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Alliaria petiolata

(Garlic Mustard, Garlic Mustard Plant, Garlic Root, Garlic-Mustard, Garlicwort, Hedge Garlic, Jack By the Hedge, Jack-By-The-Hedge, Jack-In-The-Bush, Mustard Root, Poor Man's Mustard, Sauce-Alone)

Overview:

Interesting Facts:

  • This plant can take over when it starts growing in a suitable area.
  • The leaves have a garlic-like odor.
  • Many plants in the Mustard Family have seed pods that split and throw their seeds.
  • This plant can take over when it starts growing in a suitable area.
  • The leaves have a garlic-like odor.
  • Many plants in the Mustard Family have seed pods that split and throw their seeds.

Conservation Status

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Population Analysis

  • For the 835,580 species in the Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons), we average 4.30 observations each in our database; for the Garlic Mustard Plant, we have 428 observations. Compared to other species in this Class, this species is moderately common.
  • A two-sample t-test can be used to determine whether the trend in observations of the Garlic Mustard Plant is the same as the trend in observations of Magnoliopsida. Is this species just as common, as a proportion of all observations, as it once was? The answer is yes, changes in observation rate of this species do not significantly differ from changes in observation rate of its Class.

Status

Invasive.

Nativity: Europe. • Date introducted to the U.S.: 1800s. • Means of introduction: Cultivated for food and medicinal use. • Impact: Crowds out native species. • Management Plans: here.[1]

Taxonomy

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Unambiguous Synonyms:

  1. Alliaria alliaria (L.) Britt.
  2. Alliaria officinalis Andrz. ex Bieb.
  3. Erysimum alliaria L.
  4. Sisymbrium alliaria (L.) Scop.

Notes:

Name Status: Accepted Name. Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication: Bull. Orto Bot. Regia Univ. Napoli 3:418. 1913

Name verified on 07-Feb-1990 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 23-Aug-1994

Physical Description

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Genus Alliaria:

Herbs annual or biennial, rarely short-lived perennial. Trichomes absent or simple. Stems erect, sometimes decumbent. Basal leaves long petiolate, rosulate, simple, crenate, dentate, or sinuate. Cauline leaves petiolate, dentate. Racemes several flowered, ebracteate, bracteate throughout, or only basally bracteate. Fruiting pedicels slender or thickened, narrower than or as thick as fruit, terete. Sepals oblong, erect, glabrous, base of lateral pair not saccate. Petals white, longer than sepals; blade oblanceolate, apex obtuse; claw obscurely differentiated from blade. Stamens 6, slightly tetradynamous; filaments not dilated at base; anthers ovate or oblong, obtuse at apex. Nectar glands confluent, subtending bases of all stamens. Ovules 4-20 per ovary. Fruit dehiscent siliques, linear or oblong, terete or 4-angled, sessile; valves with a prominent midvein and distinct marginal veins, glabrous or scabrous, torulose; replum rounded; septum complete; style obsolete or distinct and to 6 mm; stigma capitate. Seeds uniseriate, wingless, oblong, plump; seed coat longitudinally striate, not mucilaginous when wetted; cotyledons incumbent.

Two species: one endemic to the Caucasus, the other native to SW Asia and Europe and naturalized elsewhere as a cosmopolitan weed.[2]

Species Alliaria petiolata:

Herbs biennial, with garlicy smell when crushed. Stems erect, (15-) 30-90(-130) cm tall, simple or branched above, glabrous or pilose basally with trichomes to 1.5 mm. Basal leaves rosulate, withered by fruiting; petiole 3-10(-16) cm; leaf blade reniform or cordate, (0.6-) 1.5-5(-7) cm wide, shorter in length, base cordate, margin crenate or dentate, glabrous or pilose. Cauline leaves with much shorter petioles, ovate, cordate, or deltoid, to 15 × 15 cm, base cordate or truncate, margin acutely to obtusely toothed, apex acute. Racemes ebracteate or rarely lowermost flowers bracteate. Fruiting pedicels divaricate or ascending, (2-) 3-10(-15) mm, nearly as thick as fruit. Sepals oblong, (2-) 2.5-3.5(-4.5) × 0.7-1.5 mm. Petals white, oblanceolate, (2.5-) 4-8(-9) × (1.5-) 2-3(-3.5) mm, attenuate to clawlike base. Filaments 2-3.5(-4.5) mm; anthers oblong, 0.7-1 mm. Fruit linear, (2-) 3-7(-8) cm × 1.2-2.5 mm, subtorulose, quadrangular or subterete, divaricate-ascending; valves glabrous; style (0.2-) 1-2(-3) mm. Seeds brown or black, narrowly oblong, 2-4.5 × 0.7-2 mm, longitudinally striate. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. May-Jul. 2n = 36, 42. [source]

Flowers: Bloom Period: March. • Flower Color: near white, white

Images:

Distribution

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Range and Population

North America .

Habitat

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Waste places, roadsides, fields, woodlands, river banks. [source]

Growth

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Culture: Space 15-18" apart.

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b. (map)

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Alliaria:

There are approximately 94 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus: A. aculeolata · A. acuminatissima · A. acutangula · A. albicans · A. alboi · A. alliacea · A. ammoorodes · A. arborescens · A. auriculata · A. balanseana · A. beccariana · A. beddomei · A. brachycarpa · A. camalensis · A. cauliflora · A. caulostachya · A. chrysophyllina · A. costulata · A. cuneata · A. cyrtobotrya · A. dasyphylla · A. densiflora · A. euneura · A. flavescens · A. fraseriana · A. fraterna · A. fuchsii · A. gatopensis · A. gaudichaudiana · A. glabra · A. glomerata · A. golodhara · A. grandifolia · A. grandis · A. griffithii · A. halmaheirae · A. hiernii · A. klanderi · A. kunthiana · A. lampongum · A. lasiocarpa · A. latifolia · A. lenormandiana · A. lessertiana · A. lobbii · A. macrantha · A. macrocarpa · A. macrostachya · A. maingayi · A. malabarica · A. mathioli · A. minutiflora · A. miqueliana · A. mollis · A. mollissima · A. muelleri · A. multijuga · A. nageliana · A. nernstii · A. nitida · A. nutans · A. oppositifolia · A. otophora · A. pachypoda · A. pallens · A. pancheri · A. parvifolia · A. petialata · A. petiolata (Garlic Mustard) · A. procera · A. pubescens · A. ramiflora · A. richii · A. rosea · A. rufa · A. rufescens · A. samoensis · A. schizochilodes · A. schulzii · A. sessilis · A. setosa · A. similis · A. spanoghei · A. speciosa · A. spectabilis · A. teysmannii · A. thyrsoidea · A. trichostyla · A. turczaninowii · A. unijuga · A. vieillardii · A. vrieseana · A. wasabi · A. zippeliana

Bibliography

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  • Alliaria petiolata (Garlic Mustard) Nature Conservancy. Global Invasive Species Initiative. Identification/Description; Photographs; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Dispersion; Controls; Special Note: Weed Alert and Element Stewardship Abstract with excellent set of references
  • Alliaria petiolata (Garlic mustard) - Invasive Plant Atlas of New England (IPANE) University of Connecticut. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Taxonomy; Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Distribution; Dispersion; Controls
  • Alliaria petiolata (herb) - ISSG Global Invasive Species Database World Conservation Union. Invasive Species Specialist Group. Taxonomy; Identification/Description; Introduction History: Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Controls
  • Alliaria petiolata - Fire Effects Information System (FEIS) USDA. Forest Service. Rocky Mountain Research Station. Fire Sciences Laboratory. Taxonomy; Identification/Description; Introduction History; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Controls; Special Note: References
  • Alliaria petiolata - Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) USDA. ARS. National Genetic Resources Program. Taxonomy; Distribution; Legal Aspects
  • Alliaria petiolata Article Citation Search - AGRICOLA Database USDA. National Agricultural Library. Research; Special Note: NAL Catalog Search (resources)
  • Alliaria petiolata Discover Life. Identification/Description; Photographs; Illustrations; Introduction History; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Dispersion; Controls
  • Alliaria petiolata Integrated Taxonomic Information System.Taxonomy
  • Alliaria petiolata Pulling Together Initiative. Texasinvasives.org. Taxonomy; Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Dispersion; Controls; Special Note: References
  • CIBA-GEIGY, Basel, Switzerland. Documenta CIBA-GEIGY (Grass weeds 1. 1980, 2. 1981; Monocot weeds 3. 1982; Dicot weeds 1. 1988) (Weed CIBA)
  • Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959–. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae. (F China)
  • Conant, P. et al. 1997. Appendix. Selected plant species interfering with resource management goals in North American natural areas. In J. O. Luken & J. W. Thieret, eds., Assessment and management of plant invasions. (Pl Invasion)
  • Davis, P. H., ed. 1965–1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands. (F Turk)
  • Drayton, B. 2001. A new record for Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae) in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire. Rhodora 103:323–325.
  • Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage. (Zander ed13)
  • Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) - Introduced Species Summary Project Columbia University. Center for Environmental Research and Conservation. Taxonomy; Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Controls
  • Garlic Mustard - BioBullies (Western Pennsylvania) Natural Biodiversity. Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Controls
  • Garlic Mustard - Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States USDA. Forest Service. Taxonomy; Identification/Description; Photographs; Distribution; Introduction History; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Controls
  • Garlic Mustard - Invasive Alien Plant Species of Virginia (PDF | 88 KB) Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. Natural Heritage Program; Virginia Native Plant Society. Identification/Description; Illustrations; Introduction History; Impacts; Habitat; Distribution; Control
  • Garlic Mustard - Invasive Exotics (PDF | 32 KB) Bowman's Hill Wildflower Preserve (Pennsylvania).Identification/Description; Illustrations; Impacts; Habitat; Distribution; Controls
  • Garlic Mustard - Invasive Plant Species of Alaska (PDF | 63 KB) University of Alaska - Anchorage. Alaska Natural Heritage Program. Identification/Description; Photographs; Impacts; Distribution; Special Note: References
  • Garlic Mustard - Invasive Plants of Ohio Ohio Department of Natural Resources. Natural Areas and Preserves. Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Impacts; Habitat; Distribution; Controls
  • Garlic Mustard - Maine Invasive Plants Bulletin no. 2526 University of Maine. Cooperative Extension. Identification/Description; Photographs; Impacts; Habitat; Distribution; Controls
  • Garlic Mustard - Missouri Vegetation Management Manual Missouri Department of Conservation.Identification/Description; Illustrations; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Controls
  • Garlic Mustard - Nonnative Invasive Plants of Southern Forests: A Field Guide for Identification and Control USDA. FS. Southern Research Station. Identification/Description; Photographs; Life Cycle; Distribution; Controls
  • Garlic Mustard - Ohio Perennial & Biennial Weed Guide Ohio State University. Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center. Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Life Cycle
  • Garlic Mustard - Pest Alert USDA. Forest Service. Northeastern Area. Identification/Description; Photographs; Illustrations; Impacts; Life Cycle; Distribution
  • Garlic Mustard - Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas (2002) DOI. National Park Service and Fish and Wildlife Service. Identification/Description; Photographs; Distribution; Introduction History; Impacts; Controls
  • Garlic Mustard - Southeast Exotic Pest Plant Council Invasive Plant Manual Southeast Exotic Pest Plant Council. Identification/Description; Photographs; Illustrations; Introduction History; Impacts; Life Cycle, Habitat; Distribution; Dispersion; Controls; Special Note: References
  • Garlic Mustard - Vegetation Management Manual Illinois Nature Preserves Commission.Identification/Description; Photographs; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Controls
  • Garlic Mustard - Weed of the Week (Aug 1, 2005; PDF | 351 KB) Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Impacts; Habitat; Distribution; ControlsUSDA. FS. Northeastern Area. Forest Health Protection.
  • Garlic Mustard - Wisconsin Botanical Information System Wisconsin State Herbarium and University of Wisconsin - Madison. Taxonomy; Photographs; Distribution
  • Garlic Mustard Cornell University. Natural Resources. Ecology and Management of Invasive Plants Program. Taxonomy; Introduction History; Impacts; Life Cycle; Distribution; Dispersion; Controls
  • Garlic Mustard Fact Sheet (PDF | 95 KB) University of Pennsylvania. Morris Arboretum. Identification/Description; Photographs; Illustrations; Introduction History; Impacts; Habitat; Distribution; Dispersion; Controls
  • Garlic Mustard Invasive.org. Photographs
  • Garlic Mustard Michigan State University. Entomology. Identification/Description; Photographs; Illustrations; Distribution; Introduction History; Impacts; Life Cycle; Controls; Research
  • Garlic Mustard Plant Conservation Alliance. Alien Plant Working Group. Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Dispersion; Controls
  • Garlic Mustard State of Washington. King County Department of Natural Resources. Water and Land Resources Division. Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History
  • Garlic Mustard Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. Identification/Description; Introduction History; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Controls; Special Note: References
  • Garlic Mustard Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Identification/Description; Photographs; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Control
  • Garlic mustard - Invasive Plants of Natural Habitats in Canada Canadian Wildlife Service.Taxonomy; Identification/Description; Illustrations; Introduction History; Impacts; Life Cycle, Habitat; Distribution; Controls; Special Note: References
  • Greuter, W. et al., eds. 1984–. Med-Checklist. (L Medit)
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  • McCarthy, B. C. & S. L. Hanson. 1998. An assessment of the allelopathic potential of the invasive weed Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae). Castanea 63:68–73.
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  • Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970–. Flora of [West] Pakistan. (F Pak)
  • Plant Profile for Alliaria petiolata - PLANTS Database USDA. NRCS. National Plant Data Center. Taxonomy; Photographs; Distribution; Legal Aspects
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  • Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds. (Invasive Pl Spec)
  • Wisskirchen, R. and Haeupler, H. (1998a): Standardliste der Farn- und Blutenpflanzen Deutschlands, Stuttgart: Ulmer

More Info

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Notes

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Contributors:

  • "Alliaria petiolata". in Flora of China Vol. 8 Page 171. Published by Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  • Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
  • Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed October 30, 2006.
  • Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed December 16, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 4 providers.
  • National Invasive Species Information Center, National Agricultural Library, United States Department of Agriculture. Web Site. Accessed May 3, 2008.
  • USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 24, 2008)

Data Sources:

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 17, 2007: