and axillary , erect or reflexed , occasionally nodding , green or olive green, occasionally with silvery or reddish purple tint, leafless at least distally, terrminal inflorescence often slightly nodding with numerous shorter branches at base. Bracts lanceolate-linear to subulate , 2-3.5(-4) mm, subequal to or 2 times as long as tepals }, apex spinescent . Pistillate flowers: tepals 5, lanceolate to lanceolate-linear, subequal or unequal, 1.5-3 mm, membranaceous , apex acute or acuminate, gradually narrowing into aristate tip ; style branches erect, shorter than body of fruit; stigmas 3. Staminate flowers at tips of inflorescences; tepals 5; stamens (4-) 5. Utricles obovoid or elongate-ovoid, 1.5-2.5 mm, shorter than tepals, smooth proximally, lid verrucose or rugose , dehiscence regularly circumscissile, or rarely in some presumably hybrid forms, irregularly dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds black to dark reddish brown, lenticular to lenticular-globose, 1-1.3 mm, smooth, shiny. Flowering summer-fall. [source]

Originally a riverside pioneer in eastern North America, now Amaranthus hybridus is extremely abundant in agricultural fields and other disturbed habitats . Related cultivated species have been reported from the flora area, including A. caudatus, A. hypochondriacus, and A. cruentus; there is no evidence that they are established ; specimens identified as these species are often variants of A. hybridus. [source]

Distribution of Amaranthus hybridus in North America needs clarification because the name was misapplied to other species, notably A. powellii, and specimens of A. retroflexus, A. powellii, and A. hybridus are frequently interchangeably misidentified. Forms of A. hybridus and A. powellii with reddish inflorescences are often misidentified as escaped and hence presumably naturalized , cultivated species A. caudatus Linnaeus, A. hypochondriacus Linnaeus, and A. cruentus Linnaeus. [source]

Amaranthus hybridus is extremely variable. In particular, there are numerous North American specimens with subobtuse tepals and thick inflorescences, suggesting hybridization with A. retroflexus. In Europe such presumably hybrid forms are known as A. ×ozanonii Thellung (A. Thellung 1914-1919). [source]

A new, presumably hybridogenous taxon , Amaranthus ×tucsonensis Henrickson, was recently described from Arizona (J. Henrickson 1999). It was suggested that one of its parents is A. hybridus; the other parental species (probably a species with obtuse or spatulate tepals) remains unknown. The problem of proper taxonomic position and origin of A. ×tucsonensis needs further study. [source]

Habit: Forb/herb

Flowers: Bloom Period: July, August, September. • Flower Color: red, red-purple

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 18-24" tall.

Habitat

Waste places, agricultural and fallow fields , railroads, roadsides, riverbanks, other disturbed habitats ; 0-2500 m [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,653 meters (0 to 15,266 feet).[4]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Annual

Growth

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Caryophyllidae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Caryophyllanae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Order: Caryophyllales () - Perleb, 1826
        Suborder: Chenopodiineae ()
        Family: Amaranthaceae () - Adanson, 1763 ex A.L. de Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. - amaranthes, pigweed
        Subfamily: Amaranthoideae ()
        Tribe: Amarantheae ()
        Genus: Amaranthus () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - Amaranth, pigweed [Greek amarantos, unfading, nonwithering]
        Subgenus: intertidal ()
        Specific epithet: hybridus - L.
        Botanical name: - Amaranthus hybridus L.

Synonyms

Amaranthus chlorostachys Willd. • Amaranthus incurvatus Tim. Ex Gren. & Godr. • Amaranthus patulus Bertol. • Galliaria hybrida Nieuwl.

Notes

Publishing author : L. Publication : Sp. Pl. 2: 990 1753 [1 May 1753]

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Amaranthus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 91 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

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Notes

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Contributors

"Amaranthus hybridus". in Flora of North America Vol. 4 Page 411, 415, 421, 422,. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed January 18, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 2 providers.
Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Dec 27, 2011.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 25, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 16, 2007:

Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Herbarium of Oskarshamn
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Lund Botanical Museum
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Plants
UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2646904
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-20735
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4490920
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:289575-2
GRIN Nomen Number: 2795
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 20735
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 108484-3
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDAMA040P0
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: AMPA11
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 20182

Footnotes

Bojian Bao, Thomas Borsch & Steven E. Clemants "Amaranthaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 415. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Sergei L. Mosyakin & Kenneth R. Robertson "Amaranthus". in Flora of North America Vol. 4 Page 405, 406, 410. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
"Amaranthus hybridus". in Flora of North America Vol. 4 Page 411, 415, 421, 422,. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 364.730 meters (1,196.621 feet), Standard Deviation = 672.290 based on 2,749 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Amaranthus hybridus

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Amaranthaceae

Genus Amaranthus

Physical Description

Species Amaranthus hybridus

Size/Age/Growth

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Amaranthus

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes