Overview
Interesting Facts
- Various preparations of Alnus serrulata were used medicinally by Native Americans to alleviate pain of childbirth, as a blood tonic , an emetic and purgative , for coughs and fevers, to stimulate kidneys , to bathe hives or piles, for eye troubles, indigestion, biliousness, jaundice, heart trouble, mouth soreness in babies, and toothaches, to lower blood pressure , and to clear milky urine (D. E. Moerman 1986). [source]
- Alder shrubs are common along stream sides and lake banks. These are among the earliest blooming flowers that you may encounter in the spring .
Common Names
Common Names in English:
Alder, Brook-Side Alder, Common Alder, Hazel Alder, Smooth Alder, Swamp Alder, Tag Alder
Description
Family Betulaceae
Trees
or shrubs
deciduous, monoecious. Stipules present, free
, often deciduous, rarely persistent
. Leaves alternate, simple
, petiolate
, usually doubly serrate, rarely simply serrate, lobulate
, or entire; veins pinnate. Flowers unisexual
. Male inflorescence precocious
, elongate
, pendulous, with numerous
overlapping bracts; each bract usually subtending
a small dichasium with 1-3 male flowers; stamens as many as and opposite sepals or, if sepals obsolete
, then stamens of inflorescence to 20; filaments
very short, connate
or nearly so; anthers
2-loculed, thecae connate or separate, opening by longitudinal
slits. Female inflorescence pendulous or erect
, with numerous overlapping bracts; each bract subtending a small dichasium with 2 or 3 flowers; calyx with 1-6 scalelike lobes
, or obsolete; petals absent; ovary inferior, 2-loculed; styles 2, free; ovules 2, or 1 by abortion
, pendulous from near apex of each locule. Fruit a nut or nutlet
, winged
or not. Seed 1, with straight embryo and flat or thickened cotyledons, without endosperm.
Six genera and 150-200 species: mainly in Asia, Europe, and North and South America; six genera (one endemic) and 89 species (56 endemic) in China.
Because of evolutionary divergence
within the Betulaceae, the family
has often been divided
into tribes
(i.e.
, Betuleae, Carpineae, and Coryleae) or more recently into subfamilies (J. J. Furlow, J. Arnold Arbor
. 71: 1-67. 1990) .[1]
Genus Alnus
Trees
or shrubs
, to 35 m
; trunks
usually several, branching excurrent to deliquescent. Bark
of trunks and branches light gray to dark brown, thin, smooth
, close; lenticels
often present, pale
, prominent
, sometimes horizontally expanded. Wood
nearly white, turning reddish upon exposure to air
, moderately light and soft, texture
fine. Branches, branchlets
, and twigs
nearly 2-ranked to diffuse
; young twigs uniform or ( Alnus subg. Alnobetula ) differentiated into long and short shoots
. Winter buds
stipitate
(nearly sessile in Alnus subg. Alnobetula ), narrowly to broadly ovoid
or ellipsoid
, terete
, apex acute to rounded
; scales
2--3, valvate
, or ( Alnus subg. Alnobetula ) several, imbricate, smooth, or ( Alnus subg. Clethropsis ) sometimes none. Leaves borne on long or short shoots, 3-ranked to nearly 2-ranked. Leaf blade
ovate
to elliptic
or obovate
, thin to leathery, base
variable, cuneate to rounded, margins
doubly serrate, serrate, serrulate
, or nearly entire, apex variable, acute to obtuse
or acuminate to rounded; surfaces glabrous
to tomentose
, abaxially sometimes resinous-glandular. Inflorescences: staminate
catkins lateral
, in racemose clusters
or ( Alnus subg. Clethropsis ) solitary, formed ( Alnus subg. Alnus and Clethropsis ) during previous growing season
and exposed or enclosed in buds during winter, or ( Alnus subg. Clethropsis ) formed and expanding during same growing season, expanding before or with leaves; pistillate
catkins proximal
to staminate catkins, solitary or in relatively small racemose clusters, erect
to nearly pendulous, ovoid to ellipsoid, firm; scales and flowers crowded, developing and maturing at same time as staminate catkins. Staminate flowers
in catkins, 3 per scale; stamens (3--) 4(--6) ; anthers
and filaments
undivided. Pistillate flowers usually 2 per scale. Infructescences
erect or pendulous; scales persistent long after release
of fruits, with 5 lobes
, greatly thickened, woody. Fruits tiny samaras, lateral wings 2, leathery or membranaceous
, reduced or essentially absent in some species. x
= 7.
Species ca. 25 (8 sp: forested temperate
and boreal Northern Hemisphere; North America; Asia.
Alders resemble birches but are easily distinguished from them by the infructescences, which consist of persistent
, 5-lobed, woody scales (versus deciduous, 3-lobed, thin scales). Except in members
of Alnus subg. Alnobetula Petermann (which have nearly sessile buds with several imbricate scales), alders are also distinctive in their stipitate buds bearing two stipular
scales. The fruits, borne two to a scale, are laterally winged
, although the wings
are sometimes reduced or absent.
The genus is diverse
, including several very distinct
lines
of specialization. The shrubby or arborescent
Alnus subg. Alnus is characterized by winter buds with long stalks
and two valvate scales, inflorescences borne in racemose clusters, and development of both pistillate and staminate inflorescences during the growing season prior to anthesis
, with these fully exposed during winter. It includes the common A. rubra, A. incana, A. oblongifolia, and A. serrulata. Alnus subg. Alnobetula (represented in North America by three subspecies
of A. viridis ) consists of shrubby species of cold-climate regions. In this group, the buds are nearly sessile and covered by several imbricate scales. Both staminate and pistillate catkins are formed the season
before anthesis, but only the staminate ones are exposed during winter. The predominantly Asian Alnus subg. Clethropsis (Spach) Regel is represented in America by a single species, A. maritima, a small tree or large shrub of stream
banks, marshes, and the shores
of shallow lakes
. Members of this group are unique in that they bloom
in autumn rather than spring
. They also differ from other native species
in Alnus in having essentially naked buds, leaves with semicraspedodromous
venation
(i.e.
, with the secondary veins branching and anastomosing with each other near the margin before reaching the teeth), and solitary pistillate inflorescences borne in the axils of foliage
leaves. All of the alders associate symbiotically with species of the actinomycete
Frankia, leading to the formation of nodules on the roots
of the plants
and the fixation
of atmospheric nitrogen.[2]
Physical Description
Species Alnus serrulata
Shrubs
, open to rather densely ascending
, to 10 m.
Bark
light gray,
smooth
; lenticels
small, inconspicuous. Winter buds
stipitate
, ellipsoid
to obovoid
, 3--6 mm, apex mostly rounded
; stalks
2--4 mm; scales
2, equal, valvate
, moderately to heavily resin-coated. Leaf blade
broadly elliptic
to obovate
, 5--14 × 3.5--8 cm, leathery, base
broadly to narrowly cuneate, margins
flat, serrulate
, without noticeably
larger secondary teeth, apex obtuse
to rounded; surfaces abaxially
glabrous
to moderately villous
, slightly to moderately resin-coated.
Inflorescences formed season
before flowering and exposed during
winter; staminate
catkins in 1 or more clusters
of 2--5, 3--8.5 cm,
stamens 4; pistillate
catkins in 1 or more clusters of 3--5. Flowering
before new growth in spring
. Infructescences
ovoid-ellipsoid, 1--2.2
× 0.6--1.2 cm; peduncles 1--3(--5) mm.
Samaras obovate, wings
narrower than body, irregularly elliptic or obovate, leathery. 2
n = 28. Flowering early spring. [source]
Primarily an Atlantic coastal species, Alnus serrulata also grows
along the St
. Lawrence river
system
and the lower Great Lakes
westward
to the dunes of southern Lake Michigan, and across the southern states
to the Gulf
Coast and east Texas. Alnus serrulata was erroneously
called A. rugosa in a number of earlier floristic works (J. K
. Small
1903, 1933; N. L. Britton and A. Brown 1896, 1913; and B
. L. Robinson
and M. L. Fernald 1908), and the mistake was perpetuated in both
editions
of Flora
Europaea (T. G. Tutin et al.
1964--1980, vol.
1;
1993+, vol. 1). [source]
Alnus incana subsp.
rugosa hybridizes
with A. serrulata (= Alnus
serrulata var. subelliptica Fernald). Extensive hybrid swarms
occur
where the ranges
of these species overlap, including the area along
the St. Lawrence River and the southern edge
of the Great Lakes (F.
L. Steele 1961). R. H. Woodworth's conclusion (1929, 1930) that apomixis
occurs in A. serrulata resulted from his use of material
selected
from a hybrid swarm. The remainder of the species appears to reproduce
normally. The two species and their hybrids are usually easily distinguished
by leaf shape and margin characters. [source]
Habit: Tree , Shrub • Growth Form: Multiple Stem • Shape and Orientation: Erect
Flowers: Bloom Period: Spring • Flower Color: inconspicuous, none • Flower Conspicuous: No
Seeds: Seed per Pound: 400000 • Seed Spread Rate: Moderate • Seedling Vigor: Low • Fruit/Seed Abundance: Low • Fruit/Seed Color: Brown • Fruit/Seed Conspicuous: No • Cold Stratification Required: Yes
Foliage: Foliage Color: Green • Foliage Porosity Summer: Dense • Foliage Porosity Winter: Porous • Foliage Texture: Coarse • Fall Conspicuous: No • Leaf Retention: No
Size/Age/Growth
Active Growth Period: Spring and Summer • Growth Rate: Rapid • Mature Height (feet): 30.0 • Maximum Height at 20 Years (feet): 12 • Size: 6-8' tall. • Vegetative Spread Rate: Slow • Lifespan: Lifespan
Habitat
Stream banks, ditches, edges of sloughs , swampy fields and bogs , and lakeshores; 0--800 m [3].
Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 1,092 meters (0 to 3,583 feet).[4]
Biology
Reproduction
Duration: Perennial • Coppice Potential: No • Progagated by Bulbs: No • Propagated by Bare Root: Yes • Propagated by Container: Yes • Propagated by Corms: No • Propagated by Cuttings: No • Propagated by Seed: Yes • Propagated by Sod: No • Propagated by Sprigs: No • Propagated by Tubers: No • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: Summer • Fruit/Seed Period End: Summer • Fruit/Seed Persistence: No
Growth
Culture: Space 12-15' apart.
Soil: Adapted to Medium Textured: Adapted to Medium Textured Soils • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: Yes • Anaerobic Tolerance: High • Salinity Tolerance: None • CaCO3 Tolerance: Low • Minimum pH: 5.0 • Maximum pH: 7.0 • Fertility Requirement: Medium
Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun . • Shade Tolerance: Intolerant
Moisture: Drought Tolerance: Low • Minimum Precipitation: 32 • Maximum Precipitation: 60 • Moisture Use: High
Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): -23 • Minimum Frost Free Days: 120 • Cold Hardiness: 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b. (map)
Taxonomy
- Domain:
Eukaryota
(
)
- Whittaker & Margulis,1978
- eukaryotes
- Kingdom:
Plantae
(
)
- Haeckel, 1866
- Plants
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
(
)
- Cavalier-Smith, 1981
- Phylum:
Tracheophyta
(
)
- Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998
- Vascular Plants
- Subphylum:
Euphyllophytina
(
)
- Infraphylum:
Radiatopses
(
)
- Kenrick & Crane, 1997
- Class:
Spermatopsida
(
)
- Brongniart, 1843
- Subclass:
Rosidae
(
)
- Takhtajan, 1967
- Superorder:
Faganae
(
)
- (Engler, 1892) Takhtajan, 1997
- Order:
Fagales
(
)
- Engler, 1892
- Family:
Betulaceae
(
)
- Gray, 1821
- Birch Family
- Subfamily:
Betuloideae
(
)
- Subfamily:
Betuloideae
(
- Family:
Betulaceae
(
- Order:
Fagales
(
- Superorder:
Faganae
(
- Subclass:
Rosidae
(
- Class:
Spermatopsida
(
- Infraphylum:
Radiatopses
(
- Subphylum:
Euphyllophytina
(
- Phylum:
Tracheophyta
(
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
(
- Kingdom:
Plantae
(
Synonyms
A. rubra Desfontaines Ex Spach • A. rugosa (Du Roi) Sprengel Var. serrulata (Aiton) Winkler • Alnus americana K. Koch • Alnus autumnalis Hartig Ex Garcke • Alnus glutinosa obtusifolia Regel • Alnus glutinosa var. autumnalis Kuntze • Alnus glutinosa var. serrulata (Aiton) Regel • Alnus incana var. serrulata (Aiton) Boivin • Alnus latifolia Desf. • Alnus macrophylla Desf. Ex Steud. • Alnus noveboracensis Britton • Alnus oblongata (Aiton) Willd. • Alnus obtusifolia Mert. Ex Regel • Alnus rubra Desf. Ex Steud. • Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng. Var. serrulata (Aiton) H. Winkl. • Alnus rugosa Regel • Alnus rugosa var. obtusifolia (Regel) H. Winkl. • Alnus rugosa var. serrulata (Aiton) H. Winkl. • Alnus serrulata f. emarginata Fernald • Alnus serrulata f. mollescens Fernald • Alnus serrulata f. nanella Fernald • Alnus serrulata f. noveboracensis (Britton) Fernald • Alnus serrulata var. macrophylla Spach • Alnus serrulata var. obtusifolia (Regel) Regel • Alnus serrulata var. subelliptica Fernald • Alnus serrulata var. vulgaris Fernald • Betula Alnus Serrulata • Betula alnus var. serrulata (Aiton) Michx. • Betula oblongata Aiton • Betula serrulata Aiton • Hort. Kew. 1: 338. 1789
Notes
Publishing author
: Willd. Publication
: Sp.
Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow]
4(1): 336 1805
Name
Status: Accepted Name
.
Last scrutiny: 11-Nov-2003
Similar Species
Members of the genus Alnus
ZipcodeZoo has pages for 28 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:
A. acuminata (Alder) · A. acuminata glabrata (Mexican Alder) · A. cordata (Italian Alder) · A. fallacina (Alder) · A. glutinosa (Black Alder) · A. glutinosa glutinosa (European Black Alder) · A. glutinosa 'Imperialis' (Black Alder) · A. glutinosa 'Pyramidalis' (Black Alder) · A. hirsuta (Manchurian Alder) · A. incana (Gray Alder) · A. incana incana (Speckled Alder) · A. incana rugosa (Gray Alder) · A. incana tenuifolia (Gray Alder) · A. japonica (Japanese Alder) · A. maritima (Seaside Alder) · A. nepalensis (Indian Alder) · A. nitida (West Himalayan Alder) · A. oblongifolia (Arizona Alder) · A. rhombifolia (Alder) · A. rubra (Oregon Alder) · A. rubra f. pinnatisecta (Oregon Alder) · A. serrulata (Alder) · A. viridis (Green Alder) · A. viridis crispa (Green Alder) · A. viridis fruticosa (Green Alder) · A. viridis sinuata (Green Alder) · A. viridis viridis (European Green Alder) · A. x fallacina (Alder)
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Further Reading
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Notes
Contributors
- "Alnus serrulata". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
- Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2007. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed March 28, 2007.
- Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed September 10, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
- Light, Kris. East Tennessee Wildflowers
- Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
- The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Dec 27, 2011.
- USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 25, 2008)
- World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Release date: November 27, 2009
Data Sources
Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 15, 2007:
- Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
- US National Plant Germplasm System, United States National Plant Germplasm System Collection
- USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
- University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
Identifiers
- Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2646007
- Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Kew-6598
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 14238664
- Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:294991-1
- GRIN Nomen Number: 104813
- Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 19468
- International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 294991-1
- Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDBET01070
- U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: ALSE2
- Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 19687
Footnotes
- Pei-chun Li & Alexei K. Skvortsov "Betulaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 286. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
- "Alnus". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
- "Alnus serrulata". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
- Mean = 211.840 meters (695.013 feet), Standard Deviation = 197.850 based on 1,101 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
